VERSION 12.

0
PART NUMBER
120BSOLTR-01
Visit us at: www.adams.com
Basic ADAMS/Solver
Training Guide
U.S. Government Restricted Rights: If the Software and Documentation are provided in connection with a
government contract, then they are provided with RESTRICTED RIGHTS. Use, duplication or disclosure is
subject to restrictions stated in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software
clause at 252.227-7013. Mechanical Dynamics, Incorporated, 2300 Traverwood Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48105.
The information in this document is furnished for informational use only, may be revised from time to time,
and should not be construed as a commitment by Mechanical Dynamics, Incorporated. Mechanical
Dynamics, Incorporated, assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies that may
appear in this document.
This document contains proprietary and copyrighted information. Mechanical Dynamics, Incorporated
permits licensees of ADAMS

software products to print out or copy this document or portions thereof

solely for internal use in connection with the licensed software. No part of this document may be copied for
any other purpose or distributed or translated into any other language without the prior written permission of
Mechanical Dynamics, Incorporated.
2002 by Mechanical Dynamics, Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
ADAMS

is a registered United States trademark of Mechanical Dynamics, Incorporated.

All other product names are trademarks of their respective companies.
3
Contents
WeIcome fo 8osic ADAMS/SoIver Troining 7
About Mechanical Dynamics 8
Content of Course 9
Getting Help at Your Job Site 10
VirfuoI Profofyping wifh ADAMS 11
Virtual Prototyping Process 12
Basic ADAMS/Solver Course 13
Four File Types in ADAMS/Solver 14
ADAMS/Solver Dataset File 15
ADAMS/Solver Command File 16
ADAMS/Solver Analysis Files 17
ADAMS/Solver Message File 18
Simulating a Model in ADAMS/Solver 19
Workshop 1Process Overview 20
Viewing PesuIfs 25
PostProcessing Interface Overview 26
Animating 27
Plotting 28
Getting Help 29
Workshop 2Viewing Results 30
FoIIing Sfone 41
System-Level Design 42
Coordinate Systems 43
Part Coordinate System 44
Coordinate System Marker 45
Differences Between Parts and Graphics 46
Parts, Graphics, and Markers 47
Types of Parts in ADAMS 48
Part Properties (Mass and Inertia) 49
Graphic Properties 50
Workshop 3Falling Mass 51

4 Contents
COMTMTS,,,
One DOF PenduIum 57
Constraints 58
Use of Markers in Constraints 59
Three-Point Orientation Method 61
Degrees of Freedom (DOF) 62
Workshop 4One DOF Pendulum 63
Lineor Spring Domper I 69
Initial Condition Simulation 70
Types of Simulations 71
Simulation Hierarchy 72
Forces in ADAMS 73
Spring Dampers in ADAMS 74
Magnitude of Spring Dampers 75
Workshop 5Spring Damper I 76
Lineor Spring Domper II 81
Single-Component Forces: Action-Reaction 82
Functions in ADAMS 83
Measuring Displacement (Functions continued) 84
Measuring Velocity (Functions continued) 85
Workshop 6Spring Damper II 86
8roke Sysfem I 91
Applying Motion 92
STEP Function 93
REQUESTing Measurement Data 94
Workshop 7Brake System I 95
8roke Sysfem II 105
Multi-Component Forces 106
Incorporating Test Data (Splines) 108
AKISPL Function 109
Workshop 8Brake System II 110

Contents 5
COMTMTS,,,
8roke Sysfem III 117
Design Study: Quasi-static 118
Workshop 9Brake System III 119
Suspension 125
Bushings 126
Workshop 10Suspension 127
8ouncing 8oII 143
Modeling Contact: IMPACT Function 144
Workshop 11Bouncing Ball 146
TobIes 153
Constraints Tables (Incomplete) 154
Forces Tables (Incomplete) 155
Constraint Tables (Complete) 156
Forces Tables (Complete) 157
Mass Moments of Inertia 158
SompIe Dofosefs 161
.acf files 162
ball.adm file 163
brake.adm file 164
susp1.adm file 165
6 Contents
COMTMTS,,,
7
WLCOM TO ASIC ADAMS/SOLVP TPAIMIMS
ADAMS is a powerful modeling and simulating environment that lets you
build, simulate, refine, and ultimately optimize any mechanical system, from
automobiles and trains to VCRs and backhoes.
Basic ADAMS/Solver training teaches you how to build, simulate, and refine
a mechanical system using Mechanical Dynamics, Inc.s ADAMS/Solver and
ADAMS/PostProcessor.
Whut's in this section:
About Mechanical Dynamics, 8
Content of Course, 9
Getting Help at Your Job Site, 10

8 Welcome to Basic ADAMS/Solver Training

About MechunicuI Dynumics
Find u Iist of ADAMS products ut:
http://www.adams.com/mdi/product/modules.htm
Leurn ubout the ADAMS-CAD/CAM/CA integrution ut:
http://www.adams.com/mdi/product/partner.htm
Find udditionuI truining ut:
http://support.adams.com/training/training.html
Or your local support center

Welcome to Basic ADAMS/Solver Training 9

Content of Course
After tuking this course you wiII be ubIe to:
Build simple ADAMS models.
Understand ADAMS product nomenclature and terminology.
Understand basic modeling principles.
Use the crawl-walk-run approach to virtual prototyping.
Debug your models for the most common modeling challenges (for example,
redundant constraints, zero masses, and so on).
Use and be informed about all methods of ADAMS product support.
Use the product documentation optimally.
Orgunizution of guide
This guide is organized into modules that get progressively more complex. Each module
focuses on solving an engineering-based problem and covers mechanical system simulation
(MSS) concepts that will help you use ADAMS most optimally. The earlier workshops provide
you with more step-by-step procedures and guidance, while the later ones provide you with less.
Each module is divided into the following sections:
1 Problem statement
2 Concepts
3 Workshop
4 Module review
Cover the section Organization of Guide in detail,
and reinforce this layout as you go over each
module.
10 Welcome to Basic ADAMS/Solver Training
Setting HeIp ut Your Job Site
OnIine guides
Access heIp on heIp from
Help menu of any ADAMS product
Help tool on the Documentation Road Map
KnowIedge buse
Go to http://support.adams.com/kb
For a quick tour, go to http://
www.adams.com/mdi/news/dyndim/
vol3_kbtour.htm
ASk group
Go to http://support.adams.com/services/
support/ask_info.shtm
ConsuIting services
Go to http://support.adams.com/services/consulting.shtm
TechnicuI support
To find your support center, go to http://support.adams.com/services/support/
support_centers.shtm
To read the Service Level Agreement, go to http://support.adams.com/services/support/
sla_agree.shtm
MDI Technical Support:
Discuss what is available through your local office
or headquarters, if appropriate.
Demonstrate the Customer Support web site
(knowledge base, ASK list, and so on).
Demonstrate how to log CRs.
11

VIPTUAL PPOTOTYPIMS WITH ADAMS

In this module you will simulate a dynamic model and review its associated
output files.
Whut's in this moduIe:
Virtual Prototyping Process , 12
Basic ADAMS/Solver Course, 13
Four File Types in ADAMS/Solver, 14
ADAMS/Solver Dataset File, 15
ADAMS/Solver Command File, 16
ADAMS/Solver Analysis Files, 17
ADAMS/Solver Message File, 18
Simulating a Model in ADAMS/Solver, 19
Workshop 1Process Overview, 20
Module review, 24
12 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS
VirtuuI Prototyping Process
Build
Test
Validate
Refine
Iterate
Automate
...a model of your design using
Bodies Forces
Contacts Joints
Motion generators
...your design using
Measures Animations
Simulations Plots
...your model by
Importing test data
Superimposing test data
...your model by adding
Friction Forcing functions
Flexible parts
Control systems
...your design through
variations using
Parametrics
Design variables
Validate
Refine
Iterate
Do results
compare with
measured
data?
DESIGN
PROBLEM
Cut time
and costs
Increase
quality
Increase
efficiency
IMPROVED
PRODUCT
...your design using
DOEs
Optimization
...your design process using
Custom menus
Macros
Custom dialog boxes
Optimize
Automate
No
Yes
Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS 13
usic ADAMS/SoIver Course
Three steps of the virtuuI prototyping process thut this course
covers:
Build (design) a virtual prototype of a mechanical system using an ADAMS dataset
file.
Test your mechanical system using ADAMS/Solver.
Validate (review) the results of your output files using ADAMS/PostProcessor.
Build
Test
Validate
...a model of your design using
Bodies Forces
Contacts Joints
Motion generators
...your design using
Measures Animations
Simulations Plots
...your model by
Importing test data
Superimposing test data
Validate
14 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS
Four FiIe Types in ADAMS/SoIver
Dutuset fiIe {,udm} - contuins stutements und functions
Commund fiIe {,ucf} - contuins communds und functions
AnuIysis fiIes {,req ,res ,gru ,out} - contuin simuIution output
Messuge fiIe {,msg} - contuins stutistics ubout simuIution output
ADAMS dataset
.adm .req
Analysis files
.res
.gra
.out
Command file
.acf
1 - Build (Input) 3 - Validate (Output)
Message file
.msg
2 - Test (ADAMS/Solver)
Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS 15
ADAMS/SoIver Dutuset FiIe
Dutuset fiIe {,udm} - contuins stutements und functions
Statements define an element of a model, such as a part, constraint, or force.
Functions are a numeric expression that define the magnitude of an element, such as
force or motion.
Sample .adm file
Function Statement
TITLE LINE
!-------------------------------- SYSTEM UNITS --------------
UNITS/FORCE = NEWTON, MASS = KILOGRAM, LENGTH = MILLIMETER,
,TIME = SECOND
!
PART/1, GROUND
!
MARKER/5, PART = 1, QP = 175, -225, 0
!
PART/2, MASS = 70.94, CM = 3, IP = 2.01E+006, 1.80E+005
, 2.01E+006, MATERIAL = steel
!
MARKER/2, PART = 2, REULER = 37.87498365D, 90D, 0D
!
MARKER/3, PART = 2, QP = 175, -225, 0, REULER = 37.87498365D, 0D, 0D
!
GRAPHICS/1, CYLINDER, CM = 2, LENGTH = 570.08, RADIUS = 71.26
!
JOINT/1, REVOLUTE, I = 4, J = 1
!
REQUEST/1, DISPLACEMENT, I = 3, J = 5, RM = 5
ACCGRAV/JGRAV = -9806.65
OUTPUT/REQSAVE, GRSAVE
RESULTS/
!
MOTION/1, ROTATIONAL, JOINT = 1, FUNCTION = 30.0d * time
!
END
Explain that there are only three types of syntax:
statements, functions, and commands
Go to the guide, Using ADAMS/Solver and show
how the whole guide is only made up of three major
sections: Statements, Functions, and Commands.
Stress that they (the students) are going to have to
use the guide, Using ADAMS/Solver every step of
the way, while they try to complete each workshop.
16 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS
ADAMS/SoIver Commund FiIe
Commund fiIe {,ucf} - contuins communds und functions
Commands are actions that you issue during an analysis to make changes to your
model or analysis settings.
You can enter commands interactivelyone at a timeor you can enter them from a
command file.
Sample .acf file
model_name.adm
output_name
SIMULATE/STATIC
SIMULATE/DYNAMIC, END=3.0, STEPS=30
DEACTIVATE/JOINT, ID=3
SIMULATE/DYNAMIC, DURATION=2.0, STEPS=200
STOP
Command
Explain that ADAMS/Solver command files must:
Start with the name of the model to be analyzed
Have a name you want used for the output files
End with a STOP command.
Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS 17
ADAMS/SoIver AnuIysis FiIes
AnuIysis fiIes {,req ,res ,gru ,out} - provide simuIution output
The output corresponds to these statements in your dataset: REQUEST, RESULT, GRAPHICS,
and OUTPUT.
Pequest fiIe {,req} provides:
Key system measurements:
toe angle or displacement in a local markers coordinate system.
Data for plotting in ADAMS/PostProcessor.
PesuIts fiIe {,res} provides:
Default calculations in Global Coordinate System:
part displacements and constraint reaction forces
Data for plotting in ADAMS/PostProcessor.
Sruphics fiIe {,gru} provides:
Data for animating in ADAMS/PostProcessor.
Output fiIe {,out} provides:
Tabular output of request data.
18 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS
ADAMS/SoIver Messuge FiIe
Messuge fiIe {,msg} - contuins runtime stutistics on simuIution
output incIuding:
Warning messages
Error messages
Excerpts from a .msg file

