Chapter 13

Vibrations and Waves

Quick Quizzes
1. (d). To complete a full cycle of oscillation, the object must travel distance 2A to position
and then travel an additional distance 2A returning to the original position at
.
x =
x A = +
A
2. (c). The force producing harmonic oscillation is always directed toward the equilibrium
position, and hence, directed opposite to the displacement from equilibrium. The
acceleration is in the direction of the force. Thus, it is also always directed opposite to the
displacement from equilibrium.
3. (b). In simple harmonic motion, the force (and hence, the acceleration) is directly
proportional to the displacement from equilibrium. Therefore, force and acceleration are
both at a maximum when the displacement is a maximum.
4. (a). The period of an object-spring system is 2 m = T . Thus, increasing the mass by a
factor of 4 will double the period of oscillation.
k
5. (c). The total energy of the oscillating system is equal to
2 1
2
kA , where A is the amplitude of
oscillation. Since the object starts from rest at displacement A in both cases, it has the same
amplitude of oscillation in both cases.
6. (d). The expressions for the total energy, maximum speed, and maximum acceleration are
( )
2 1
max max 2
, , and E kA v A k m a A k m = = = where A is the amplitude. Thus, all are
changed by a change in amplitude. The period of oscillation is 2 T m = k and is
unchanged by altering the amplitude.
7. (c), (b). An accelerating elevator is equivalent to a gravitational field. Thus, if the elevator
is accelerating upward, this is equivalent to an increased effective gravitational field
magnitude g, and the period will decrease. Similarly, if the elevator is accelerating
downward, the effective value of g is reduced and the period increases. If the elevator
moves with constant velocity, the period of the pendulum is the same as that in the
stationary elevator.
465
466 CHAPTER 13
8. (a). The clock will run slow. With a longer length, the period of the pendulum will
increase. Thus, it will take longer to execute each swing, so that each second according to
the clock will take longer than an actual second.
9. (b). Greater. The value of g on the Moon is about one-sixth the value of g on Earth, so the
period of the pendulum on the moon will be greater than the period on Earth.
Vibrations and Waves 467
Answers to Even Numbered Conceptual Questions
2. Each half-spring will have twice the spring constant of the full spring, as shown by the
following argument. The force exerted by a spring is proportional to the separation of the
coils as the spring is extended. Imagine that we extend a spring by a given distance and
measure the distance between coils. We then cut the spring in half. If one of the half-
springs is now extended by the same distance, the coils will be twice as far apart as they
were for the complete spring. Thus, it takes twice as much force to stretch the half-spring,
from which we conclude that the half-spring has a spring constant which is twice that of
the complete spring.
4. To understand how we might have anticipated this similarity in speeds, consider sound as
a motion of air molecules in a certain direction superimposed on the random, high speed,
thermal molecular motions predicted by kinetic theory. Individual molecules experience
billions of collisions per second with their neighbors, and as a result, do not travel very far
in any appreciable time interval. With this interpretation, the energy of a sound wave is
carried as kinetic energy of a molecule and transferred to neighboring molecules by
collision. Thus, the energy transmitted by a sound wave in, say, a compression, travels
from molecule to molecule at about the rms speed, or actually somewhat less, as observed,
since multiple collisions slow the process a bit.
6. Friction. This includes both air-resistance and damping within the spring.
8. No. The period of vibration is 2 L = T and g is smaller at high altitude. Therefore, the
period is longer on the mountain top and the clock will run slower.
g
10. Shorten the pendulum to decrease the period between ticks.
12. The speed of the pulse is v F = , so increasing the tension F in the hose increases the
speed of the pulse. Filling the hose with water increases the mass per unit length , and
will decrease the speed of the pulse.
14. Assume that the building has height h and that you wish the jumper to start stretching the
bungee cord when he reaches a height of 2 h above the ground. The unstretched length of
the bungee cord must then be 2 h = A .
Furthermore, assume that you wish the bungee cord to bring the jumper to rest just as he
reaches ground level (that is, when the cord is stretched a distance of 2 h = A ). For this to
occur, the elastic potential energy in the cord at this point must equal the total
gravitational potential energy the jumper has lost, leaving him with zero kinetic energy
when he reaches ground level. This means that
( )
2
2
max
1 1
2 2 2
h
k k
| |
= =
|
\ .
A mgh
where is the weight of the jumper. The required spring constant of the elastic would
then be
mg
8 k mg h =
( )
. You must be careful to check that the cord can withstand a maximum
tension of
max
F k
max
8
4
2
mg h
m
h
| || |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
A g without breaking. Also realize that the
468 CHAPTER 13
jumper will experience a net upward force of 3 when the cord has this maximum
tension. Thus, the jumper must withstand a 3g upward acceleration just as he is brought
to rest at ground level.
mg
=
16. If the tension remains the same, the speed of a wave on the string does not change. This
means, from v f = , that if the frequency is doubled, the wavelength must decrease by a
factor of two.
18. The speed of a wave on a string is given by v F . This says the speed is independent
of the frequency of the wave. Thus, doubling the frequency leaves the speed unaffected.
20. (a) The wall exerts a force to the left, and the cart exerts an equal magnitude force to the
right. The total force acting on the spring is zero. (b) The experimenter exerts a force to the
right, and the spring exerts an equal magnitude force to the left. The total force acting on
the cart is zero. (c) After the cart is released, the only force acting on the cart is the spring
force. The cart then undergoes simple harmonic motion along the surface, with amplitude
equal to the original displacement from the equilibrium position.
Vibrations and Waves 469
Answers to Even Numbered Problems
2. (a)
(b) The graph is a straight line passing through the origin with slope equal to

