Stoichiometry notes The Mole Concept A. Mole 1. definition: a word that means a number 2. like a dozen means 12 3.

mole = 6.02 x 1023 [this number is known as Avogadros #] 4. useful for discussion of very small items (atoms,molecules...) B. Relationships 1. moles to atoms of elements a. 1 mole of any element = 6.02 x 10 23 atoms of that element b. 2.0 mol Na x 6.02 x 10 23 atoms/ 1 mol Na = 12 x 10 23 atoms Na c. 4.5 x 10 23 atom He x 1 mol He/ 6.02 x 1023 atoms He = .75 mol He 2. moles to grams of element a. 1 mole of any element = atomic mass of element in grams (from PT) b. 1 mole Na = 23 g c. 2.5 mol C x 12 g C/ 1 mol C = 30. g C d. 120 g Ca x 1 mol Ca/ 40 g Ca = 3.0 mol Ca 3. moles to molecules a. 1 mole of any compound = 6.02 x 1023 molecules of that compound b. 1.0 mol of NaOH = 6.02 x 1023 MOLECULES of NaOH ---(actually should be formula units since NaOH is ionically bonded and not a true molecule) c. 2.0 mol KCl x 6.02 x 1023 molecules (formula units) = 12 x 1023 fu d. 6.0 x 1024 molecules water x 1 mol water/ 6.02 x 1023 molecules= 10. mol water 4.mole to grams of molecules a. 1 mole of any molecule or compound = molecular (formula) mass of that compound (from PT) b. 1 mol Water = 18 g water c. 2.0 mol water x 18 g water/ 1 mol water = 36 g water d. 65g water x 1 mol water/ 18 g water = 3.6 mol water 5. moles to atoms of a molecule a. relationship between atoms within a molecule is given by the subscript b. 1 molecule C6H5O = 6 atoms C, 5 atoms H, 1 atom O c. 1 mol C6H5O = 6 mol C, 5 mol H, 1 mol O d. # atoms of each element in 3.2 mol H2O? 3.2 mol H2O x 6.02 X 1023 molecules H2O/ 1 mol H2O x 2 atoms H/ 1 molecule H2O = 39 x 1023 atoms H { and similarly 20. x 1023 atoms O} e. alternately the problem may be solved this way 3.2 mol H2O x 2 mol H/ 1 mol H2O x 6.02 x 1023 atoms H/ 1 mol H = 39 x 10 23 atoms H 6. mole to particles a. ionic substances may be identified by their particles b. NaCl ---> Na+ + Cl- - for each NaCl compound (formula unit) 2 particles will exist (1 Na and 1 Cl) c.1 mol K2S O4 = (2K+ and 1 SO4-) 3 mole particles d. 2.0 mol K2S O4 = ? ions and ? ions potassium 2.0 mol K2S O4 x 3 mol ions/ 1 mol K2S O4 x 6.02 x 10 23 ions/ 1 mol ions

= 36 x 1023 ions total 2.0 mol K2S O4 x 2 mol K ions/ 1 mol K2S O4 X 6.02 x 1023 ions/ 1 mol ions = 24 x 1023 K ions 7. magnitude issues (in general) a. when asked for # of VERY SMALL items like atoms, molecules, ions... the answer will have VERY LARGE EXPONENT b. when asked for # moles , magnitude will be relatively small - from fraction to 2 digit numbers c. when asked for grams, magnitude is moderate - tens to hundreds to thousands Formulas A. Definition of terms 1. molecular mass: the mass in grams of one mole of a covalent molecule - also known as molecular weight - unit = g/ mol 2. atomic mass: the mass of one mole of an element - an average of the isotopes of the element - unit g/ mol 3. formula mass-the mass in grams of one mole of an ionic compound - g / mol 4. MOLAR MASS (M) - can be used collectively for any and all of the three above definitions find the molar mass of Fe, H2O, FeCl3 find the atomic mass of Fe, Li, Ca.... find the molecular mass of H2O, C6H6, CO2 find the formula mass of NaCl, KBr, BaS 5. relative molecular mass (Mr)= mass of a molecule relative to hydrogen= unit less diatomic fluorine molecules have an Ar = 38 -- note that these are for single molecules or below single atoms -- not moles of atoms or molecules 6. relative atomic mass (Ar) = mass of an atom relative to hydrogen= unit less Fluorine atoms ar 19 x heavier than H atoms and have an Ar = 19 ** relative masses are unit less - found in the same way as other masses 7. hydrated compounds -- have water molecules attached to compound with typical formulas of CuCl2 6H20. B. Writing formulas and naming compounds 1. molecules a. acids 1. binary a. name: hydro____ic acid b. example HBr = hydrobromic A c. formula - assume H is +1/ charge on other element 2. ternary a. name ___ous acid or _______ic acid b. if polyatomic ion from which acid is derived ends in ate - ic acid ite - ous acid c. example - H2S O4 -from sulfate - sulfuric A H2S O3 - from sulfite - sulfurous Acid b. non acid 1. naming - use prefixes mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa 2. exceptions - do not use mono prefix on first element 3. examples: CO = carbon dioxide (not monocarbon monoxide) 4. N2O 4 = dinitrogen tetroxide 2. ionic compounds a. binary 1. name = element_ elementide

