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SME1912 Week 3 Linear N Force

The document discusses various techniques for measuring linear dimensions, mass, weight, forces, pressure and temperature. It describes tools like rulers, calipers, micrometers and dial gauges used to measure linear dimensions. Methods for measuring mass include balances and spring scales. Force can be measured using proving rings, load cells, strain gauges and dynamometers. Absorption, driving and transmission dynamometers are discussed for measuring engine power.

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36 views

SME1912 Week 3 Linear N Force

The document discusses various techniques for measuring linear dimensions, mass, weight, forces, pressure and temperature. It describes tools like rulers, calipers, micrometers and dial gauges used to measure linear dimensions. Methods for measuring mass include balances and spring scales. Force can be measured using proving rings, load cells, strain gauges and dynamometers. Absorption, driving and transmission dynamometers are discussed for measuring engine power.

Uploaded by

Lanceal Tan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SME1912 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

Chapter 3 Part 1 Measurement of Linear Dimensions & Forces

WHAT WILL BE DELIVERED?


Methods of measurement for
1. 2. 3. 4. Linear dimensions, Mass, weight and forces, Pressure and Temperature

WHAT SHOULD STUDENT LEARN?


a. b. c. d. concept, design, application and limitation

of various apparatus for the measurement for linear dimensions, forces, pressure and temperature

PART 1 MEASUREMENT OF LINEAR DIMENSIONS

DEFINITION
What is linear?

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT OF LINEAR DIMENSION?


Meter Foot
Metric system

TOOLS TO MEASURE LINEAR DIMENSIONS


Ruler Caliper Vernier calipers Screw gauges Dial gauges

RULERS
Normal - straight Folding ruler

ACCURACY OF RULER

CALIPERS
outside caliper inside caliper

Used together with rulers

INTERESTING USE OF A CALIPER

VERNIER CALIPERS

Digital vernier caliper

Measuring outside diameter

Measuring inside diameter

Measuring depth

HOW TO READ A VERNIER

HOW TO READ A VERNIER

HOW TO READ A VERNIER

Scale reading = 3.70cm Vernier reading = (0.1/10) x 4 = 0.04 Caliper reading = 3.74cm

SCREW GAUGE

HOW TO READ SCREW GAUGES


Main scale = 3.00mm Thimble reading = (0.5/50)x46 = 0.46 Gauge reading = 3.46

0.5

DIAL GAUGES (for thickness)

IMPORTANT NOTES
For small displacement Mechanism based on plunger and rack and pinion system

THICKNESS GAUGES RANGE & ACCURACY

PART 2 MEASUREMENT OF MASS, WEIGHT & FORCES

THE CONCEPT OF MASS & FORCE


What is the concept of mass, weight and force

Mass defined
Mass (symbolized m) is a dimensionless quantity representing the amount of matter in a particle or object. Mass is measured by determining the extent to which a particle or object resists a change in its direction or speed when a force is applied. Isaac Newton stated The standard unit of mass in the International System (SI) is the kilogram (kg).

EQUIPMENT TO MEASURE MASS

EQUIPMENT TO MEASURE MASS

Precision balances

Mass Measurement Principle


In its conventional form, this class of measuring instrument compares the sample, placed in a weighing pan (weighing basin) and suspended from one end of a beam with a standard mass or combination of standard masses in a scale pan (scale basin) suspended from the other end

To weigh an object in the measuring pan, standard weights are added to the scale pan until the beam is in equilibrium as closely as possible. Then a slider weight usually present is moved along a scale on or parallel to the beam (and attached to it) until fine balance is achieved. The slider position gives a fine correction to the mass value

Slider weight

Standard weight

Steelyard Balance
The steelyard comprises a balance beam which is suspended from a pivot (or fulcrum) which is very close to one end of the beam. The two parts of the beam which flank the pivot are the arms. The arm from which the object to be weighed (the load) is hung is short and is located close to the pivot point. The other arm is longer, is graduated and incorporates a counterweight which can be moved along the arm until the two arms are balanced about the pivot, at which time the weight of the load is indicated by the position of the counterweight

Special notes
Precise measurements are achieved by ensuring that the fulcrum of the beam is frictionfree (a knife edge is the traditional solution), by attaching a pointer to the beam which amplifies any deviation from a balance position; and finally by using the lever principle, which allows fractional weights to be applied by movement of a small weight along the measuring arm of the beam allowing for the buoyancy in air, whose effect depends on the densities of the weights and the sample.