2
1.1 10 N
3
1.0 10 k = N m.
4. (a) (b) No, the force is not of Hookes law form. 8.00 s
6. (a) 327 N (b)
3
1.25 10 N m
8. (a) 575 N m (b) 46.0 J
10. 2.23 m s
12. (a) 2.61 m s (b) 2.38 m s
14. (a) 11 cm s (b) 6.3 cm s (c) 3.0 N
16. (a) 0.15 J (b) 0.78 m s (c)
2
18 m s
18. 3.06 m s
20. (a) 0.628 m s (b) 0.500 Hz (c) 3.14 rad s
22. 3.95 N m
24. 2.2 Hz
26. (a) 0.30 m, 0.24 m (b) 0.30 m (c) 1 6 Hz
(d) 6.0 s
28. (a) 250 N m (b) 0.281 s, 3.56 Hz, 22.4 rad s T f = = =
(c) (d) 5.00 cm (e) 0.313 J
2
1.12 m s, 25.0 m s
(f) 0.919 cm
30. (a) 59.6 m (b) 37.5 s
32. (a) gain time (b) 1.1 s
34. (a) 3.65 s (b) 6.41 s (c) 4.24 s
36. 58.8 s
38. 5.67 mm
470 CHAPTER 13
40. 0.800 m s
42. (a) 0.20 Hz (b) 0.25 Hz
44. 219 N
46.
2
1.64 m s
48. 7.07 m s
50. 586 m s
52. (a) 0 (b) 0.30 m
54. (a) 0.25 m (b) 0.47 N m (c) 0.23 m
(d) 0.12 m s
56. 0.990 m
58. (a) 100 m s (b) 374 J
60. (a) 19.8 m s (b) 8.94 m
64. 32.9 ms
66. (a) 6.93 m s (b) 1.14 m
68. (a) 28.0 J (b) 0.446 m
70. 1.3 cm s
Vibrations and Waves 471
Problem Solutions
13.1 (a) The force exerted on the block by the spring is


( ) ( ) 160 N m 0.15 m 24 N
s
F kx = = = +

or 24 N directed toward equilibrium position
s
F =
(b) From Newton's second law, the acceleration is


2 2
24 N m m
60 60 toward equilibrium position
0.40 kg s s
s
F
a
m
+
= = = + =
13.2 (a) The spring constant is
3
-2
50 N
1.0 10 N m
5.0 10 m
s
F mg
x x
= = = =

k


( ) ( )
3 2
1.0 10 N m 0.11 m 1.1 10 N
s
F F kx = = = =
(b) The graph will be a straight line passing through the origin with a slope equal to
3
1.0 10 N m k = .
13.3 (a) Since the collision is perfectly elastic, the ball will rebound to the height of 4.00 m
before coming to rest momentarily. It will then repeat this motion over and over
again with a regular period.
(b) From
2
0
1
2
y
y v t a t +
y
= , with
0
0
y
v = , the time required for the ball to reach the
ground is
( ) ( )
2
2 2 4.00 m
0.904 s
9.80 m s
y
y
t
a

= = =

. This is one-half of the time for a

complete cycle of the motion. Thus, the period is 1.81 s = T .
(c) N . The net force acting on the object is a constant given by (except
when it is contact with the ground). This is not in the form of Hookes law.
o F m = g
472 CHAPTER 13
13.4 (a) The motion is periodic since the ball continuously repeats its back and forth motion
between the walls with no loss of energy (because of perfectly elastic collisions). The
time for the ball to travel from one wall to the other is one-half period and is given
by

12.0 m
4.00 s
2 3.00 m s
T x
v

= = =

The period is then 8.00 s = T
(b) The moti since the force acting on the ball is not of the
form . In fact, here
on is not simple harmonic
F kx = 0 F = everywhere except when the ball is in contact with
a wall.
13.5 When the system is in equilibrium, the tension in the spring F k x = must equal the
weight of the object. Thus,

k x mg = giving
( ) ( )
2
2
47.5 N 5.00 10 m
0.242 kg
9.80 m s
k x
m
g

= = =
13.6 (a) The free-body diagram of the point in the center of the
string is given at the right. From this, we see that



or
0 2 sin35.0 0
x
F F T = =
375 N
327 N
2sin35.0 2sin35.0
F
T = = =


ur
F
T
ur
T
ur
35.0
35.0
(b) Since the bow requires an applied horizontal force of 375 N to hold the string at
35.0 from the vertical, the tension in the spring must be 375 N when the spring is
stretched 30.0 cm. Thus, the spring constant is


3
375 N
1.25 10 N m
0.300 m
F
k
x
= = =
Vibrations and Waves 473
13.7 (a) Assume the rubber bands obey Hookes law. Then, the force constant of each band
is


3
-2
15 N
1.5 10 N m
1.0 10 m
s
F
k
x
= = =

Thus, when both bands are stretched 0.20 m, the total elastic potential energy is


( ) ( )
2
2 3
1
2 1.5 10 N m 0.20 m 60 J
2
s
PE kx
| |
= = =
|
\ .

(b) Conservation of mechanical energy gives ( ) ( )
s s
f i
KE PE KE PE + = + , or


2
1
0 0 60 J
2
mv + = + , so
( )
-3
2 60 J
50 10 kg
v

49 m s = =
13.8 (a)
max
max
230 N
575 N m
0.400 m
F
x
= = = k
(b) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 1
575 N m 0.400 46.0 J
2 2
s
rk done PE kx = = = = wo
13.9 From conservation of mechanical energy,


( ) ( ) g s g s
f i
KE PE PE KE PE PE + + = + + or
2
1
0 0 0 0
2
f i
mgh kx + + = + +

giving


( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
3
2 2
2
2 0.100 kg 9.80 m s 0.600 m 2
2.94 10 N m
2.00 10 m
f
i
mgh
k
x

= = =

13.10 Conservation of mechanical energy,
( ) ( ) g s g s
f i
KE PE PE KE PE PE + + = + + ,

gives
2 2
1 1
0 0 0 0
2 2
i f
mv kx + + = + + ,

or
( )
6
5.00 10 N m
1000 kg
i i
k
v x
m

= =
2
3.16 10 m 2.23 m s

=
474 CHAPTER 13
13.11 At x A and conservation of energy gives


, 0 v = =
2
1
0
2
s
PE kA = + E KE = + or
2
2E
A
k
=
(a) At 2 = x A , the elastic potential energy is


2
2
2 1
2 2 8 8 4
s
E A k k
PE k A
k
| | | |
= = = =
| |
\ . \ .
E


From the energy conservation equation, the kinetic energy is then


3
4 4
s
E E
KE E PE E = = =
(b) When KE P = , conservation of energy yields E K
s
E 2
s s
E PE PE = + = or 2
s
E PE = .
Since we also have
2
2
s
PE kx = , this yields


( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2
s
kA E
PE E A
x
k k k k
= = = =
2
=
13.12 (a) From the work-energy theorem,