---- WARNING ----
IP data specified for PART test.PAR5200 is not physically
meaningful, since it does not satisfy the requirement
that Iyy + Izz must be greater than or equal to Ixx.
The moments of inertia about the Center of Mass are:
Ixx = 500.80, Iyy = 115.29, Izz = 98.147
---- ERROR ----
The simulation stopped at time = 7.82641E-02.
ADAMS cannot solve the equations of motion.
Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS 19
SimuIuting u ModeI in ADAMS/SoIver
Inteructive mode
Non scripted: lets you enter commands one by one.
Scripted: lets you enter commands from the command file (.acf).
utch mode
Runs multiple jobs using a log file and one or more command files (.acf).
umpIes of running inteructive simuIution in ADAMS lZ,0 on UMIX und MT
UNIX shell (what you might type to simulate)
NT DOS shell (what you might type to simulate)
adams12 -c
ru-standard
interactive
my_file.acf
adams12
ru-standard
my_file.acf
20 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS
ProbIem stutement
Simulate a dynamic model and review the associated output files.
ModeI description
The model you will use in this workshop represents a quarter-front, short-long-arm (SLA) car
suspension.
Workshop l-Process Overview
Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS 21
Sturting ADAMS/SoIver
To sturt ADAMS/SoIver from your UMIX working directory:
1 Open a UNIX shell and enter the commands to locate and change to your working
directory.
Use the ls command to review a list of files and directories.
Use the cd <directory name> command to change from one directory to another.
For example, to change your location from the directory, bso_exercises, to mod_01_intro,
enter the following:
cd bso_exercises
ls
cd mod_01_intro
ls
2 Once you have located your working directory, enter the command to start ADAMS, for
example, adams12 -c.
A text menu appears inside of your command shell window.
At your site, your systems administrator determines the alias to start ADAMS/Solver.
In class, if adams12 -c does not launch ADAMS/Solver, see your class instructor for the
correct command.
3 Enter ru-standard (or use the shortcut ru-s) to run standard ADAMS/Solver.
4 Enter interactive (or use the shortcut i) to run ADAMS/Solver in interactive mode.
Skip to Step 1 in Simulating your model on page 23.
Workshop l-Process Overview,,,
22 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS
To sturt ADAMS/SoIver from your MT working directory:
1 Do one of the following:
From the Start menu, point to Programs, and then select Command Prompt.
The Command Prompt window appears.
From the Start menu, select Run and enter cmd.
The Command Prompt window appears.
2 Enter the commands to locate and change to your working directory.
Use the dir command to display your list of files and directories.
Use the cd <directory name> command to change from one directory to another.
For example, to change your location from the directory, bso_exercises, to mod_01_intro,
enter the following:
cd bso_exercises
dir
cd mod_01_intro
dir
3 Once you have changed to your working directory, enter the command to start ADAMS,
for example, adams12.
A text menu appears inside of your Command Prompt window.
At your site, your systems administrator determines the alias to start ADAMS/Solver.
In class, if adams12 does not launch ADAMS/Solver, see your class instructor for the
correct command.
4 Enter ru-standard (or use the shortcut ru-s) to run standard ADAMS/Solver.
Workshop l-Process Overview,,,
Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS 23
SimuIuting your modeI
To simuIute your modeI:
1 Enter the name of the ADAMS command file sla.acf.
The command file gives ADAMS/Solver instructions on how to simulate your model, for
example, it defines the run time and type of simulation.
2 Enter exit to close the ADAMS menu.
3 To list the files that are in your working directory, enter ls on UNIX or dir on NT.
Your directory should contain more files than before you ran the simulation.
UMIX optionuI tusks
Quickly set up and run a simulation entering all of the necessary commands on one
line. For example, from a UNIX prompt, enter:
adams12 -c ru-s i sla.acf exit
MT optionuI tusks
Quickly set up and run a simulation entering all of the necessary commands on one
line. For example, from a command prompt, enter:
adams12 ru-s sla.acf
Workshop l-Process Overview,,,
24 Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS
ModuIe review
1 What are the three categories of syntax used in the ADAMS language?
________________________________________________________________________
2 Which two out of the three are used in the .adm file?
________________________________________________________________________
3 Which two out of the three are used in the .acf file?
________________________________________________________________________
4 In this course, we are going to use ADAMS/Solver to process the results and ADAMS/
PostProcessor to view the results. What are we going to use as a pre-processor?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5 When you use ADAMS after this course, you will probably be using a pre-processor (that
is, ADAMS/Pre, ADAMS/View, ADAMS/Car, and so on). Why, then, do you need to
learn how to write .adm and .acf files on your own?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

1. Statements, functions, and commands
2. Statements and functions will appear in the .adm
file.
3. Commands and functions will appear in the .acf
file.
4. We will be the pre-processor (along with some sort
of text editor)
5. Some of the reasons are:
Better understanding of ADAMS at the most
basic level
Ability to edit files that come from pre-
processors
Ability to customize pre-processors
Helps when debugging models (no matter
what pre-processor they come from)
Workshop l-Process Overview,,,
25

VIWIMS PSULTS
In this module you will use ADAMS/PostProcessor to manipulate, review, and
refine the results of the suspension model you simulated in the previous module.
Whut's in this moduIe:
PostProcessing Interface Overview, 26
Animating, 27
Plotting, 28
Getting Help, 29
Workshop 2Viewing Results, 30
Module review, 40
26 Viewing Results
PostProcessing Interfuce Overview
ADAMS/PostProcessor hus two modes depending on the uctive
viewport:
Animation
Plotting
umpIe:
The tools in the Main toolbar change if you load an animation or a plot into the viewport
The elements shown above are common to both modes.
Important Notes:
Focus only on the interface.
Do not get into detailed explanation of functionality.
This module has the potential to take too much time
if you start to answer all of the students questions.
Tell students that you will answer their questions at
the point in the class when the relevant content is
covered.
Do not allow the students questions to force you to
jump ahead too far.
Viewing Results 27
Animuting
Viewport
Reset, Rev, Pause,
Animation settings
Slider bar
Dashboard
Treeview
Property
editor
Main toolbar

