~

~ ~ m ~ m d * + p ~ - ~ c , * ~ ~ % m ; f
~ ~ @ d 91 3 w W
?$i f fB;

r *

f n 8 ; ~ ~ * * fm % ~ * e PT~BT% R TK IRRR (equivalent)

*-*-m

Mm*%alRi4*SrjtjRm%e*hq$@~gllft*,

~ l ~ ~ m ~ , m , ~ , . ? h r ~ ~ ~
~

momm;?-.wd'*~~**mfm9m~m**

m*~%m~&%m~&~#~zxvr%ftq

mf ??rowl$2iTaTrml

m * * * ~ o i f \ ~ ~ + ~ t w - ~ ~ $ ~ - ~ %

moft-*~mmm%f;Fmm%f;&*3md w~mwlhoifmhfRmwmrm*;f~&
h $ d k M M m ( r e g i s t e r ) i f w I?KIFT%~@W m r n & ~ 3 m m * ~ $ ~ ~ l ~ %

'R1'%
m :

- Wfq$ - ~ ~ - @ ( * % q m )

drop of water

~ the dots to makefa picture Join

Point

&rn;nrn$l*

~moifs~~m*Be~if*m*~sPF$m8*

- r?hRqvmt~

w m 3'%"m~*-&w.YPE~%~faiwM;~r~w

tfBiq3rc***mhrnmhl~m**~
lTmQ-m*rn
$-vmrTh:

~ % t i ~ ~ * ~ ~ * l m f i f i m % ~ ~ ~
i ~ " ~ ~ & l T % l ~ * ~ ~ ~ f $

&-&m*~*m&m&oftw**md*l

~ * ~ ~ * s l e F ~ M ~ * m % ~ ~ m

wmm
m ' m
belief

*m
m m
to believe

~ i t p r t m m r n ~ t ~ f ~ r n % r n ~ ~ ~ w % f ~ a , ~ m T t l i l m *mg?Wnmm*m : ~ ~ *

w % d % f i 3 m ~ m * & w m * ~ * * m $1
m ~ % r n r n o f t s ~ * ~ ~ % w + t % ~ ~ ~ m

*mhlN**hmm*mfi?TT%m&m*

~ % * ~ ~ * * , * ~ * * ~ O T T B
-PJX

*CI

d, M% $ h i t (~repositi0ns)if m : ~ ~ t 1 3 c r t m % ~ r n % f ; "m"m
""mqm

Hfffii

m ~ m ,*tt m & n * m r fo iT J J

& i n 8 3 WAT%I

m%as;rrn~~~~~~*.F;hirmMOTTBT% m%~ii~%smoftmmmr*smprr~~~%m vfTihm%mpn~iB*Jtm~~%~d'%Jim%

a;nor-amqf%mt ' ~ ' ' & " ~ P JTifja grandfather
6

'm" *

I W W R TI ~ W + ? ~ A @ ~ %
" ,
$1

f8fd

~ ~Ttffm ~ ~ '%RT" m

.~m~ih~%mrnmm~~~i?iaamr81~mrsrim ~i 4h n~~ - 1i ( a f ij ! ttt t r a i b j f t

grandfather T
*I

h granduncle &l'f

grandfather TT T h

8 e,

qWZ*iVf*

I
I

rnm$~~rn~"e~~~#b,Q.m,~in~~,Jh # $ T f$$ m,565 d 1971, m.a d,m,

WI

fd*~*flil'R%"TTdW*dcR&38ai*FRrn
3Ff S T $ @ &?7 1980,

@&

T& $1

3. & m 8. %-&l'4

b - vested, inherent, implied m,(y. 410 f?$

w,

b,)l

vested

% & (3d'$ i-f??$h , P. 825)

inherent
implied

p. 327

m, *,

3RP&T,

f%R, 8m. FmTm, jmjna e,

3llf@T, T @ !'I @
1971,

M
~
~

m,3iffm, m , * , d$-m *&h m,

t
~

d . 3 ? f k T @,%%%%k

e,~. 313

dm&m-mww?rkf mm-@89t41mBiTii1 'm"m

~
S l

v
f

e
t

s
~

~
B

d
~

%
~ :

J
v

i
e

h
s

~
t

W
e

~
d

'
m

~
&

"
~ d

$
. r

t
% ~

~
&

~
~

q
~

l
$

~
~

d
d m

~ ~ l ~ ~ f ~ d ~ % . ~ m a d ~ established - W4f?f 3 r Vf&l* frl Chamber's Twentieth Century Dictionary (1952), ed. William Geddie. London. W&R Chambers Ltd.

w"

T r y to understand the anguish implied in these words.