( ) ( ) nc g s g s
f i
W KE PE PE KE PE PE = + + + +

or
2 2
1 1
0
2 2
f f f
F x mv kx = + +

This yields


2
2
f
f
F x kx
v
m

=
( ) ( )



( )
2
19.6 N m 0.300 m
2.61 m s
1.50 kg

= =
2 20.0 N 0.300 m

Vibrations and Waves 475
(b) The work-energy theorem now contains one more nonzero term, giving

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2 20.0 N 0.200 1.50 kg 9.80 m s 0.300 m 19.6 N m 0.300 m
1.50 kg
2.38 m s
k f
f
f
F mg x kx
v
m
v

=
(


=
=

13.13 An unknown quantity of mechanical energy is converted into internal energy during the
collision. Thus, we apply conservation of momentum from just before to just after the
collision and obtain ( ) ( ) 0
i
mv M M m V + = + , or the speed of the block and embedded
bullet just after collision is


( )
3
10.0 10 kg
300
2.01 kg
i
V v

| |
= =
|
\ .
m s 1.49 m s
m
M m
| |
=
|
\ .
+


Now, we use conservation of mechanical energy from just after collision until the block
comes to rest. This gives (
1 1
2 2
f
kx M m + = )
2 2
V + 0 , or


( )
2.01 kg
1.49 m s
19.6 N m
0.478 m
f
M m
x V
k
+
= = =
13.14 (a) In the absence of friction,
( ) ( ) g s g s
f i
KE PE PE KE PE PE + + = + + gives


2 2
1 1
0 0 0 0
2 2
f i
kx mv + + = + +

or ( )
2 000 N m
11 cm s
1.5 kg
= 0.30 cm
f i
k
v x
m
= =
476 CHAPTER 13
(b) When friction is present,
( ) ( ) nc g s g s
f i
KE PE PE KE PE PE = + + + + W gives


2 2
1 1
0 0
2 2
0 0
i f i
kx
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
f x mv = + +

or


( )( ) ( )( )
2
2
2 000 N m 3.0
0.063 m s 6.3
i i
f
f
kx f x
v
m
v

=
=
= =
2
3 3
10 m 2 2.0 N 3.0 10 m
1.5 kg
cm s



(c) If v , then 0 at 0
f
x = =
( ) ( ) nc g s g s
f i
KE PE PE KE PE PE = + + + + W

becomes ( )
2
1
0 0 0
2
i i
kx
| |
+ +
|
\ .
f x =

or
( )( )
3
2 000 N m 3.0 10 m
3.0 N
2 2
i
k x
f

= = =
13.15 From conservation of mechanical energy,


( ) ( ) g s g s
f i
KE PE PE KE PE PE + + = + +

we have
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 0 0
2 2 2
mv kx kA + + = + + , or
( )
2 2
k
v A
m
= x
(a) The speed is a maximum at the equilibrium position, x = 0.


( )
( )
( )
2
2
max
19.6 N m
0.040 m 0.28 m s
0.40 kg
k
v A
m
= = =
(b) When x = ,


0.015 m
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
19.6 N m
0.040 m 0.015 m 0.26 m s
0.40 kg
v
(
=

=
Vibrations and Waves 477
(c) When x = + ,


0.015 m
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
19.6 N m
0.040 m 0.015 m 0.26 m s
0.40 kg
v
(
= +

=
(d) If
max
1
2
v = v , then
( )
2 2
1
2
k k
2
A x A
m m
=

This gives
2
4
2 2
A
A x = , or ( )
3 3
4.0 cm 3.5 cm
2 2
x A = = =
13.16 (a) KE , so 0 at x A = =
2
1
0
2
s
E PE kA = + = + E K , or the total energy is

( ) ( )
2
250 N m 0.035 m 0.15 J =
2
1 1
2 2
E kA = =
(b) The maximum speed occurs at the equilibrium position where . Thus, 0
s
PE =
2
max
1
2
E mv = , or

( )
max
2 250 N m
0.035 m 0.78 m s
0.50 kg
E k
v A
m m
= = = =
(c) The acceleration is
F kx
a
m m

= = . Thus,
max
a a = at
max
x x A = = .


( )
( )
2
18 m s =
max
250 N m
0.50 kg
k A k
a A
m m
| |
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
\ .
0.035 m
13.17 The maximum speed occurs at the equilibrium position and is


max
k
v A
m
= . Thus,
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2 2
max
16.0 N m 0.200 m
4.00 kg
0.400 m s
kA
m
v
= = = , and

( ) ( )
2
9.80 m s 39.2 N = 4.00 kg
g
F mg = =
13.18
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
-3
10.0 N m
0.250 m 0.125 m 3.06 m s
50.0 10 kg
k
v A x
m
| |
(
= = =
|
\ .

478 CHAPTER 13
13.19 (a) The motion is simple harmonic because the tire is rotating with constant velocity
and you are looking at the uniform circular motion of the bump projected on a
plane perpendicular to the tire.
(b) Note that the tangential speed of a point on the rim of a rolling tire is the same as
the translational speed of the axle. Thus, 3.00 m s
t car
v v = = and the angular
velocity of the tire is


3.00 m s
10.0 rad s
0.300 m
t
v
r
= = =

Therefore, the period of the motion is


2 2
0.628 s
10.0 rad s
T

= = =
13.20 (a)
( ) 2 0.200 m 2
0.628 m s
2.00 s
t
r
T

= = = v
(b)
1 1
0.500 Hz
2.00 s T
= f = =
(c)
2 2
3.14 rad s
2.00 s T

= = =
13.21 The angle of the crank pin is t = . Its
x-coordinate is cos x A t cos A = = where
A is the distance from the center of the
wheel to the crank pin. This is of the
correct form to describe simple harmonic
motion. Hence, one must conclude that
the motion is indeed simple harmonic.
A
x = 0
x = 0
x(t)
w t
x(t)
13.22 The period of oscillations of a mass-spring system is given by 2 = T m and the
frequency is


k
1 1
2
k
f
T m
= =

Thus,
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 -1 3
4 4 5.00 s 4.00 10 kg 3.95 N m k f m

= = =
Vibrations and Waves 479
13.23 The spring constant is found from


( ) ( )
2
-2
0.010 kg 9.80 m s
2.5 N m
3.9 10 m
s
mg F
k
x x
= = = =

25 m


When the object attached to the spring has mass g = , the period of oscillation is