Fwd, Record
categories
Mode type
28 Viewing Results
PIotting
Viewport
List of simulation results
Types of List of requests/ Manage
results to curves
be displayed
Treeview
Property
editor
Main toolbar
results
Mode type
Viewing Results 29
Setting HeIp
Peferencing the onIine ADAMS/SoIver guides
Doing gIobuI seurches on uny onIine ADAMS guide
Make sure that how to use the Help is *very* clear
to the students.
Stress again, how important the documentation is
going to be as they start writing the .adm and .acf
files during the workshops.
Demonstrate by doing a global search for the word
rotate.
30 Viewing Results
ProbIem stutement
Use ADAMS/PostProcessor to manipulate, review, and refine the results of the suspension
model you simulated in the previous module.
ModeI description
This model represents a quarter-front, short-long-arm (SLA) car suspension.
You can use the files you generated in Module 1, or use the ones in the directory,
exercise_dir/mod_02_view_results.
Workshop Z-Viewing PesuIts
Viewing Results 31
Sturting ADAMS/PostProcessor
To sturt ADAMS/PostProcessor:
1 Go to the directory where your analysis files are stored.
If youre using the files you generated, the directory should be mod_01_intro.
If youre using the files we provided for you, the directory should be
mod_02_view_results.
2 Open the ADAMS Selection menu.
For UNIX, enter adams12 -c.
For NT, enter adams12.
The ADAMS Selection Menu appears.
3 At the command line, enter appt.
The ADAMS/PostProcessor Main window appears.
About the ADAMS/PostProcessor window
ADAMS/PostProcessor has two modes: animation and plotting. It switches its modes
automatically depending on the contents of the active viewport. For example, the tools in the
Main toolbar change if you load an animation or a plot into the viewport.
Figure 1 on page 31 shows a conceptual sketch of the ADAMS/PostProcessor window. The
elements shown are common to both modes.
Figure 1. ADAMS/PostProcessor Window
Workshop Z-Viewing PesuIts,,,
32 Viewing Results
Importing fiIes
To import your unuIysis fiIe:
1 From the File menu, point to Import, and then select Analysis Files.
The File Import dialog box appears.
2 Right-click the File Name text box, and then select Browse.
The Select File dialog box appears.
3 Select any one of the files that starts with sla_output.
4 In the Select File dialog box, select OK.
5 In the File Import dialog box, select OK.
The graphics representing the initial conditions of your simulation appear in the viewport.
Workshop Z-Viewing PesuIts,,,
Viewing Results 33
Viewing resuIts
To view un unimution of the resuIts:
Adjust your view of the model on your screen using the tools above the viewport. The
figure below highlights some of the tools that are available. Try experimenting with
the rotate, zoom, and translate tools.
To pIuy un unimution of the resuIts:
Play an animation of your model using the tools that are located above the viewport
and in the dashboard. Experiment with the play and pause tools.
Select
Dynamic Rotate
Dynamic Translate
Center
View Zoom
View Fit
Front View
Reset Animation
Play Animation Backward
Pause Animation
Play Animation
Record Animation
Workshop Z-Viewing PesuIts,,,
34 Viewing Results
Modifying the gruphics of your unimution
To modify the gruphics settings of your unimution:
Select the View tab in the dashboard.
Your view options appear below the View button.
Experiment with the options that are available.
To chunge the coIor of the wheeI:
1 From the treeview, expand the model by clicking on the + sign.
2 Select PART_5, which is the wheel.
3 Below the treeview, in the property editor, select the arrow next to the Color text box.
4 Select Coral for the color setting.
To enIurge the gruphics thut iIIustrute force:
1 From the Edit menu, select Preferences.
The PPT Preferences dialog box appears.
2 In the Force Scale text box, enter a value that is greater than 1, and then select Enter.
3 Experiment with changing the scale of the force graphics.
To muke more gruphic enhuncements:
1 From the same PPT Preferences dialog box, select the Geometry tab, and check the Graphics
Endcaps box.
Selecting the box adds endcaps to cylinders.
2 Change the view from shaded to wireframe.
3 On the top tool bar, select Wireframe/shaded.
Icon Visibility
Wireframe/shaded
Workshop Z-Viewing PesuIts,,,
Demonstrate the Main Toolbox:
Tool stacks - Accessed by right-clicking a tool.
Container - Appears in the bottom half of the
toolbox when a tool is selected.
Viewing Results 35
PIotting
To pIot the toe ungIe versus time:
1 Create a new page by clicking the Create a New Page tool above the viewport.
You should now have two pages in your session.
2 Change the viewport to plotting by right-clicking in the viewport, and choosing Load Plot
from the pop-up menu.
Notice how the dashboard changes from animation tools to plotting tools.
3 Create a plot on this page by doing the following:
From the Simulation list, select the only simulation in your session, sla_output.
From the Request list, select REQUEST_2.
From the Component list, select X.
Below the Independent Axis: heading, make sure Time is selected.
Select Add Curves.
Create a New Page
Delete a Page
Previous Page
Next Page
Workshop Z-Viewing PesuIts,,,
36 Viewing Results
Notice the dashboard settings in the following figure:
Workshop Z-Viewing PesuIts,,,
Viewing Results 37
To pIot the Toe AngIe vs, VerticuI WheeI Position net to un unimution:
1 Go back to page_1 in ADAMS/PostProcessor.
2 Split the screen by right-clicking on the Page Layout tool above the viewport and choosing
the Split Screen tool.
3 Set the new viewport to Plotting by right-clicking in the viewport and choosing Load Plot
from the pop-up menu.
4 Plot Toe Angle vs. Vertical Wheel Position by doing the following:
In the Simulation list, select the only simulation in your session, sla_output.
In the Request list, select REQUEST_2.
In the Component list, select X.
Below the Independent Axis: heading, toggle Data.
The Independent Axis Browser appears.
In the Request list, select REQUEST_1.
In the Component list, select Z.
Select OK.
Select Add Curves.
Split Screen
Workshop Z-Viewing PesuIts,,,
38 Viewing Results
To use the documentution to get pIot stutistics:
1 From the Help menu, select ADAMS/PostProcessor Guide.
2 Search for the phrase plot statistics and see where it leads you.
If you are unable to find the phrase ask the instructor for help.
3 Use the plot statistics toolbar to find the maximum Toe Angle value.
4 Once you find the maximum toe angle value, use it to answer Question 1 in Module
review on page 40.
To unimute the modeI whiIe viewing the pIot:
1 Left-click the viewport that contains your graphics so the dashboard changes to animation
tools.
2 Play an animation.
To modify the gruphics of the pIot:
1 Modify the plot title by doing the following:
In the treeview, expand page_1 by clicking the + sign.
Select plot_2.
Clear the selection of Auto Title.
In the Property Editor below, enter the title Toe Angle vs. Wheel Height.
Select Enter.
2 Label the vertical axis as Toe Angle (radians) by doing the following:
In the treeview, expand the plot by clicking the + sign.
select vaxis.
In the Property Editor below, toggle Labels.
Change the label from NO UNITS to Toe Angle (radians).
3 Modify the legend text by doing the following:
In the treeview, select curve_1.
Workshop Z-Viewing PesuIts,,,
Viewing Results 39
In the Property Editor, change the Legend text box to sla_output.
Suving
To suve your ADAMS/PostProcessor session:
1 Save your session by doing the following:
From the File menu, select Save As.
Name your file in the File Name text box.
Select OK.
This saves the results from your entire session in one file.
2 Exit ADAMS/PostProcessor by doing the following:
From the File menu, select Exit.
Select Exit, Dont Save.
Workshop Z-Viewing PesuIts,,,
Remind students of the difference between Find and
Search.
40 Viewing Results
ModuIe review
1 What was the maximum toe angle value?
________________________________________________________________________
2 What is the difference between the two search tools (the ones with the binoculars)
available in Adobe Acrobat Reader, which is the software we use to view the online
users guides?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3 To view an animation, which file type will you need to import?
________________________________________________________________________
4 Both the results (.res) and the request (.req) file can be imported and used to plot
information. What is the difference between the results (.res) and the request (.req) files?
(You may need to refer back to Virtual Prototyping with ADAMS on page 11 for help on
this.)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Workshop Z-Viewing PesuIts,,,
1. The maximum toe angle is 0.15858 radians.
2. Find searches in one ADAMS users guide.
Search searches in all of the ADAMS users guide.
Make sure they see the difference.
3. The graphics (.gra) file.
4. The results file gives very basic information, such
as part displacements or joint reaction forces. The
request file gives more specific measurement data
that you specify.
41

FALLIMS STOM
Find the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of a lumped mass after one
second, when it falls under the influence of gravity, with zero initial velocity.
Whut's in this moduIe:
System-Level Design, 42
Coordinate Systems, 43
Part Coordinate System, 44
Coordinate System Marker, 45
Differences Between Parts and Graphics, 46
Parts, Graphics, and Markers, 47
Types of Parts in ADAMS, 48
Part Properties (Mass and Inertia), 49
Graphic Properties, 50
Workshop 3Falling Mass, 51
Module review, 56
g
It is recommended that you do not discuss example
STATEMENTS until Part Properties (Mass and
Inertia) on page 49.
42 Falling Stone
System-LeveI Design
The cruwI-wuIk-run upprouch
Do not build the entire mechanism at once.
As you add a new component, make sure that it works correctly.
Check your model at regular intervals.
Avoid the need for compIe debugging by foIIowing the
cruwI-wuIk-run upprouch

Falling Stone 43
Coordinute Systems
Definition of u coordinute system {CS}
A coordinate system is essentially a measuring stick to define kinematic and dynamic
quantities.
Types of coordinute systems
Global coordinate system (GCS):
Rigidly attaches to the ground part.
Defines the absolute point (0,0,0) of your model and provides a set of axes
that is referenced when creating local coordinate systems.
Local coordinate systems (LCS):
Part coordinate systems (PCS)
Markers
Point O
Point P
z
G
R
R R
x
x R
y
y R
z
z + + =
x
G
y
G
Specify that we will be dealing with Cartesian coordinates during the whole course.
44 Falling Stone
Purt Coordinute System
Definition of purt coordinute systems {PCS}
Only one exists per part.
Location and orientation is specified by providing its location and orientation with
respect to the GCS.
For the purpose of this class, and because most pre-processors do so, it is recommended that
each parts PCS has the same location and orientation as the GCS.
Global coordinate system
Part coordinate system
Part 1 at location (10, 5.5, 0)
ground body at location (0, 0, 0)
10
5.5
x