2. NaCl = sodium chloride 3. formula - look for charges and switcheroo 4,. Na +1 Cl -1 = NaCl, Ba +2 F -1 = BaF2 b. ternary 1. know your polyatomic ions acetate CH3COO = -1 (C2H3O 2-1) hydroxide OH = -1 CN = -1 cyanide HSO4 = -1 hydrogensulfate (bisulfate) S O4 = -2 sulfate S O3 = -1 sulfite NO3 = -1 nitrate NO2 = -1 nitrite NH4 = +1 ammonium PO4 = - 3 phosphate HPO4 = -2 hydrogen phosphate H2PO4 = -1 dihydrogen phosphate C O3 = -2 carbonate HCO3 = - 1 hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) MnO4 = -1 permanganate3 Cr2O 7 = -2 dichromate CrO4 = -2 chromate C 2O 4 = -2 oxalate 2. name = element___polyatomic (no change in ending 3. example CaC2O 4 = calcium oxalate 4. formulas ---ions and switcheroo ****watch placement of ( ) ( ) must be use with > 1 polyatomic ion but MUST not be used with only 1 polyatomic 5. example Na + 1 HPO4 -2 = Na2HPO4 6. transition metals must have the charge of the metal ion written in the name since > 1 oxidation state is possible 7. example FeO = iron (II) oxide, Fe2O 3 = iron(III)oxide find the charge on ion by reverse switcheroo --remember compounds do not have a charge C. Calculations 1. definition of terms a. empirical formulas: simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound * CH for benzene, b. molecular formula: the ACTUAL number of atoms of each element in a compound P4O 10 c. % composition: the relative amounts of elements (by mass) in a compound 2. determination of terms a. empirical formulas 1. from experiment 2.475 g of copper oxide is found to have 2.199 g Cu it has 2.475 - 2.199g = 0.277 g oxygen O = 0.277g x 1 mol O/ 16 g O = 0.01731 mol O Cu = 2.199 g Cu x 1 mol Cu/ 63.55 g Cu = 0.03460 mol Cu so Cu.03460O .01731 divide each subscript by the smaller (.01731) = Cu1.999O 1 so Cu2O

2. if the math works out to be a fractional subscript, multiply by the smallest integers until the numbers are whole ie: Fe1O 1.3 (by 2) Fe2 O 2.6 or (by 3) Fe 3 O 3.9 = Fe3O4 b. molecular formulas emp form P2O5 and molec mass is 280 g the form mass of P2 O5 is 140 g and mole mass is 280 so 280/140 = 2 so each subscript is doubled and molecular formula is P4 O10 c. % composition: C O2 C = 12 x1 + O = 16 x 2 M = 44 12C/ 44 x 100% =27 % C and 73 % O Equations A.Parts of a chemical equation 1. reactants 2. products 3. ---> or <---> 4. phase subscripts s, l, g, aq, arrow up , arrow down 5. distinguish between coefficient (before formula) and subscript B. Balancing equations 1. # of each element on each side of equation must equal 2. obeys law of conservation of matter ( must account for all matter in the equation) 3. hints a. polyatomic ions may be counted as a whole or as individual elements b. keep H and O until last when balancing c. NO FRACTIONAL COEFFICIENTS 4. amounts of substances in balanced equations = stoichiometry C. Net Ionic equations 1. Ionic equations may be written as IONS when soluble (refer to solubility rules), not compounds 2. any ion found in the reactant and product of a reaction is a spectator and need not be included in a net ionic equation 3. net ionic equation gives the most important parts of the reaction and does not include parts that do not change 4. examples molecular equation:Ag + NaCl ----> AgCl + Na+ ionic equation: Ag + Na+ + Cl- ----> AgCl + Na+ net ionic equation: Ag + Cl- ---> AgCl(s) D. solubility rules (in water) 1. nitrate salts are soluble 2. alkali metal salts and ammonium salts are soluble 3. chlorides, bromides and iodide soluble EXCEPT Ag, Pb, Hg2 4. sulfates soluble EXCEPT Ba, Pb, Hg, Ca 5. hydroxides are EXCEPT Na and K 6. most sulfide, carbonate, chromate and phosphate are slightly soluble ****slightly soluble substances will ppt (solid forming) reactions Mass and Gaseous Volume Relationships in Rxns A. Experimental and theoretical yields 1. balanced equations give the mole to mole ratio of reactants and products 2. dimensional analysis may be used to predict quantities of rxnts and prod 3.see moles notes above 4. theoretical yield problem How much water can be produced when 3.0 g of hydrogen and an unlimited amount of oxygen is available?