0.025 kg
2 2 0.63 s
2.5 N m
m
T
k
= = =
13.24 The springs compress 0.80 cm when supporting an additional load of . Thus,
the spring constant is


320 kg m =
( ) ( )
2
5
-2
320 kg 9.80 m s
3.9 10 N m
0.80 10 m
mg
k
x
= = =

3
2.0 10 kg M =


When the empty car, , oscillates on the springs, the frequency will be

5
3.9 10 1
2 2 2.0
k


=

3
N m 1 1
2.2 Hz
10 kg
f
T M
= = =
13.25 (a) The period of oscillation is 2 m = T where k is the spring constant and m is the
mass of the object attached to the end of the spring. Hence,


k
0.250 kg
2 1.0 s
9.5 N m
T = =
(b) If the cart is released from rest when it is 4.5 cm from the equilibrium position, the
amplitude of oscillation will be
2
4.5 cm 4.5 10 m A

= = . The maximum speed is
then given by


( )
2
9.5 N m
m 0.28 m
0.250 kg

=
max
4.5 10 s
k
v A A
m
= = =
(c) When the cart is 14 cm from the left end of the track, it has a displacement of
from the equilibrium position. The speed of the cart at
this distance from equilibrium is


14 cm 12 cm 2.0 cm x = =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
9.5 N m
0.045 m 0.020 m 0.25 m s
0.250 kg
k
v A x
m
(
= = =


480 CHAPTER 13
13.26 (a) At t = , 0 ( ) ( ) 0.30 m cos 0 0.30 m x = = , and at 0.60 s t = ,

( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) 0 x .30 m cos rad s 0.60 s 0.30 rad 0.24 m
3

(
| |
= =
|
(
\ .

m cos 0.20 =
(b) ( ) ( ) 0.30 m 1 0.30 m
max
= = = A x
(c) ( ) 0.30 m cos
3
x t

| |
=
|
\ .
is of the form
( )
cos x A t = with an angular frequency of
rad s
3

= . Thus,
3
2 2
f


= =
1
Hz
6
=
(d) The period is
1
6.0 s T
f
= =
13.27 (a) At t = ,


3.50 s
( ) ( )
N rad
5.00 3.00 m cos 1.58 3.50 s 11.0 N
m s
(
| | | |
=
| |
(
\ . \ .

F kx = = ,

or 11.0 N F = directed to the left
(b) The angular frequency is
5.00 N m
1.58 rad s
2.00 kg
k
m
= = = and the period of
oscillation is
2 2
3.97 s
1.58 rad s
T

= = = . Hence the number of oscillations made in

3.50 s is
3.50 s
0.881
3.97 s
t
T

= = = N
13.28 (a)
-2
7.50 N
250 N m
3.00 10 m
F
x
= = =

k
(b)
250 N m
22.4 rad s
0.500 kg
k
m
= = = ,
22.4 rad s
3.56 Hz
2 2
f


= = = ,

and
1 1
0.281 s
3.56 Hz
T
f
= = =
Vibrations and Waves 481
(c) At 0 t = , v x , so the total energy of the oscillator is


2
0 and 5.00 10 m

= =
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
1 1
2 2
1
250 N m 5.00 10 m 0.313 J
2
s
E PE mv kx

= + = +
= 0
E K
= +

(d) When x A, =
2
1
0 so 0
2
s
v E KE PE k = = + = + A .

Thus,
( )
2
2 0.313 J
5.00 10 m 5.00 cm
250 N/m
E
k

= = = =
2
A
(e) At 0 x = ,
2
max
1
2
mv E = = KE ,

or
( )
max
v
2 2 0.313 J
1.12 m s
0.500 kg
E
m
= = =


( ) ( )
2
2 max
250 N m 5.00 10 m
25.0 m s
0.500 kg
k A F
m m

= = = =
max
a
(f) At 0.500 t = ,


s
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos x A 5.00 cm cos 22.4 rad s 0.500 s 0.919 cm t ( = = =


13.29 From Equation 13.6,
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
k
v A x A
m
= =
(
x

Hence, ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
cos 1 cos sin A t A t A = = = v A

From Equation 13.2,
t
( ) ( )
2 2
cos cos
k
a x A t A t
m
( = = =


13.30 (a) The height of the tower is almost the same as the length of the pendulum. From
2 T L = g , we obtain


( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2
9.80 m s 15.5 s
59.6 m
4 4
gT
L

= = =
482 CHAPTER 13
(b) On the Moon, where
2
1.67 m s g = , the period will be


2
59.6 m
2 2 37.5
1.67 m s
L
T
g
= = = s
13.31 The period of a simple pendulum is 2 T L = g where L is its length. The number of
complete oscillations per second (that is, the frequency) for this pendulum is then given
by


2
-1
9.80 m s 1 1 1
0.352 s
2 2 2.00 m
g
f
T L
= = = =
5.00 t


Hence, the number of oscillations in a time min 300 s = = is

( ) ( ) ( )
-1
0.352 s 300 s 105.7 N f t = = = or 105 complete oscillations
13.32 (a) The lower temperature will cause the pendulum to contract. The shorter length will
produce a smaller period, so the clock will run faster or gain time .
(b) The period of the pendulum is
0
0
2
L
g
= T at 20C,

and at 5.0C it is 2
L
T
g
= . The ratio of these periods is
0 0
T L
T L
= .

From Chapter 10, the length at 5.0C is ( )
0 Al 0
L L L T = + , so


( )
( ) | |
0
6
Al
1 1 1
1.000 6
1 0
1 24 10 C
L
L T

= = = =
+
+
1
5.0 C 20 C
(


.999 4


This gives
0 0
1.000 6 1.000 3
T L
T L
= = = . Thus in one hour (3 600 s), the chilled
pendulum will gain ( )( ) 1.000 3 1 3 600 s 1.1 s = .
Vibrations and Waves 483
13.33 (a) The period of the pendulum is 2 = T L . Thus, on the Moon where the free-fall
acceleration is smaller, the period will be longer and the clock will run
g
slow .
(b) The ratio of the pendulums period on the Moon to that on Earth is


2
9.80
2.45
1.63 2
Moon
Earth Moon
Earth Moon Earth
L g
g T
T g L g

= = = =

Hence, the pendulum of the clock on Earth makes 2.45 ticks while the clock on the
Moon is making 1.00 tick. After the Earth clock has ticked off 24.0 h and again
reads 12:00 midnight, the Moon clock will have ticked off
24.0 h
9.79 h
2.45
= and will
read 9 : 47 AM .
13.34 The apparent free-fall acceleration is the vector sum of the actual
free-fall acceleration and the negative of the elevators acceleration.
To see this, consider an object that is suspended by a string in the
elevator and that appears to be at rest to the elevator passengers.
These passengers believe the tension in the string is the negative of
the objects weight, or
app
m = T g
G
G
where
app
g
G
is the apparent free-fall
acceleration in the elevator.