G
y

G
z

G
x

P1
y

P1
z

P1

Falling Stone 45
Coordinute System Murker
Definition of u murker
It attaches to a part and moves with the part.
Several can exist per part.
Its location and orientation can be specified by providing its location and orientation
with respect to PCS.
It is used wherever a unique location needs to be defined. For example:
The location of a parts center of mass.
The reference point for defining where graphical entities are anchored.
It is used wherever a unique direction needs to be defined. For example:
The axes about which part mass moments of inertia are specified.
Directions for constraints.
Directions for force application.
All marker locations and orientations are expressed in PCS.
Part coordinate system
Marker 1 on Part 1
at location (- 5, -1, 0)
Part 1 at location (10, 5.5, 0)
- 5
-1
x

G
y

G
z

G
x

P1
y

P1
z

P1
Ground Body at location (0, 0, 0)
x

M1
y

M1
z

M1
46 Falling Stone
Differences etween Purts und Sruphics
Purts
Define bodies (rigid or flexible) that can move relative to other bodies and have the following
properties:
Mass
Inertia
Initial location and orientation (PCS)
Initial velocities
Sruphics
Are used to enhance the visualization of a part using properties such as:
Length
Radius
Width
Are not necessary to perform simulations.
CYLINDER
BLOCK
PART
CM
Falling Stone 47
Purts Sruphics und Murkers
Dependencies in ADAMS
To understand the relationship between parts, graphics, and markers in ADAMS, it is
necessary to understand the dependencies shown next:
MARKER/
Corner Marker
(CM)
MARKER/
Center Marker
(CM)
GRAPHIC/
BLOCK
MARKER/
Center of Mass
(CM)
GRAPHIC/
CYLINDER
PART/
CYLINDER
BLOCK
PART
CM
GRAPHIC CMs
48 Falling Stone
Types of Purts in ADAMS
Pigid bodies
FIeibIe bodies {beyond the scope of this course}
Sround purt
Must exist in every model.
Defines the GCS and the global origin and, therefore, remains stationary at all times.
Acts as the inertial reference frame for calculating velocities and acceleration.
Are movable parts.
Possess mass and inertia properties.
Cannot deform.
Are movable parts.
Possess mass and inertia properties.
Can bend when forces are applied to them.
Falling Stone 49
Purt Properties {Muss und Inertiu}
Through the PAPT stutement you must:
Provide the mass for a rigid body.
Provide the inertia matrix for a rigid body.
Assign mass to a marker that represents the parts center of mass (CM).
Assign inertia to a marker about which the moments of inertia are defined (CM or
IM).
umpIe:
PART/20, MASS = 63.71, CM = 2000, IP = 1.50E5, 1.68E6, 1.68E6
MARKER/2000, PART = 20, QP = -75, 200, 0
ADAMS will not use the dimensions of the graphics to define the mass and inertia.
No IM marker was defined in this example, therefore, the CMs orientation is
referenced for inertia.
Inertia can be calculated for some simple shapes using the Mass Moments of Inertia
sheet in Tables on page 153.
Many pre-processors leave the QG argument out of the statement (as seen above),
which is the equivalent to it being all zeros.
X
Z
Y
MARKER/2000
(center of mass)
50 Falling Stone
Sruphic Properties
Through the SPAPHIC stutement you must:
Define the shape type (cylinder, circle, and so on).
Provide the dimensions for the chosen shape.
Assign graphic to a marker, which defines:
which part the graphic will follow
the location of the graphic
the orientation of the graphic
umpIe: CYLIMDP
GRAPHICS/2001, CYLINDER, CM = 2001, LENGTH = 550, RADIUS = 68.75
MARKER/2001, PART = 20, QP = -350, 200, 0, REULER = 90D, 90D, 0D
For a cylinder graphic:
CM stands for center marker not center of mass.
The z-axis of CM defines the orientation of the cylinder.
Each graphic has a marker that serves a similar purpose to the CM in this example.
Again, ADAMS will not use the dimensions of the graphics to define mass and
inertia.
Z
MARKER/2000
(center of mass)
MARKER/2001
(center of cylinder)
Falling Stone 51
ProbIem stutement
Find the displacement, velocity and acceleration of a lumped mass after one second, when it
falls under the influence of gravity, with zero initial velocity.
MASS
g
mass=1kg
radius=50mm
Workshop 3-FuIIing Muss
52 Falling Stone
Creuting the modeI {dutuset}
To creute the modeI {dutuset} bused on the figure given:
1 Go to the <exercise_dir>/mod_03_falling_stone directory.
2 Open a text editor to create a new file.
UNIX: Use jot or vi.
NT: Use Notepad or WordPad.
3 Define the title by entering ! Falling Stone Model on the first line of the dataset.
4 Define the units by entering UNITS/.
To get help with the various statements, go to the ADAMS online documentation, and
open the guide, Using ADAMS/Solver.
5 Define the acceleration due to gravity for the model by entering ACCGRAV/.
6 Create the ground part by entering PART/.
7 Create the stone part by entering PART/, and defining the mass, inertia, and location of
center of mass.
The inertia can be calculated using the Mass Moments of Inertia sheet in Tables on
page 153.
8 Define the location of the center of mass to be at the global origin by entering MARKER/.
9 Create a circle graphic to represent the stone by entering GRAPHICS/.
Use the CM marker for the part and the CM marker for the graphic.
10 Generate a graphics (.gra) file for animating later by entering OUTPUT/GRSAV.
11 Generate a results (.res) file for plotting later by entering RESULTS/.
12 Signify that this is the end of the dataset by entering END.
13 Save the file as stone.adm in the mod_03_falling_stone directory.
Workshop 3-FuIIing Muss,,,
For Step 7: I
x
= I
y
= I
z
= 2/5 mr
2

= 1000 kg*mm
2
Falling Stone 53
SimuIuting the modeI
In this section, you will create a command file (*.acf) to dynamically simulate the model for
1 second with 100 output steps.
To simuIute the modeI:
1 Open a text editor.
2 Enter stone.adm as the first line of the command file.
This is the name of the .adm file you are going to simulate.
3 Enter stone_output as the second line of the command file.
This is the name that you want assigned to your output files.
4 Enter SIMULATE/DYNAMICS, END=1, STEPS=100 as the third line of your command file.
To get help with the various commands, go to the ADAMS online documentation.
5 Enter STOP to signify the end of the commands.
6 Save the file as stone.acf.
7 Run the simulation.
Ensure that the file was simulated properly (no errors or unexpected warning messages).
PIotting resuIts
To pIot the resuIts:
1 Open ADAMS/PostProcessor.
2 Import the stone_output Solver analysis files (.req, .res, .gra).
Because you did not generate a .req file, ADAMS/PostProcessor only imports the .res and
.gra files.
3 Animate the model to ensure the movement you expected.
4 Create a new page.
5 Right-click in the viewport and select Load Plot.
6 Set Source to Result Sets.
7 Choose the part whose results you want to plot.
Workshop 3-FuIIing Muss,,,
54 Falling Stone
8 Above the Add Curves button, on the right side of the dashboard, toggle the Surf tool.
Surf lets you view a selected result component without using the Add Curves button.
9 Now, select different components from the Component section and see the plot refresh
with each new selection.
SoIving for the probIem stutement
To soIve for the probIem stutement:
1 Find the value of the stones displacement after 1 second. Use the plot tracking tool on the
ADAMS/PostProcessor main toolbar.
2 Determine if this result makes sense.
If not, check for mistakes in your model and correct them.
3 If the results do make sense, answer Question 1 in the Module review on page 56.
4 Find the value of the stones velocity after 1 second.
Use it to answer Question 2 in the Module review, 56.
5 Find the value of stones acceleration after 1 second.
Use it to answer Question 3 in the Module review, 56.
6 Exit ADAMS/PostProcessor without saving the session.
OptionuI tusks
To chunge the fuIIing stone to u pro_ectiIe:
1 Edit the stone.adm file so that the part has an initial velocity of 6 m/sec, at an angle of 60
o

with respect to the horizontal.
Use VX and VY parameters for the PART/ statement.
Plot Tracking
Workshop 3-FuIIing Muss,,,
Falling Stone 55
2 Save the file as projectile.adm.
3 Edit the stone.acf file, so that it will run the new file, projectile.adm.
4 Save the file as projectile.acf.
5 Simulate the model.
6 Animate and plot to see the stones new displacement and velocity values.
ADAMS resuIts
Displacement after 1 sec = -4903.3 mm
Velocity after 1 sec =-9806.6 mm/sec
Acceleration after 1 sec = -9806.6 mm/sec
2
CIosed-form soIution
AnuIyticuI soIution:
s = (at
2
) = 4903.325 mm
v = at = 9806.65 mm/sec
a= g = 9806.65 mm/sec
2
Where:
s = Distance (mm)
a = Acceleration (mm/sec
2
)
t = Time (sec)
v = Velocity (mm/sec)
Workshop 3-FuIIing Muss,,,
56 Falling Stone
ModuIe review
1 What is the stones displacement after one second?
________________________________________________________________________
2 What is the stones velocity after one second?
________________________________________________________________________
3 What is the stones acceleration after one second?
________________________________________________________________________
4 What do many pre-processors write for the QG argument in the PART/ statement?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5 The CM argument appears in both the PART/ statement and certain GRAPHIC/
statements. What is the difference in each case?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6 Can the CM be the same marker in both the PART/ statement and the GRAPHIC/
statement?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Workshop 3-FuIIing Muss,,,
1. 4903.3 mm
2. 9806.7 mm/sec
3. 9806.7 mm/sec^2
4. QG=0, 0, 0 which is the default if the argument is
left out
5. CM is Center of Mass in PART/ statment, CM is
Center or Corner Marker in GRAPHIC/ statement
6. Yes, this model is one example
57