the rxn: 2 H2 + O2 ---> 2 H2O 3.0 g H2 x 1 mol H2/ 2.0g H2 x 2 mol H2O/2 mol H2 x 18 g H2O / 1 mol H2O = 27 g B. Limiting Reagents 1. When one reactant is in excess (not completely consumed) another reagent is considered limiting. This means that the limiting reagent determines the yield of the reaction ( not the excess reagent) 2. simple example -- making sandwiches if you have 16 slices of bread and 156 slices of cheese (1 sandwich = 2 slices bread + 1 slice cheese) The bread is the LIMITING REAGENT, since only 8 sandwiches can be made and 8 slices of cheese are in excess. in equation form 2 bread + 1 cheese ----> 1 sandwich so... 16 bread x 1 sandwich/ 2 bread = 8 sandwiches . ... 16 cheese x 1 sandwich / 1 cheese = 16 sandwiches (impossible with bread given) 3. a real example consider : H2O 2 + KI + H2S O4 <--> I2 + K2S O4 + H2S O4 What mass of potassium sulfate is produced when 147 g sulfuric acid, 332 g potassium iodide and 99 g hydrogen peroxide are combined? a. first balance the equation: H2O 2 + 2 KI + H2S O4 ---> I2 + K2S O4 + 2 H2O b. next find # of moles of each reactant 1.5 moles sulfuric, 2 moles KI, and 3 moles peroxide c. next find # moles of a single product (you may choose ANY reactant) that each reactant can produce (with unlimited amounts of the other reactants) 1.5 mole sulfuric x 1 mole I2 / 1 mole sulfuric = 1.5 mol of I2 2mol KI x 1mol I2/ 2 mol KI = 1 mol I2 3 mol peroxide x 1 mol I2/ 1 mole KI = 3 moles I2 d. The limiting reagent is the REACTANT that produces the fewest moles of product: so the limiting reagent is KI since it can produce only 1 mole of I2 e. The reagents other than KI are in EXCESS. To calculate the amount in excess, assume that the amount of product found from the Limiting reagent is all that can be produced, and work backward to find the mass of excess reagent needed, then subtract that amount from the original amount of excess reagent to find the amount of excess. 1 mol I2 x 1 mole H2S O4 / 1 mol I2 X 98 g H2S O4/ 1 mol H2S O4 =98 g H2S O4 CONSUMED so 147 g H2SO4 given - 98 g H2S O4 consumed = 49 g H2S O4 in excess. 1 mol I2 x 1 mol H2O 2/ 1 mol I2 x 34 g H2O 2/ 1 mol H2O 2 = 34 g H2O 2 consumed so 99 g H2O 2 given - 34 g H2O 2 used = 65 g H2O 2 excess. 4. The yield of product calculated from the limiting reagent = the theoretical yield. C. Gaseous volume relationships 1. Avogadros law = a given volume of any gas has the same number of particles. 2. When conditions of pressure and temperature are constant, the balanced equation relates the ratio of VOLUMES of GASES (as well as moles of substances). 3. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ---> 2 NH3(g) 1 mole nitrogen 3 moles hydrogen --> 2 moles ammonia 1 volume nitrogen + 3 volumes hydrogen ---> 2 volumes ammonia (at constant T, P) 10 ml nitrogen + 30 ml hydrogen ---> 20 ml ammonia