An observer located outside the elevator applies Newtons second law to this object by
writing
G G
where
e
m = a
G
m = + F T g
G
e
a
G
is the acceleration of the elevator and all its
contents. Thus,
e app
m m = = g
G G
m T a
G
g
G
, which gives
app e
= g g a
G G G
.
mg
ur
T
ur
(a) If we choose downward as the positive direction, then
2
5.00 m s
e
= a
G
in this case
and ( )
2
9.80 5.00 m s 14.8 m s
app
= + = + g
G
2
(downward). The period of the
pendulum is


2
5.00 m
2 2 3.65 s
14.8 m s
app
L
g
= = = T
(b) Again choosing downward as positive,
2
5.00 m s
e
= a
G
and
( )
2
9.80 5.00 m s 4.80 m s
app
= = + g
G
2
(downward) in this case. The period is now
given by


2
5.00 m
2 2 6.4
4.80 m s
app
L
T
g
= = = 1 s
484 CHAPTER 13
(c) If
2
m s
e
G
5.00 = a horizontally, the vector sum
app e
= g g a
G G G

is as shown in the sketch at the right. The magnitude is


( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
5.00 m s 9.80 m s 11.0 m
app
g = +
2
s = ,

and the period of the pendulum is


2
5.00 m
2 2 4.24 s
11.0 m s
app
L
T
g
= = =
a
e
ur
g
ur
g
app
ur
13.35 (a) From 2 L = T , the length of a pendulum with period T is g
2
2
4
gT
L

= .

On Earth, with T , 1.0 s =
( ) ( )
2
2
2
9.80 m s 1.0 s
0.25 m 25 cm
4
L

= = =

If T on Mars, 1.0 s =
( ) ( )
2
2
2
3.7 m s 1.0 s
0.094 m 9.4 cm
4
= = = L
(b) The period of an object on a spring is 2 m = T , which is independent of the
local free-fall acceleration. Thus, the same mass will work on Earth and on Mars.
This mass is


k
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
10 N m 1.0 s
0.25 kg
4 4
kT
m

= = =
13.36 The frequency of the wave (that is, the number of crests passing the cork each second) is
and the wavelength (distance between successive crests) is
-1
2.00 s f = 8.50 cm = .
Thus, the wave speed is

( ) ( )
-1
8.50 cm 2.00 s 17.0 cm s 0.170 m s v f = = = =

and the time required for the ripples to travel 10.0 m over the surface of the water is


10.0 m
58.8 s
0.170 m s
x
v

= = t =
Vibrations and Waves 485
13.37 (a) The amplitude, A, is the maximum displacement from equilibrium. Thus, from
Figure P13.37, ( )
1
18.0 cm 9.00 cm
2
A = =
(b) The wavelength, , is the distance between successive crests (or successive
troughs). From Figure P13.37, ( ) 2 10.0 cm 20.0 cm = =
(c) The period is
2
1 1
4.00 10 s 40.0 ms
25.0 Hz f

= = = = T
(d) The speed of the wave is ( ) ( ) 0.200 m 25.0 Hz 5.00 m s v f = = =
13.38 From v f = , the wavelength (and size of smallest detectable insect) is


-3
3
340 m s
5.67 10 m 5.67 mm
60.0 10 Hz
v
f
= = = =

13.39 (a)
8
6
1 1
1.14 10 s 11.4 ns
88.0 10 Hz f

= = = =

T
(b)
8
6
3.00 10 m s
3.41 m
88.0 10 Hz
v
f

= =
13.40 The distance between successive maxima in a transverse wave is the wavelength of that
wave. Hence, 1.20 m = . The frequency (number of crests passing a fixed point each
second) is


-1
s 0.667 Hz
12.0
f =
8
0.667
s
= =

Therefore, the wave speed is ( ) ( )
-1
1.20 m 0.667 s 0.800 m s v f = = =
13.41 The speed of the wave is
425 cm
42.5 cm s
10.0 s
x
v
t

= = =

and the frequency is
40.0 vib
1.33 Hz
30.0 s
f = =

Thus,
42.5 cm s
31.9 cm
1.33 Hz
v
f
= = =
486 CHAPTER 13
13.42 (a) When the boat is at rest in the water, the speed of the wave relative to the boat is the
same as the speed of the wave relative to the water, 4.0 m s v = . The frequency
detected in this case is


4.0 m s
0.20 Hz
20 m
v
f

= = =
(b) Taking westward as positive,
, , boat water boat wave wave water ,
= + v v v
G G G
gives


( )
, , ,
1.0 m s 4.0 m s 5.0 m s
boat wave boat water wave water
= = + = + v v v
G G G


Thus,
,
5.0 m s
0.25 Hz
20 m
boat wave
v
f

= = =
13.43 The down and back distance is 4.00 m 4.00 m 8.00 m + = .

The speed is then
( ) 4 8
0.
total
d
t
.00 m
40.0 m s
800 s
v F = = = =

Now,
2
10 kg m

0.200 kg
5.00
4.00 m
m
L
= = = , so


( ) ( )
2
2 2
5.00 10 kg m 40.0 m s 80.0 N F v

= = =
13.44 The speed of the wave is
20.0 m
25.0 m s
0.800 s
x
v
t

= = =

, and the mass per unit length of

the rope is 0.350 kg m
m
L
= = . Thus, from v F = , we obtain

( ) ( )
2
2
25.0 m s 0.350 kg m 219 N F v = = =
13.45 (a) The mass per unit length is
0.0600 kg
0.0120 kg m
5.00 m
m
L
= = =

From v F = , the required tension in the string is

( ) ( )
2
2
50.0 m s 0.0120 kg m 30.0 N F v = = = ,
(b)
8.00 N
25.8 m s
0.0120 kg m
F

= v = =
Vibrations and Waves 487
13.46 The mass per unit length of the wire is


-3
-3
4.00 10 kg
2.50 10 kg m
1.60 m
m
L

= = = ,

and the speed of the pulse is
1.60 m
44.3 m s
0.0361 s
L
t
= = =

v .