OM DOF PMDULUM
Find the initial force supported by the pin at A, for a bar that swings in a vertical
plane about a pivot, given the initial angular displacement (
o
).
qo=45
o
mass=1 kg
radius=25 mm
length=250 mm
g
A
Whut's in this moduIe:
Constraints, 58
Use of Markers in Constraints, 59
Three-Point Orientation Method, 61
Degrees of Freedom (DOF), 62
Revolute Joint, DOF Removed by, 154
Workshop 4One DOF Pendulum, 63
Module review, 68
58 2QH'2)3HQGXOXP
Construints
Definition of u construint
Restricts relative movement between parts.
Represents idealized connection.
Removes rotational and/or translational DOF from a system.
umpIe
TrunsIutionuI construints of the hinge



PotutionuI construints of the hinge
(about x-axis)
(about y-axis)
Therefore,
Wall
Door
Wall
Door
Z
w
X
w
Y
w
Z
D
X
D
Y
D
X
D
X
W
0 =
Y
D
Y
W
0 =
Z
D
Z
W
0 =

D

W
0 =

D

W
0 =

D
and
W
are free
2QH'2)3HQGXOXP 59
Use of Murkers in Construints
Construint equutions in ADAMS
Constraints are represented as algebraic equations in ADAMS/Solver.
These equations describe the relationship between two markers.
Joint parameters, referred to as I and J markers, define the location, orientation, and
the connecting parts:
First marker, I, is fixed to the first part.
Second marker, J, is fixed to the second part.
Anutomy of u construint in ADAMS
JOINT/0120
(hinge)
PART/20
(door)
PART/01
(wall)
MAR/2001
(I marker)
MAR/0101
(J marker)
Model
(example.adm)
60 2QH'2)3HQGXOXP
Use of Murkers in Construints,,,
The I and J markers referenced in the joint (and therefore, the parts to which they
belong), move with respect to each other as follows:
The I and J markers overlap at time = 0.
During simulation, the z-axes of both markers stay aligned.
umpIe: {PevoIute Joint + I und J murkers}
JOINT/0120, REVOLUTE, I=0103, J=2003
MAR/0103, PART=01, QP = 3,5,0
MAR/2003, PART=20, QP = 3,5,0
z
i
z
j
,
y
i
y
j
x
i
x
j

z
i
z
j
,
x
i
x
j
,
y
i
y
j
,
PART/01
PART/20
MAR/0103
MAR/2003
The Magical Cactus
2QH'2)3HQGXOXP 61
Three-Point Orientution Method
You can define a coordinate systems orientation using two methods:
Rotation sequence method (Euler angles). See the guide, Using ADAMS/Solver for
more details.
Three-point method.
Define the orientution of u coordinute system using the three-
point method
In the MARKER/ statement, define three points:
QP - origin of the coordinate system
ZP - coordinates of a point that you want the z-axis to point at
XP - coordinates of a point that you want the x-axis to point at
umpIe: {MAPKP/}
MARKER/2003, PART=20, QP=3, 5, 0, ZP=9, 5, 0, XP=3, 10, 0
Z
m
X
m
Y
m
Y
g
Z
g
X
g
QP (3,5,0)
XP (3,10,0)
ZP (9,5,0)
(0,0,0)
62 2QH'2)3HQGXOXP
Degrees of Freedom {DOF}
Construints und DOF
Each DOF corresponds to at least one equation of motion.
A freely floating rigid body in three-dimensional space is said to have six DOF.
A constraint removes one or more DOF from a system, depending on its type.
Determine the number of system DOF
ADAMS/Solver will provide an estimated number of system DOF by using the
Grueblers Count:
ADAMS/Solver also provides the actual number of system DOF, as it checks to see
whether:
Appropriate parts are connected by each constraint.
Correct directions are specified for each constraint.
Correct type of DOF (translational versus rotational) are removed by each
constraint.
Redundant constraints exist in the system.
Rigid body
z
x
y
System DOF = number of movable parts 6 DOF/ part ( )
# Constraints # DOF (Constraint) [ ]
i type =

2QH'2)3HQGXOXP 63
ProbIem stutement
Find the initial force supported by the pin at A for a bar that swings in a vertical plane about a
pivot, given the initial angular displacement,
o
.

o
=45
o
mass=1kg
radius=25mm
length=250mm
g
A
Workshop 4-One DOF PenduIum
In this module, you may want to encourage the
students to take advantage of two tips:
Run simulations using the one line for
commands:
adams12 -c ru-s i pendulum.acf
Use two shells - 1 for running ADAMS/
PostProcessor and 1 for running simulations
This way, you dont have to keep closing ADAMS/
PostProcessor to run a new simulation.
Quiz students about minimum # of markers needed
for this model. Answer is 4 (3 on bar for CM,
graphic CM, and joint marker, 1 on ground for
joint).
64 2QH'2)3HQGXOXP
Creuting the modeI {dutuset}
To creute the modeI {dutuset} bused on the figure given:
1 Change to the <exercise_dir>/mod_04_pendulum directory.
2 Open a text editor:
UNIX: Use jot or vi.
NT: Use Microsoft Notepad or WordPad.
3 Enter ! Pendulum Model as the first line of the dataset.
This is the title.
4 Define the units by entering UNITS/.
5 Define the acceleration due to gravity by entering ACCGRAV/.
6 Create the ground part by entering PART/.
7 Create the pendulum part by entering PART/ and setting the inertia properties.
8 Define the location and orientation of the center of mass by entering MARKER/.
Location is very important in this model because the pendulum is going to start at an
angle.
Orientation is also important because the inertia values (Ixx, Iyy, and Izz) are not all
the same for this part. In the last module, you created a sphere (where: I
xx
= I
yy
= I
zz
).
A cylinder is not that simple. In addition, the orientation is dependent on the initial
conditions of the part.
To define the orientation, use the three-point method.
9 Create a cylinder graphic to represent the pendulum by entering GRAPHICS/.
10 Define the location and orientation of the center marker for the cylinder graphic by
entering MARKER/.
The orientation for this marker is dependent on the initial conditions for the cylinder.
Again, use the three-point method.
11 Generate a graphics (.gra) file for output by entering OUTPUT/GRSAV.
12 Generate a results (.res) file for output by entering RESULTS/.
Workshop 4-One DOF PenduIum,,,
For Step 8: I
x
= 1/2mr
2
I
x
= 312.5 kg*mm
2
I
y
= I
z
= 1/12 m (3r2+L
2
)
I
y
= I
z
= 5364.58 kg *mm
2
2QH'2)3HQGXOXP 65
13 Signify that this is the end of the dataset by entering END.
14 Save the file as pendulum.adm in the mod_04_pendulum directory.
Testing the modeI
To cruwI wuIk run {test the modeI so fur}:
1 Create a command file (*.acf) to dynamically simulate the model for 1 second with
50 output steps.
2 Run the simulation.
Ensure that the file was simulated properly (no errors or unexpected warning messages).
3 View the animation to visually check for errors.
At this point you have no constraints in the model, so the pendulum should just fall.
But you can check your initial conditions and make sure they are acceptable.
You may want to turn on the global triad in ADAMS/PostProcessor.
Toggle the View button in the dashboard below your viewport.
Check the Display Triad box.
4 If anything in the results does not make sense, modify your .adm file.
Construining the penduIum
To construin the penduIum:
1 Open a text editor to modify your .adm file.
2 Create the appropriate joint between the pendulum and ground by entering JOINT/.
3 Create the I marker for the constraint by entering MARKER/.
4 Create the J marker for the constraint by entering MARKER/.
5 Run the simulation and check your results.
6 Plot the FX and FY components of force for the revolute joint.
Use the values to answer Question 1 in the Module review on page 68.
Workshop 4-One DOF PenduIum,,,
66 2QH'2)3HQGXOXP
Workshop 4-One DOF PenduIum,,,
2QH'2)3HQGXOXP 67
OptionuI tusks
To udd force gruphics:
Visualize the reaction forces in the joint by entering GRAPHICS/.
To view the unimution und the pIots ut the sume time:
1 Right-click the Page Layout tool.
2 Choose a layout that has enough viewports to view your plots and the animation.
3 In the viewport where you would like to put your animation, right-click and select Load
Animation.
4 In the other ports, right-click and select Load Plot.
5 Set up your plots (if they are not set up already).
6 Animate the results.
7 You may need to modify the scale of the force graphics in ADAMS/PostProcessor.
From the Edit menu, select Preferences.
In the PPT Preferences dialog box, in the upper left corner, toggle Animation.
To modify the scale, from the upper right corner use the Force and Torque Scale text
boxes.
Workshop 4-One DOF PenduIum,,,
68 2QH'2)3HQGXOXP
ModuIe review
1 What are the initial values of force in the global x and y directions?
________________________________________________________________________
2 If a markers QP=10,14,2, and you want its z-axis to point in the global y direction, what
could ZP equal?
________________________________________________________________________
3 In the JOINT/ statement, how do you indicate which two parts are being connected?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
1. Fx=-3.65N, FY=6.15N
2. There is no one right answer to this. Anything that fits
this formula will work: ZP= 10,(y>14),2
For example: 10,15,2
3. It knows to which bodies the I and J markers belong.
Workshop 4-One DOF PenduIum,,,
69