Weight & Force defined


Weight (symbolized w) is a quantity representing the force exerted on a particle or object by an acceleration field, particularly the gravitational field of the Earth at the surface. In the International System of Units (SI), weight can be expressed in terms of the force, in newtons, exerted on a mass in a gravitational field. The weight of an object is the force of gravity on the object and may be defined as the mass times the acceleration of gravity, w = mg.

Spring Scale/Balance
use a spring with a known spring constant (Hooke's law) and measure the displacement of the spring to produce an estimate of the gravitational force applied by the object. typically measure force cannot be used for commercial applications unless their springs are temperature compensated or used at a fairly constant temperature

The Proving Ring


A proving ring consists of an elastic ring in which the deflection of the ring when loaded along a diameter is measured by means of a micrometer screw and a vibrating reed.

The proving ring consists of two main elements, the ring itself and the diameter-measuring system, Forces are applied to the ring through the external bosses. The resulting change in diameter, referred to as the deflection of the ring, is measured with a micrometer screw and the vibrating reed mounted diametrically within the ring.

Force Transducer
A device that provides an output quantity having a determined relationship to the force some materials change their electrical resistance when mechanically deformed and can thus be used as force transducers provided there is a means available to measure the resistance change

Strain Gauges For Force Transducers

gluing such a component to the side of the metal block in the above example effectively scales-down the 'squeezing' force applied to it - allowing it to survive much higher forces

Load Cells
A load cell is an electronic device (transducer) that is used to convert a force into an electrical signal. It happens in two stages; (1)mechanical force is sensed is using a strain gauge, (2) the strain gauge converts the deformation (strain) to electrical signals. A load cell consists 1 - 4 strain gauges in a wheatstone bridge configuration, The output of the transducer is plugged into an algorithm to calculate the force applied to the transducer.

Torque Measurement
Torque is measured by either sensing the actual shaft deflection caused by a twisting force, or by detecting the effects of this deflection. The surface of a shaft under torque will experience compression and tension, as shown.

Torque Measurement By Strain Gauges


To measure torque, strain gage elements usually are mounted in pairs on the shaft, one gauge measuring the increase in length (in the direction in which the surface is under tension), the other measuring the decrease in length in the other direction.

The torque sensor can be connected to its power source and signal conditioning electronics via a slip ring Excitation voltage for the strain gage is inductively coupled, and the strain gage output is converted to a modulated pulse frequency. Maximum speed of such an arrangement is 15,000 rpm.

Torque Measurement By Angular Displacement


Proximity and displacement sensors also can detect torque by measuring the angular displacement between a shaft's two ends. By fixing two identical toothed wheels to the shaft at some distance apart, the angular displacement caused by the torque can be measured. Proximity sensors or photocells located at each toothed wheel produce output voltages whose phase difference increases as the torque twists the shaft

DYNAMOMETERS TO MEASURE ENGINE POWER


Consists of an absorption unit, plus a means to measure torque and rotational speed. It has some type of rotor in a housing. The rotor is coupled to the engine under test and is free to rotate. Some means is provided to develop a braking torque between dynamometer's rotor and housing. The means for developing torque can be frictional, hydraulic, electromagnetic etc. according to the type of absorption/driver unit

Dynamometer Setup

Types of Dynamometers
Absorption Driving Transmission

Absorption Dynamometer
Absorption dynamometers produce the torque that they measure by creating a constant restraint to the turning of a shaft by either mechanical friction, fluid friction, or electromagnetic induction. A Prony brake develops mechanical friction on the periphery of a rotating pulley by means of brake blocks that are squeezed against the wheel by tightening the bolts...

The Prony Brake

Driving Dynamometer
A dynamometer can also be used to determine the torque and power required to operate a driven machine such as a pump. In that case, a motoring or driving dynamometer is used

Transmission Dynamometer
A dynamometer in which power is measured, without being absorbed or used up, during transmission The transmission dynamometer transmits the force while measuring the elastic twist of the output shaft. Also called torsion meter as it measure the torque on a shaft, and hence the horse power of an engine, esp. of a marine engine of high power, by measuring the amount of twist of a given length of the shaft

Types of Absorption Dynamometers


Mechanical Electrical Hydraulic

Mechanical Absorption Dyno. The Prony Brake

L BHP = Tx = Tx2N but T = mgL BHP = mgLx2N mg

Electrical Dynamometer

Hydraulic/water Brake Dyno.


The housing attempts to rotate in response to the torque produced but is restrained by the scale or torque metering cell which measures the torque.

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