Thus, the tension in the wire is


( ) ( )
2
2 -3
44.3 m s 2.50 10 kg m 4.91 N F v = = =

But, the tension in the wire is the weight of a 3.00-kg object on the Moon. Hence, the
local free-fall acceleration is


2
4.91 N
1.64 m s
3.00 kg
F
g
m
= = =
13.47 The period of the pendulum is 2
L
g
= T , so the length of the string is


( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2
9.80 m s 2.00 s
0.993 m
4 4
gT
L

= = =

Then mass per unit length of the string is then


0.060 0 kg kg
0.060 4
0.993 m m
m
L
= = =
(


When the pendulum is vertical and stationary, the tension in the string is


) ( )
2
5.00 kg 9.80 m s 49.0 N
ball
F M g = = = ,

and the speed of transverse waves in it is


49.0 N
28.5 m s
0.060 4 kg m
F
v

= = =
488 CHAPTER 13
13.48 If
1 1
m L = is the mass per unit length for the first string, then
2 2 1 1
2 2 m L m L = = =
is that of the second string. Thus, with
2 1
F F F = = , the speed of waves in the second
string is


2 1
2 2 v v = =
2 1 1
2
2 5.00 m s 7.07 m s
F F F

| |
= = = =
|
\ .

( )
13.49 (a) The tension in the string is
( ) ( )
2
3.0 kg 9.80 m s 29 N F mg = = = . Then, from
v F = , the mass per unit length is


( )
2 2
29 N
0.051 kg m
24 m s
F
v
= = =
(b) When 2 m = , the tension is


.00 kg
(

) ( )
2
9.80 m s 20 N = 2.0 kg F mg = =

and the speed of transverse waves in the string is


20 N
20 m s
0.051 kg m
F
v

= = =
13.50 If the tension in the wire is F, the tensile stress is Stress F A = , so the speed of transverse
waves in the wire may be written as


( )
F A Stress Stress
v
m L m A L

= = =

But, =volume A L V = , so ( ) density m A L = = . Thus,
Stress
v

= .

When the stress is at its maximum, the speed of waves in the wire is


( )
9
3 3
2.70 10 Pa
7.86 10 kg m

max
586 m s = = =
max
Stress
v

Vibrations and Waves 489
13.51 From v F = , the tension in the string is
2
F v = . Thus, the ratio of the new tension to
the original is


2
2
2
1 1
F v
F v
=
2
, giving ( )
2
m s
m s
| |
|
\ .
2
2
2 1
1
30.0
6.00 N 13.5 N
20.0
v
F F
v
| |
= = =
|
\ .

13.52 (a) If the end is fixed, there is inversion of the pulse upon reflection. Thus, when they
meet, they cancel and the amplitude is zero .
(b) If the end is free there is no inversion on reflection. When they meet the amplitude
is ( ) 2 2 0.15 m A A = = = 0.30 m .
13.53 (a) Constructive interference produces the maximum amplitude


max 1 2
0.50 m A A A = + =
(b) D produces the minimum amplitude


estructive interference
min 1 2
0.10 m A A A = =
13.54 We are given that ( ) ( ) ( )
cos 0.25 m cos 0.4 x A t t = = .
(a) By inspection, the amplitude is seen to be 0.25 m A =
(b) The angular frequency is 0.4 rad s = . But k m = , so the spring constant is

( ) ( )
2
2
0.30 kg 0.4 rad s 0.47 N m k m = = =
(c) At 0.30 t = , ( s ) ( ) ( ) 0.25 m cos 0.4 rad s 0.30 s 0.23 m x ( = =


(d) From conservation of mechanical energy, the speed at displacement x is given by
2
v A =
2
x . Thus, at t 0.30 s = , when 0.23 m x = , the speed is

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0.4 rad s 0.25 .23 m s v = m 0 = 0.12 m
490 CHAPTER 13
13.55 The maximum acceleration of the oscillating system is


( )
2
2
max
2 a A f = = A

The friction force exerted between the two blocks must be
capable of accelerating block B at this rate. When block B is
on the verge of slipping,
( )
max
max
s s s s
f f n mg ma = = = = and
we must have


( )
2
max
2
s
a f A g = =
( )


Thus,
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2 2
.80 m s
6.62 10 m 6.62 cm
Hz

= =
(

0.600 9
2 2 1.50
s
g
A
f

= =
n
ur
F
g
= mg
ur
ur
f
s
ur
B
13.56 Since the spring is light, we neglect any small amount of energy lost in the collision
with the spring, and apply conservation of mechanical energy from when the block first
starts until it comes to rest again. This gives


( ) ( ) g s g s
f i
KE PE PE KE PE PE + + = + + , or
2
max
1
0 0 0 0
2
i
kx mgh + + = + +

Thus,
( ) ( ) ( )
2
max
2 0.500 kg 9.80 m s 2.00 m
2
0.990 m
20.0 N m
i
mgh
x
k
= = =
13.57 Choosing PE at the initial height of the block, conservation of mechanical energy
gives
(
0
g
=
) ( ) g s g s
f i
KE PE KE PE PE = + + PE + + , or

( )
2 2
1 1
0
2 2
x kx + + = mv mg ,

where v is the speed of the block after falling distance x.
(a) When 0 v = , the non-zero solution to the energy equation from above gives


2
max
=
max
1
2
kx mgx ,

or
( ) ( )
2
max
2 3.00 kg 9.80 m s
2
588 N m
0.100 m
mg
k
x
= = =
Vibrations and Waves 491
(b) When x = = , the energy equation gives


5.00 cm 0.050 0 m
2
2
kx
v gx
m
= , or


( )( )
( )( )
2
2
588 N m 0.050 0 m
s 0.050 0 m 0.700 m s
3.00 kg
= = 2 9.80 m v
13.58 (a) We apply conservation of mechanical energy from just after the collision until the
block comes to rest.