LIMAP SPPIMS DAMPP I

Investigate the linear spring-damper system shown in the following figure, using
different types of simulations in ADAMS.
MASS
k
c
g
Whut's in this moduIe:
Initial Condition Simulation, 70
Types of Simulations, 71
Simulation Hierarchy, 72
Forces in ADAMS, 73
Spring Dampers in ADAMS, 74
Magnitude of Spring Dampers, 75
Workshop 5Spring Damper I, 76
Module review, 80
70 /LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,
InitiuI Condition SimuIution
Definition of initiuI conditions simuIution
Attempts to resolve any conflicts in the initial conditions specified for the entities in
the model (for example, broken joints).
Is also known as an assemble simulation.
InitiuI Iocution und orientution of purts
You specify the initial position and orientation for a part when you create it.
For a part to be held fixed during the initial condition simulation, you can specify up
to three positions ( ) and up to three orientations (psi, theta, phi).
To do so, use the EXACT argument in the PART/ statement
Use initial positions sparingly. If you fix the initial positions of too many parts, the
initial conditions simulation can fail.
umpIe: {InitiuI conditions commund}
SIMULATE/INTIAL_CONDITIONS
x
G
y
G
z
G
, ,
/LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU, 71
Types of SimuIutions
Stutic
Dynumic
Kinemutic
System DOF > 0.
System velocities and accelerations set to zero.
Can fail if the static solution is a long way from
the initial condition.
umpIe: SIMULATE/STATIC
System DOF > 0.
Driven by a set of external forces and excitations.
Nonlinear differential and algebraic equations
(DAEs) are solved.
umpIe: SIM/DYNAMIC, END=1, STEP=100
System DOF = 0.
Driven by constraints (motions).
Only constraint (algebraic) equations are being
solved.
Calculate (measure) reaction forces in constraints.
umpIe: SIM/KINEMATIC, END=1, STEP=100
72 /LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,
SimuIution Hierurchy
Often a linear simulation is preceded by a static equilibrium or dynamic simulation. We
are not going to use linear simulations in the next workshop.
Initial Condition Simulation
Transient* Static*
Kinematic* Dynamic*
Nonlinear
Motion Study
Equilibrium
Nonlinear
DOF = 0
DOF > 0
* Automatically performs an assemble simulation
Linear
Eigensolution
or State Matrices
Linear
Calculation(s)
Initial Condition
/LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU, 73
Forces in ADAMS
Definition of forces
Try to make parts move in certain ways.
Do not perfectly connect parts together the way constraints do.
Do not absolutely prescribe movement the way motion drivers do.
Neither add nor remove DOF from a system.
Churucteristics of forces
The characteristic: Defines:
Bodies Which parts are affected
Points of application Where the parts are affected
Vector components How many vector components there are
Direction/Orientation How the force is oriented
Magnitude Whether the force is pre-defined or user-defined
74 /LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,
Spring Dumpers in ADAMS
Definition of spring dumpers
Churucteristics of spring dumpers
See also: Characteristics of a translational and rotational spring damper, page 155.
They are pre-defined forces.
They represent compliance:
Between two bodies.
Acting over a distance.
Along or about one
particular direction.
The characteristic: Defines:
Bodies Two (A, B)
Points of application Two (I and J marker)
Vector components One
Orientation (only for
translational)
Acts along the line of sight between the I and J markers
Positive force repels the two parts
Negative force attracts the two parts
Magnitude
Pre-defined equation based on stiffness and damping
coefficients (linear)
I marker
J marker
B
A
(+)
/LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU, 75
Mugnitude of Spring Dumpers
Mugnitude bused on stiffness und dumping coefficients
Linear spring-damping relationship can be written as:
Force
SPDP
= k(q - L
0
) c + F
0
where:
q - Distance between the two locations that define the spring damper
- Relative speed of the locations along the line-of-sight between them
k - Spring stiffness coefficient (always > 0)
c - Viscous damping coefficient (always > 0)
F
0
- Reference force of the spring (preload)
L
0
- Reference length (at preload, always > 0)
Spring damper forces become ill-defined if endpoints become coincident because of
undefined direction.
umpIe {TrunsIutionuI Spring Dumper + I und J murkers}
SPRINGDAMPER/0120, I=0107, J=2006, K=5, C=.1, L=400, TRANSLATION
MAR/0107, PART=01, QP=0,100,0
MAR/2006, PART=20, QP=0,500,0
q

F
k
= k(q-L
0
) +
F
k
kL
0
+F
0
F
0
L
0
r
-k
free length
c
F
c
F
c
= c(dq/dt)
dq/dt
Linear Spring Linear Damper
76 /LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,
ProbIem stutement
Investigate the linear spring-damper system shown in the following figure, using different types
of simulations in ADAMS.
MASS
k=5.0 N/mm
c=0.05N-sec/mm
Lo=400mm
g
m=187.224kg
Workshop -Spring Dumper I
/LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU, 77
Creuting the modeI {dutuset}
To creute the modeI {dutuset} bused on the figure given:
1 Change to the <exercise_dir>/mod_05_springdamper_1 directory.
2 Open a text editor.
UNIX: Use jot or vi.
NT: Use Microsoft Notepad or WordPad.
3 Enter ! SpringDamper Model as the first line of the dataset.
This is the title.
4 Enter UNITS/ to define the units.
5 Enter ACCGRAV/ to define the acceleration due to gravity for the model.
6 Create the ground part by entering PART/.
7 Create the mass part by entering PART/.
Because you are going to constrain the mass with a translational joint, you dont need
inertia properties.
8 Define the location of the center of mass by entering MARKER/.
9 Enter GRAPHICS/ to create a circle graphic representing the mass.
10 Define the location and orientation of the center marker for the circle graphic by entering
MARKER/.
Orientation is very important for this graphic.
11 Enter JOINT/ to constrain the mass to move only in the Global-Y direction using a
translational joint.
12 Create the I marker for the translational joint by entering MARKER/.
The orientation of the I and J markers are what define the orientation of the joint.
13 Answer Question 1 in the Module review on page 80.
14 Create the J marker for the translational joint by entering MARKER/.
15 Enter OUTPUT/GRSAV to generate a graphics (.gra) file for output.
Workshop -Spring Dumper I,,,
78 /LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,
16 Enter RESULTS/ to generate a results (.res) file for output.
17 Signify that this is the end of the dataset by entering END.
18 Save the file as spring_1.adm in the mod_05_springdamper_1 directory.
Testing the modeI
To cruwI wuIk run {test the modeI so fur}:
1 Create a command file (spring_1dyn.acf) to dynamically simulate the model for 2 seconds
with 50 output steps.
2 Simulate the model.
Ensure that the file was simulated properly (no errors or unexpected warning messages).
3 Play the animation to visually check for errors.
Because you have only the translational joint in the model, the mass should just fall.
4 If needed, modify your .adm file.
Hunging the muss
To hung the muss from u spring und dumper in puruIIeI:
1 Open a text editor to modify your .adm file.
2 Create a spring between the mass and ground by entering SPRINGDAMPER/.
3 Create the I marker for the spring by entering MARKER/.
If the I marker is going to be on the mass, then you could just use the center of mass marker.
4 Create the J marker for the spring by entering MARKER/.
The J marker should be located 400 mm above the I marker.
5 Save the file.
6 Run a dynamic simulation.
7 View the animation of the model.
Does the animation make sense?
Workshop -Spring Dumper I,,,
/LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU, 79
8 Plot the Magnitude of Force in the SpringDamper vs. the Position of the Mass Part.
9 Answer Question 2 in the Module review on page 80.
Finding the spring-dumper force
To find the spring-dumper force ut stutic equiIibrium:
1 Run an equilibrium simulation.
2 Create a new command file (spring_1static.acf) to find the static equilibrium.
3 Open ADAMS/PostProcessor.
4 Using the Result Sets as the source, plot the spring dampers force magnitude (FMAG).
The results of an equilibrium simulation, may be just one data point; therefore, if you use
the Plot Tracking tool, it is easier to find the value of the single point.
5 Use the values to answer Question 3 in the Module review on page 80.
Workshop -Spring Dumper I,,,
80 /LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,
OptionuI tusks
1 Use the GRAPHICS/ command to add a graphic to visualize the spring (coils, and so on).
2 Use the GRAPHICS/ command to add graphics to see the reaction forces on the I and J
markers of the spring.
3 When you animate the results, you may need to modify the scale of the force graphics in
ADAMS/PostProcessor.
From the Edit menu, select Preferences.
In the upper left corner of the PPT Preferences dialog box, select Animation.
To modify the scale, use the Force and Torque Scale text boxes in the upper right
corner.
ModuIe review
1 Which axis of the I and J markers defines the axis of translation for the translational joint?
________________________________________________________________________
2 What is the approximate slope of the Spring Force versus Mass Position plot? Does this
value make sense?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3 What is the value of spring damper force at static equilibrium?
________________________________________________________________________
Workshop -Spring Dumper I,,,
1. z-axis
2. The slope is approximately 5 N/mm (just like K)
3. ~1835 N
81

LIMAP SPPIMS DAMPP II

Replace the linear spring damper created in the previous module with a single-
component force that enables you to provide an equation that describes the force
magnitude, allowing for more flexibility.
MASS
F=-k*(q-Lo)-c*q
.
g
Whut's in this moduIe:
Single-Component Forces: Action-Reaction, 82
Functions in ADAMS, 83
Measuring Displacement (Functions continued), 84
Measuring Velocity (Functions continued), 85
Workshop 6Spring Damper II, 86
Module review, 89
82 /LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,,

SingIe-Component Forces: Action-Peuction

Churucteristics of un uction-reuction singIe-component force
{SFOPC}
They are user-defined forces.
They represent forces:
Between two bodies.
Acting over a distance.
Along or about one
particular direction.
See also: Characteristics of an action-reaction S-force, page 155
ADAMS applies action and reaction forces to the I and J markers that are created.
The characteristic: Defines:
Bodies Two (A, B)
Points of application Two (I and J markers)
Vector components One
Orientation Acts along the line of sight (between the I and J
markers)
Positive force repels the two parts
Negative force attracts the two parts
Magnitude User-defined
S
f
o
r
c
e
I marker
(+)
B
A
J marker
/LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,, 83