4. under standard conditions STP - 1 atm and 273 K the volume of 1 mole gas= 22. 4 liters. 5. using the ammonia equation above How many moles of ammonia can be produced from 3.4 L hydrogen at STP? 3.4 L H2 x 1 mol H2/ 22.4 L H2 X 2 mole NH3/ 3 mole H2 = .10 mol NH3 Solutions A. Definitions of terms 1. solute - part of the solution that is being dissolved - dissolvee 2. solvent - part of the solution that is doing the dissolving - dissolver 3. solution- a mixture of substances wherein one part dissolves ( is solvated) in another. 4. concentration - a description of the relative amounts of solute and solvent 5. concentrated = much solute in solvent (vague concept) 6. dilute - little solute in solvent (vague concept) B. specifying concentrations 1. units = MOLARITY 2. MOLARITY = moles solute / liter of solution 3. brackets represent concentration [ ] 4. note that volume of solution is given NOT volume of solvent 5. volumetric flasks are used for accurate molar concentrations 6. molality = moles solute/ kg solution = m --- another [unit] C calculations 1. finding [ ] a. given 2.0 moles of solute in 3.0 liters of solution 2.0 moles/ 3.0 liters of solution = .67 M b. given 60. grams of NaOH in 2.0 liters solution 60 g NaOH x 1 molNaOH/ 40 g NaOH / 2.0 l = .75 M NaOH 2 finding amount of solute in 450 ml a 3.0 M solution of NaOH , ? mass NaOH 3.0 moles NaOH/ 1 L soln x .450 l soln = 1.4 moles NaOH x 40. g / 1 mol = 56 g NaOH 3 finding volume of solution given 3.6 moles of NaOH what volume of 2.0 M solution 3.5 moles NaOH x 1 liter/ 2.0 moles = 1.8 liters of solution 4.. dilution problems you want 450 ml of 2.4 M NaOH and are given 6.2 M NaOH Find the # of moles needed, then the volume of the concentrated substance needed to have that number of moles, then dilute to volume .450 l x 2.4 moles NaOH/ 1L= 1.08 moles NaOH x 1 l/ 6.2 moles = .17 L so 170 ml of concentrated NaOH is diluted with water to 450 ml. D. Stoichiometry problems with solutions H2S O4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ===> 2 HOH + Na2S O4 1. given a 55 ml of 3.4 M H2S O4, what volume of 5.2 M NaOH is needed to react? 3.4 moles H2S O4 / 1 liter x .055L = .187 mol H2S O4 .187 mol H2S O4 x 2 moles NaOH/ 1 mol H2S O4 = .374 mol NaOH .374 mol NaOH x 1 L soln/ 5.2 mol NaOH = .072 L NaOH More calculations A. % yield, % error % yield = -exp/ theo X 100 % % error = Theo - exp/ theo x 100%

% yield + % error = 100% B. example When 18 moles of CO2 are produced in the above example then % yield = 18/ 20 x 100% = 90% yield % error = 20 -18 / 20 x 100% = 10 % error B. Molecular mass problems 1. Ethylene glycol , antifreeze, is composed of 38.7%C, 9.7% H and 51.6% O by mass. Its mm = 62.1 g/mol what is emp form what is molec form 38.7g C x 1 mol/12 g =3.225 mol C 9.7 g H x 1 mol/ 1 g = 9.7 mol H 51.6g O x 1 mol/16 g = 3.225 mol O C 3.225/ 3/.225 H 9.7/ 3.225 O 3.225/ 3.225 = C1H2.8 O1 = CH3O emp mass = 12 + 3 + 16 = 31 g / mol mm = 62.1 g/mol / 31 g/mol = 2 molec form = C2H6O 2 2. Caproic acid(dirty sock odor) is composed of C, H and O. Combustion of a 0.225 g sample of this compound produces 0.512 g CO2 and 0.209 g HOH. a. What is the emp form of the acid? b. acid has mm of 116 g/mol, what is molecular formula? .512 g CO2 x 1 mol CO2/ 44g CO2 x 1mol C/ 1 mol CO2 x 12g C/ 1 mol C =.1396 g C .209 g HOH x 1 mol HOH/18 g HOH x 2 mol H/ 1 mol HOH x 1g H/ 1 mol H =.02322 g H mass of O is the leftover mass so .225 g - .1396 -.02322 = .06218 g O then find moles of each element, put as subscript and find emp form .1396 g C x 1mol C/12 g C = .01163 mol C .02322 g H x 1 mol H/ 1 g H = .02322 mol H .06218 g O x 1 mol O/ 16 g O = .00389 mol O C.01163/.00389 H .02322/.00389 0 .00389/ .00389 = C 2.9 H 5.9 O 1 so emp form = C3H6O and 116 g/mol / 58 g/ mol = 2 molec form = C6H1202 3.another Stoichiometry example so multiply all subscripts by 2

C6H12O 6(s) + 6 O2(g) ----> 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O (l) ? grams of water produced by combustion of 1.0 g glucose? 1.0 g C6H12O 6 x 1 mol/180 g x 6 mol HOH/1 mol glucose X 18 g HOH/ 1 mol HOH = 0.60 g water ***always change from one substance to another by using MOLES MOLES -- Grams of a single substance .