( ) ( )
s s
f i
KE PE KE PE + = + gives
2 2
1 1
2 2
f
kx MV 0 0 + = +

or the speed of the block just after the collision is


( )( )
2
2
900 N m 0.050 0 m
1.50 m s
1.00 kg
f
kx
V
M
= = =
(


Now, we apply conservation of momentum from just before impact to immediately
after the collision. This gives

) ( ) 0
bullet bullet
i f
m v m v MV + = +
( ) ( )


or
( )
-3
1.00 kg
400 m s
5.00 10
bullet bullet
f i
M
v v V
m
| |
=
|
\ .
=

1.5 m s 100 m s
kg
| |
=
|
\ .

(b) The mechanical energy converted into internal energy during the collision is

( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
i f bullet bullet
i f
E KE KE m v m v MV = =

or


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3
1 1
5.00 10 kg 400 m s 100 m s 1.00 kg 1.50 m s
2 2
E

(
=

2


374 J E =
492 CHAPTER 13
13.59 Choose PE when the blocks start from rest. Then, using conservation of mechanical
energy from when the blocks are released until the spring returns to its unstretched
length gives
0
g
=
( ) ( ) g s g s
f i
PE PE KE PE PE + + = + + KE , or

( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
0 0
2 2
k x = + +
1 2 1 2
sin40 0
f
v m g x m g x + + + m m


( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
0 kg 25 kg 9.80 m s 0.200 m sin40
1
30 kg 9.80 m s 0.200 m 200 N m 0.200 m
2
f
v + + ( (

=
1
25 3
2



yielding 1.1 m s
f
= v
13.60 (a) When the gun is fired, the energy initially stored as elastic potential energy in the
spring is transformed into kinetic energy of the bullet. Assuming no loss of energy,
we have
2 2 1 1
2 2 i
mv kx = , or

( )
3
9.80 N m
0.200 m 19.8 m s
1.00 10 kg
i
k
v x
m

= = =

(b) From
2 1
0 2 y
y v t a t +
0
0
y
v =
(
y
= , the time required for the pellet to drop 1.00 m to the floor,
starting with , is


) ( )
2
2 2 1.00 m
0.452 s
0 m s
y
y
t
a

=
9.8
= =

The range (horizontal distance traveled during the flight) is then

( ) ( )
0
s 0.452 s 8.94 m
x
x v t = = 19.8 m =
13.61 (a)
500 N m
15.8 rad s
2.00 kg
k
m
= = =
Vibrations and Waves 493
(b) Apply Newtons second law to the block while the elevator is accelerating:


y s y
F F mg ma = =

With and
s
F kx a = 3
y
g = , this gives
( )
3 kx m g g = + , or


( ) ( )
( )
2
2
4 2.00 kg 9.80 m s
4
5.23 10 m 5.23 cm
3 3 500 N m
mg
x
k

= = = =
13.62 (a) When the block is given some small upward displacement, the net restoring force
exerted on it by the rubber bands is

2 sin
net y
F F F = = , where tan
y
L
=

For small displacements, the angle will be very small. Then sin tan
y
L
= , and
the net restoring force is


2
2
net
F F
| | |
= =
|
\ . \
y F
L L
|
|
.
y
y

(b) The net restoring force found in part (a) is in the form of Hookes law , with F k =
2F
k
L
= . Thus, the motion will be simple harmonic, and the angular frequency is


2F k
m mL
= =
494 CHAPTER 13
13.63 The free-body diagram at the right shows the forces
acting on the balloon when it is displaced distance
s L = along the circular arc it follows. The net force
tangential to this path is

( )
sin sin sin
x
F F B mg B mg
net
= + = =

For small angles, sin
s
L
=
(


Also, )
He
mg V g =

and the buoyant force is ( )
air
V g = B . Thus, the net
restoring force

acting on the balloon is
( )
He
Vg
F s
L

air
net
(

(



Observe that this is in the form of Hookes law, F k s = ,

with ( )
He air
= k Vg L
simp


Thus, the motion will be and the period is given by


le harmonic
( )
He
He air
He
He
2
air
V m L 2 1
T 2 2
f k Vg L g

| |
=
|
\ .

= =

= =

This yields
( )
( )
1.29
T
L

4
q q
A B
D
L

2
m m
d d
2
3.00 m 0.180
2 1.40 s
0.180 9.80 m s
| |
= =
|
\ .

13.64 Observe in the sketch at the right that

2 2 d L D + = , or

2 2.00 m 1.50 m
0.250 m
2 2
D L
d

= = =

Thus,

1 1
0.250 m
cos cos 70.5
4 0.750 m
d
L

| |
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
\ .

L
+y
+x
q
q
q
s = Lq

equilibrium
position
mg
ur
T
ur
B
ur
Vibrations and Waves 495
Now, consider a free body diagram of point A:

( )
2
0 cos 70.5
x
F F T = =
(


and )
2
0 sin 70.5
y
F T = =
( )
19.6 N mg =

Hence, the tension in the section between A and B is


19.6 N
6.93 N
tan 70.5
F = =

The mass per unit length of the string is


3
-3
10.0 10 kg
3.33 10 kg m
3.00 m

= =

so the speed of transverse waves in the string between points A and B is


-3
6.93 N
3.33 10 kg
F
v

= =

45.6 m
m
= s

The time for the pulse to travel from A to B is


2
2 1.50 m
3.29 10 s 3
45.6 m s
L
t
v

= = = = 2.9 ms
y
x
q
A
T
2
ur
F
ur
T
1
= mg
ur
ur
13.65 Newton's law of gravitation is


3
2
4
, where
3
GMm
F M
r

| |
= =
|
\ .
r

Thus,
4
= -
3
F Gm r
| |
|
\ .
= -


which is of Hookes law form, F k r , with


4
=
3
k Gm
F
R
E
r
m
M
496 CHAPTER 13
s
m
M
h
13.66 (a) Apply the work-energy theorem from the instant
the firefighter starts from rest until just before contact
with the platform.

( ) ( ) nc g g
f i
W KE PE KE PE = + + gives

( )
2
1
0 0 , or 2
2
f
f h mv mgh v g h
m
| | | |
= + + =
| |
\ . \ .


( )
2
300 N
2 9.80 m s 5.00 m 6.93 m s
60 kg
v
| |
= =
|
\ .