Functions in ADAMS
Definition of functions in ADAMS
You use functions to define magnitudes of input vectors used in motions and applied
forces.
Every function evaluates to a single value at each particular point in time.
Motions can only be a function of time:
M = f(time)
Applied forces can be a function of just about any measurement in your model
F = f(displacement, velocity, reaction force in a joint, ...)
umpIe: {SFOPC representing u drug force}
SFORCE/2080, I=2010, J=8013, TRANSLATIONAL
, FUNCTION = 0.5*0.0032*(VX(2010, 8013, 8013)**2)*1.4*19.3
The equation for drag force looks like:
Fdrag
1
2
--- V
x
( )
2
C
D
A


=
84 /LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,,

Meusuring DispIucement {Functions continued}

DispIucement functions
Translational displacement returns scalar portions of vector components
(measurements are taken to a marker (I) from another (J), resolved in Rs CS), as
shown in the example below.
Rotational displacement returns angles associated with a particular rotation sequence.
Syntu for trunsIutionuI dispIucement functions
DM(I,J)
DX, DY, DZ(I,J,R)
umpIe
DY(I,J,R)
R
y
R

x
R

DX(I,J,R)
DM(I,J)
I
J
(-)
(+)
y
y
x x
/LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,, 85

Meusuring VeIocity {Functions continued}

Definition of veIocity functions
Returns scalar portions of velocity vector components (translational or rotational).
Syntu for trunsIutionuI veIocity functions
VM(I,J)
VR(I,J)
VX, VY, VZ(I,J,R,L)
The velocity function, VR, is used to define velocity along the line of sight, which is
commonly used in spring dampers.
If the markers are separating: VR > 0.
If the markers are approaching: VR < 0.
86 /LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,,
ProbIem stutement
Replace the linear spring damper created in the previous module with a single-component force
that enables you to provide an equation that describes the force magnitude, allowing for more
flexibility.
MASS
F=-k*(q-Lo)-c*q
g
.
Workshop -Spring Dumper II
/LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,, 87
Setting sturted
To get sturted:
1 Copy the .adm and .acf files from that last module to the directory,
<exercise_dir>/mod_06_springdamper_2.
If you did not finish the last module workshop, you can use the files that are provided in the
completed directory in mod_05_springdamper_1. You should copy those to the
mod_06_springdamper_2 directory.
UNIX: Make sure the current directory is <exercise_dir>/mod_05_springdamper_1
directory and use the cp command.
cp *.adm *.acf. ./mod_06_springdamper_2
This UNIX command copies (cp) all files that end with .adm and .acf to a particular directory
(mod_06_springdamper_2).
NT: Use the mouse and the exploring capabilities to move files.
2 Change to the <exercise_dir>/mod_06_springdamper_2 directory.
diting the modeI {dutuset}
To edit the modeI {dutuset} bused on the figure given:
1 Open your .adm file in a text editor.
2 Enter ! SPRINGDAMPER/ to comment out the SPRINGDAMPER/ statement lines that you
created during the first module.
3 Add a single-component force that will behave exactly as the spring did, by entering
SFORCE/:
Use the same I and J markers you used with the SPRINGDAMPER/.
The function syntax should be:
where q = DM( _ , _ ) and qdot = VR( _ , _ )
For help with the DM and VR functions, look them up in the guide, Using ADAMS/
Solver in the Functions section.
4 Save the file as spring_2.adm in the mod_06_springdamper_2 directory.
k q L
o
( ) cq

Workshop -Spring Dumper II,,,

88 /LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,,
Testing the modeI
To cruwI wuIk run {test the modeI so fur}:
1 Edit the command file, spring_1dyn.acf to dynamically simulate the new model
spring_2.adm.
2 Simulate the model.
Ensure that the file was simulated properly (no errors or unexpected warning messages).
3 Play the animation to visually check for errors.
4 If needed, modify your .adm file.
Finding the spring-dumper force
To find the spring-dumper force ut stutic equiIibrium:
1 Edit the command file, spring_1static.acf, to find the static equilibrium of the model
spring_2.adm.
2 Run an equilibrium simulation.
3 Open ADAMS/PostProcessor.
4 Using the result sets as the source, plot the SFORCEs force magnitude (FMAG).
5 Use the values to answer Question 1 in the Module review on page 89.
OptionuI tusks
To understund the freedom of using user-defined forces muke the spring
dumper nonIineur:
Change the single-component force so that its function describes a nonlinear force.
For example, add an exponential to the deformation portion of the force:
F k q L
o
( )
2
cq

=
Workshop -Spring Dumper II,,,
/LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,, 89
ModuIe review
1 Does the force magnitude at static equilibrium equal the value that was derived in the
previous module?
________________________________________________________________________
2 What is the benefit of using an SFORCE/ instead of a SPRINGDAMPER/?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3 What is the drawback of using an SFORCE/ instead of a SPRINGDAMPER/?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
1. Yes, it should be ~1835 N again.
2. The benefit is that you have more freedom in how
you define the force magnitude.
3. The drawback is that you have to take more
responsibility for the magnitude calculation - which
means more work.
Workshop -Spring Dumper II,,,
90 /LQHDU6SULQJ'DPSHU,,
Workshop -Spring Dumper II,,,
91

PAK SYSTM I
Constrain the given brake system, and approximate the effort (force) required to
fully engage the brake.
Pedal
Cylinder
Connecting Rod
Cable Tension
Whut's in this moduIe:
Applying Motion, 92
STEP Function, 93
REQUESTing Measurement Data, 94
Workshop 7Brake System I, 95
Module review, 103
92 Brake System I

AppIying Motion
ADAMS provides two types of motions
Joint motion
Point motion (marker based)
Joint motion
There are two types:
Translational: applied to translational or cylindrical joints (removes 1 DOF).
Rotational: applied to revolute or cylindrical joints (removes 1 DOF).
You define the joint to which motion is applied.
ADAMS uses the joints I and J markers and a single DOF.
You define motion magnitude as a:
Displacement function of time
Velocity function of time
Acceleration function of time
umpIe: {Joint + DispIucement Joint Motion}
JOINT/2010, REVOLUTE, I=2011, J=1011
MOTION/2010, JOINT=2010, DISPLACEMENT, FUNCTION=80D*sin(360D*time)
Brake System I 93

STP Function
Definition of u STP function
In ADAMS, the STEP function approximates an ideal mathematical step function
(but without the discontinuities).
Avoid discontinuous functions because they lead to solution convergence difficulties.
The STEP function steps quantities, such as motions or forces, up and down, or on
and off.
A STEP function is used when a value needs to be changed from one constant to
another.
Syntu for STP function
STEP (q, q
1
, f
1
, q
2
, f
2
)
where:
q - Independent variable
q
1
- Initial value for q
f
1
- Initial value for f
q
2
- Final value for q
f
2
- Final value for f
umpIe
STEP (time,1,5,3,10)
Time
q1 < q2
94 Brake System I

PQUSTing Meusurement Dutu

Definition of u PQUST
Indicates a set of data you want written to the request (.req) file.
There ure two types of PQUSTs
Pre-defined
Displacements
Reaction forces
And so on
User-defined
User-written functions
User-written subroutines
Why use PQUSTs insteud of PSULTs?
Results (.res) files do not allow you to write your own functions to be evaluated
during the simulation.
Results (.res) files are often very large. A large amount of CPU time can be spent
generating the data in these files, when you may only be concerned with certain
measurements.
umpIe: {Pre-defined PQUST}
REQUEST/01, DISPLACEMENT, I=0201, J=0103
, COMMENT=CRANK CENTER OF MASS DISPLACEMENT
Requesting the displacement of MAR/0201 with respect to MAR/0103.
When you import the .req file into ADAMS/PostProcessor, it offers you all
translational and rotational components (x,y,z,mag) of displacement.
You will also see the COMMENT in ADAMS/PostProcessor if you include one.
Brake System I 95
ProbIem stutement
Constrain the given brake system, and approximate the effort (force) required to fully engage
the brake.
ModeI description
The given model is a simplified model of a brake system that currently has three parts
and the associated graphics defined.
In addition, there is a single-component force (SFORCE) already defined that
describes a linear force between the cylinder and ground. The SFORCE represents the
tension in the brake cable.
You are going to add constraints to the brake system.
Setting sturted
To get sturted:
1 Change to the <exercise_dir>/mod_07_brake_1 directory.
2 Simulate the given model.
Use the given files, brake.adm and brake.acf.
Pedal
Cylinder
Connecting Rod
Cable Tension
Workshop 7-ruke System I
96 Brake System I
3 View the animation in ADAMS/PostProcessor.
You should see the connecting rod and pedal fall due to gravity.
The cylinder will swing around some but it should not fall off of the screen because it is
attached to the SFORCE that is described in the Model Description on page 95.
Setting to know the modeI
(Pedal)
PART/10
PART/30
(Connecting Rod)
PART/20
(Cable Tension)
SFORCE/3001
(0,0,0)
(-225,-150,0)
(-175,-150,0)
(-125,-150,0)
(25,-300,0)
(100,-500,0)
(16.33,-200,0)
(Cylinder)
Workshop 7-ruke System I,,,
Brake System I 97
Construining the modeI
To construin the modeI:
1 Open the brake.adm file in a text editor.
Adding constraints to the model will involve JOINT/ and MARKER/ statements. Also,
dont forget that the orientation and the location of the I and J markers define the
location and orientation of the joints.
2 Constrain the pedal to the ground.
Save the brake.adm file.
Simulate the model.
Animate the output to ensure this joint is placed correctly.
3 Constrain the connection rod to the pedal.
Save, simulate, and animate again.
4 Constrain the cylinder part to the connection rod.
Save, simulate, and animate again.
5 Constrain the cylinder part to the ground.
Save, simulate, and animate again.
When you animate the constrained model, it will not have much movement due to gravity.
Next, you drive the model with a motion.
Workshop 7-ruke System I,,,
98 Brake System I
Checking for movement
To check for the uppropriute umount of cyIinder movement:
1 Use the MOTION/ statement to apply a motion to the joint that is between the pedal and the
ground) to move the cylinder at least 30 mm.
To get 30 mm of cylinder movement, you must rotate the pedal about 9
o
.
For the motion function, use the following equation to represent displacement with
respect to time: STEP(time,0,0,0.1,-9D). Depending on the positive direction in your
model, the last argument -9D may need to be positive in your model.
2 Simulate the model.
3 View the animation to check if the brake system is moving properly.
Workshop 7-ruke System I,,,
Brake System I 99
Pequesting the movement
To request the movement of the cyIinder und the torque in the motion:
1 Request the displacement of the cylinder by entering REQUEST/. Use the I and J markers of
the translational joint between the cylinder and the ground.
2 Request the torque (force) in the motion by entering REQUEST/.
3 Add the REQSAV argument to the OUTPUT/ statement that is near the top of the .adm file.
4 Simulate the model.
5 Use requests as your source in ADAMS/PostProcessor and plot the displacement through
which the cylinder goes.
Workshop 7-ruke System I,,,
100 Brake System I
6 Use your other request and plot the torque applied to the model by the motion.
Approimuting the force
To upproimute the muimum force thut needs to be uppIied to the peduI:
Approximate the moment arm.
Later, in the next module, you will apply a force to the pedal at a location that is
directly in between markers 1081 and 1082.
Workshop 7-ruke System I,,,
Brake System I 101
To approximate the needed force magnitude, you can divide the torque plot by the
length of the moment arm. First, however, you must calculate the length of the
moment arm.
7 Answer Questions 1 and 2 in the Module review on page 103.
8 Scale the curve:
From the View menu, point to Toolbars, and then select Curve Edit Toolbar.
From the toolbar that appears, select the Scale tool.
Type the reciprocal of the moment arm value in the text box to the right of the Curve
Edit toolbar.
Select Enter.
Left-click the curve you want to scale.
A new curve appears.
You may want to delete the original curve to clean up the view and improve the scale.
Answer Question 3 in the Module review on page 103.
(Pedal)
PART/10
MAR/1081
MAR/1082
(Connecting Rod)
PART/20
Location?
Workshop 7-ruke System I,,,
102 Brake System I
OptionuI tusks
To remove redundunt construints:
1 By using the .msg file, check to see how many redundant constraints exist in your model.
How many redundant constraints would you need to remove, in order to not have any?
2 Remove the redundant constraints created by two of the joints.
Replace the revolute joint between the pedal and the connecting rod with a spherical
joint.
Replace the translational joint between the cylinder and the ground with a cylindrical
joint.
3 Simulate the model and check for redundancies in the .msg file.
Workshop 7-ruke System I,,,
Brake System I 103
ModuIe review
1 What are the coordinates of the location exactly in between markers 1081 and 1082?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2 What is length of the moment arm?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3 Using the torque measurement, what is the equivalent steady-state force that could be
applied to the pedal?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4 Does a motion remove DOF?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5 If you were simulating a complex model and assuming you could get the same
information, would it be quicker to just ask for a request (.req) file or just ask for a results
(.res) file?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
1. Coordinates are: 62.5, -400, 0.
2. The moment arm length is: SQRT (62.5
2
+ -400
2
), which is approximately 405 mm.
3. The approximate force is: (2.26e5(N-mm) / 405 mm), which is approximately 558 N.
4. Yes, even though a motion tells something to move, it is still prescribing how it moves, therefore, constraining it.
5. Typically, a results file will be much larger, containing extra information that you may not be interested in.
Therefore, asking for only specific information in the .req file, will be quicker and result in a smaller file, taking
up less space on your hard drive.
Workshop 7-ruke System I,,,
104 Brake System I
Workshop 7-ruke System I,,,
105

PAK SYSTM II
Make the brake system more realistic by applying a force to the pedal, representing
a foot (instead of a motion), and modify the tension in the brake cable to be a
nonlinear force.
F
test data
Cylinder
Connecting Rod
Cable Tension
Pedal
Whut's in this moduIe:
Multi-Component Forces, 106
Incorporating Test Data (Splines), 108
AKISPL Function, 109
Workshop 8Brake System II, 110
Module review, 116
106 Brake System II
MuIti-Component Forces
Definition of muIti-component forces
They are user-defined forces.
They represent forces:
Between two bodies.
Along or about three direction vectors.
Types of muIti-component forces
Vector force (three translational components)
Vector torque (three rotational components)
General force vector (three translational, three rotational components)
Churucteristics of vector force
The floating J marker always maintains the same location as the I marker.
The characteristics of other multi-component forces conceptually work the same way.
Characteristic: Description:
Bodies
Two
Points of application
Two (action force at I marker and reaction force at
floating J marker)
Vector components
Three translational
Orientations
Based on reference marker (R marker)
Magnitudes (F
x
, F
y
, F
z
)
User-defined
Demonstrate this by showing that the VFORCE
was created to model contacts. Use the images on
the next page for a visual aid.
Brake System II 107
MuIti-Component Forces,,,
umpIe of u force vector
A vector force representing a contact between a ball and a cantilever:
Because the J marker belongs to part B, the force acts on part B when the bodies
collide.
Because the J marker moves with the I marker, part B knows where to apply the
reaction force when the bodies collide.
In the example, the J and R markers must belong to the same part.
See also: Forces Tables (Incomplete) on page 155.
umpIe: {VFOPC using the IMPACT function--covered Iuter}
VFORCE/5, I=310, JFLOAT=9910, RM=9911,
, FX = 0\
, FY = IMPACT (...)\
, FZ = 0
MAR/310, PART=3, QP=800,300,0
MAR/9910, PART=99, FLOATING
MAR/9911, PART=99, QP=0,10,0
I marker belongs to part A
J marker belongs to part B but
floats its location with the
I marker
R marker belongs to part B
J marker
I marker
R marker
A
B
108 Brake System II
Incorporuting Test Dutu {SpIines}
Test dutu thut cun be incorporuted into u simuIution incIudes
Empirical data from suppliers - torque versus motor speed
Standard tables - nonlinear compliances (force versus velocity)
Data taken from physical prototype - accelerometer data versus time
Creute u spIine from either:
Data points entered manually
Test data from a file
umpIe: {Force versus dispIucement dutu entered munuuIIy}
SPLINE/88,
, X=150,200,250,300,350,400,450
, Y=-1000,-200,-50,0,50,200,1000
y
x
DM (I, J)
Force
300
DM (I, J)
x
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Force
y
-1000
-200
-50
0
50
200
1000
Brake System II 109
AKISPL Function
After u SPLIM is creuted
Reference the spline through a spline function used in a motion or force. Several
interpolation methods are available (using the function type):
Cubic-fitting method (CUBSPL)
Akima-fitting method (AKISPL)
B-spline method (CURVE)
Syntu for AKISPL function
AKISPL (x, z, spline, iord)
x - Independent variable specifying the value along the x-axis.
z - Optionally, a second independent variable specifying the value along the z-axis of
the surface being interpolated.
spline - Spline used to map the one-to-one correspondence of the dependent variables
(y) against independent variable values (x or z).
iord - An integer variable that specifies the order of the interpolated point (usually 0,
but can be 1 or 2).
umpIe: {Akimu interpoIution of SPLIM/}
AKISPL (DM(2002, 0124), 0, 88, 0)
You can create the CUBSPL and CURVE functions exactly as you create the AKISPL
function.
110 Brake System II
ProbIem stutement
Make the brake system more realistic by applying a force to the pedal, representing a foot
(instead of a motion), and modifying the tension in the brake cable to be nonlinear.
ModeI description
The given model is a simplified model of a brake system that currently has three parts
and associated graphics, three revolute joints, one translational joint, and a motion
that moves the pedal with respect to time.
In addition, there is a single-component force (SFORCE) already defined, which
describes a linear force between the cylinder and ground. This represents the tension
in the brake cable.
You are going to remove the motion and apply a force to the pedal, where a foot
would touch it.
You are going to model the force representing tension in the brake cable as a
nonlinear force based on hypothetical test data.
F
test data
Pedal
Cylinder
Connecting Rod
Cable Tension
Workshop -ruke System II
Brake System II 111
Setting sturted
To get sturted:
1 Copy the .adm and .acf files from the last module to the mod_08_brake_2 directory.
If you did not finish the last module workshop, you can use the files that are provided in the
completed directory in mod_07_brake_1. You should copy them to the mod_08_brake_2
directory.
UNIX: Make sure you are in the mod_07_brake_1 directory and use the cp command
cp *.adm *.acf ../mod_08_brake_2
This UNIX command is saying, copy (cp) the all files that end with .adm and .acf to a
particular directory (mod_08_brake_2).
NT: Use the mouse and the exploring capabilities to move files.
2 Go to the mod_08_brake_2 directory.
diting the modeI {dutuset}
To edit the modeI {dutuset} und repIuce the motion with un uppIied force:
1 Open your .adm file in a text editor.
2 Enter ! MOTION/ to comment out (deactivate) the MOTION/ statement that was created
during the first module.
3 Apply a translational vector force to the pedal by using the VFORCE/ statement.
The magnitude of force will reflect what you found in the last exercise (see Question
3 in the Module review on page 103). For now, just apply a constant value of 560 N.
The I marker should belong to the pedal and should be located at the coordinates that
are exactly in between marker 1081 and 1082 (see Question 1 in the Module review
on page 103).
The floating marker (JFLOAT) should belong to ground.
The reference marker (RM) should belong to the pedal part, so that the vector force
direction changes as the pedal rotates.
The RM should also point to an axis at the location 0,-423,0. Use that axis to define
the direction of the force (see the following figure).
Workshop -ruke System II,,,