(b) Next, apply conservation of momentum to find the speed V of the firefighter and
platform immediately after the perfectly inelastic collision. This gives

( ) ( ) 0 m M V mv M + = +

or
( )
60
60.0+2
m
V v
m M
| | |
= =
|
\ . \
+
(
.0
6.93 m s 5.20 m s
0.0
|
=
|
.


Finally, apply the work-energy theorem from just after the collision until the
firefighter comes to rest.


) ( ) nc g s g s
f i
KE PE PE + + W KE PE PE = + + gives

( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
2 2
m M V m M gs
|
+ + + +

\
0 0 f s ks
| |
= + +
|
\ .
0
|
|
.


or ( )
2 2
2
0
m M
s m M g f s V
k k
+
| |
+ = (
|

\ .


Using the given data, we obtain ( )
2
0.387 m
2
0.865 m s s 0 = , and the quadratic
formula gives a positive solution of 1.14 m s =
Vibrations and Waves 497
13.67 (a) Using conservation of mechanical energy, ( ) ( )
s s
f i
KE PE KE PE + = + , from the
moment of release to the instant of separation gives

( )
2 2
1 2
1 1
0 0
2 2
m m v kA + + = +

or ( )
( )
1 2
100 N m
0.20 m
9.0 7.0 kg
k
v A
m m
= =
+ +
0.50 m s =
(b) After the two blocks separate, oscillates with new amplitude
1
m A found by
applying ( ) ( )
s s
f i
PE + KE PE KE + = to the
1
spring m + system from the moment of
separation until the spring is fully stretched the first time.


2 2
1
1 1
2 2
kA m v + = 0

or
( )
1
kg
0.50 m s
10 m
m
A v
k
= =
9.0
0 N
0.15 m =

The period of this oscillation is
1
9.0
2 2
100
m
k
= =
kg
N m
1. = 9 s T ,

so the spring is fully stretched for the first time at 0.47 s
4
T
= = t
x vt
after separation.
During this time, has moved distance
2
m = from the point of separation. Thus,
the distance separating the two blocks at this instant is

( ) ( ) 0.50 m s 0.47 0.15 D vt A = = s m 0.086 m = 8.6 cm =
13.68 (a) Apply the work-energy theorem from the instant before the block contacts the
spring until the instant the block leaves the spring.


( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1
2
1
8.00 kg 3.00 m s 4.00 m s 28.0 J
2
nc f i f i
W KE KE m v v = =
(
=

=


or the mechanical energy lost is 28.0 J
nc
W =
498 CHAPTER 13
(b) The energy spent overcoming the friction force while the block is in contact with the
spring is
nc
f s W = , where 2
max
s x = with being the maximum distance the
spring was compressed. Hence,


max
x
( ) ( ) ( )
2
9.80 m s
nc
W
mg 2 2 2
28.0 J
m
2 0.400 8.00 kg
nc nc
max
k k
W W
x
f n
= = =
= = 0.446

13.69 (a) As seen in the sketch at the right, the length of the chord
followed by the longitudinal wave is shorter than
the arc length traveled by the transverse wave. Also,
the longitudinal wave travels faster than does the
transverse wave. Thus,
x
s
the longitudinal wave will
arrive first.
R
E
R
E
q
A
B
Dx
Ds
(b) With 60.0 3 radians = = , the arc length, s , traveled by the transverse wave is

rad
3
E E
s R R

| |
= =
|
\ .


and the time for this wave to travel from A to B is:
( )
3
E
t
t t
R
s
t
v v

= =
From the sketch, observe that the chord labeled x is one side of an isosceles
triangle. Thus, and the travel time for the longitudinal wave is


E
x R =
E
R x
t
v v

= =
A
A A


The difference in the arrival times of the two waves is then


( )
( )
3
1 1
6.37 10
3 7 3 4.50 km s
t
v v

km
.80 km s
t E
t R t t
(
| |
= = =
(
|
\ .
(

A
A


or ( )
1 m
666 s t =
in
11.1 min
60 s
| |
=
|
\ .

Vibrations and Waves 499
13.70 The inner tip of the wing is attached to the end of the spring and always moves with the
same speed as the end of the vibrating spring. Thus, its maximum speed is

( )
4
, max , max 3
4.7 10 N m
0.20 cm 0.25 cm s
0.30 10 kg
inner spring
k
v v A
m

= = = =

Treating the wing as a rigid bar, all points in the wing have the same angular velocity at
any instant in time. As the wing rocks on the fulcrum, the inner tip and outer tips follow
circular paths of different radii. Since the angular velocities of the tips are always equal,
we may write
outer inner
outer inner
v v
r r
= = . The maximum speed of the outer tip is then


( )
, max , max
15.0 mm
0.25 cm s 1.3 cm s
3.00 mm
outer
outer inner
inner
r
v v
r
| |
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
\ .

13.71 (a) If the surface is frictionless, the total mechanical energy of the system is conserved.
Thus, taking the initial position at the point when the block starts from rest and the
final position at the equilibrium position, we have


2 2
1 1
0 0
2 2
f f i i f i
KE PE KE PE mv kx + = + + = +

or
( )
3
2
1.0 10 N m
2.0 10 m 0.50 m s
1.6 kg
f i
k
v x
m

= = =
(b) When a constant friction force retards the motion of the block, the work-energy
theorem gives

( ) ( )
nc f i
W KE PE KE PE = + + or
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
2
f f i i
f s mv kx mv kx = +

where s is the total distance the block moves between the initial and final states. If
the block is initially at rest at 2.0 cm =
i
x , and the final state is when the block
makes its first pass through the equilibrium position, then
i
s x = and we have

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2 2 3
1 1
4.0 N 2.0 10 m 1.6 kg 0 0 1.0 10 N m 2.0 10 m
2 2
f
v

= +
)
2


or
0.20 J 0.080 J
0.39 m s
0.80 kg
f
v

= =
500 CHAPTER 13
(c) When a friction force is present, the system is continuously spending energy as the
friction force does negative work on it. The block will cease to move when all of the
original energy (initially stored as elastic potential energy) has been used doing
work to overcome friction. That is, until


2
1
2
i
f s kx = or
( ) ( )
( )
2
3 2
2
2
1.0 10 N m 2.0 10 m
5.0 10 m 5.0 cm
2 2 4.0 N
i
kx
s
f

= = = =