Vested interests are ravaging the country.

1 )

mwf '%tkm"fWfwvpm '%"m 3 TP%f % f;T$i k TlF7 Mister1Mr. FITIT

5ftdbd?TPT

'%IW''&*T@RT~I

t, % :

MisterM. Verma

m rd Mister R A T W? 'M" Mister.W **-&I *;mitWh-iffmTT*~T$rn~h ~ a b i r m ' % ~ d k ~ " ~ ~ ~ d W f i T ~ ~ l d F $ e 7 m ~

"m" m

I Q

m $ a m & i t t & r n P R ' ~ " w m ~ m ~ ~ ~ f @

T-d*P;FFF;T3wifmM&f;*&m*hlmsr;rdffa;
~ ~ ~ a b i r ~ a h a b * ~ ~ ~ 9 1 ; W ~ R z* * fW ; ~ ~ ~ Q 3 m :

fmrfa;q?Km%f;f$;m';rrw$loTRiifVmm3a7PflTiif9.*

*&rn~lfe;g~?it%rn~M~'%IW"rn*%
~ ~ ~ ~ * % 1 & ~ * 3 ~ a h a b ~ s a h i b * ~ 3 T F P T

mf13fm;r*~~*3~mi~dhd&a%m~
t . ~ m r Q ~ m : * $ ~ ? J f * W * b , $ * h ~ a b i r m a

rsfaa &I
2)

f8;sr X W $1

* ;f;rmMa3mfma?pT~*8m*m~m~

'w" % m writings % W?FT poetic compositions T works T TF b T$ a poetic compositions m TCt t $ m W& % ~FFT

'

"

* ~ r n ' ~ ' ' ~ t J h c T $ I , ~ '

, ~ ~

m w "

' ~ w

' i T

" B t m r n ~ * ~ r n ~ ~ ~ , ~ B 3 8$1 M ~ *~ M ~ * ~~ g i

w4q7t

~ ~ ~ f ; W m m ~ % , m ~ i t * w f ; qiW mmfl?a-?fq 3 ''qz" -h m m 2 y T purely.

r n - d * w r n 8 1 ~ m % w & % f ; ~ m % ti ru~rules% f ; R parameters T6DT M h~ 3fl T W , 3f%$ 3 3 7 ?FRh % 3 8T - purely literary parameters.

'W"-

m r & ~ w ~ * ~ w m & ~ f * m

'w' % @K! t r a d i t i o n w FFh'FT f dk T d @ N T * $dT$V

m 8 f g ; ~ w * ~

f l W: Pff
% oit

%?TG ? I d 83 h traditio, of purely l i t e m parameters % 9l;r R parameters of classic literature oit TZJ 311 3 F R I T fl R f % Tw Wi W w~hlmPimrm%;rftM,m*m*ftM

Tlldh

tradition of purely literary parameters f%GT literary parameters % f i Vft % ?@PITs m s ~ ; ~

%I

h l
$1

' W * e M @ T % f 3 V f i r d M ~ ~ i n f i n i t i v e * f , *4bR
judge, to examine 74T to test W & &V f Fh 3 F T to judge W ~iCRWI T> ;f d % m fir T3 to examine & to test $

3 m h ~ % ~ ~ t o m * * f l n r ~ k m ~ i f t o

mf1fBitft~7fitww&w~f3whrrfinfsm~~&
tojudge3@7lTC~WTfl

' % f % f D TJ & '%&' (right, correct), ( i ~ s t ) , p $ 1 3 m Q 1 d ~ % '"~

*m*m*~*f.lgiif%~&*M*m
~em**;rft,mdmifI$ f~ W:4 properm Z I % %IT

"-"
83
?j3lT :

(appropriate, proper), 3lTTkT

%SlPf;fmp%*

~ 7 3 % ~ 1

...can not be said proper.......

can not be called proper

mdm~RmGhm$ '%FIT"';~~~Y&TwT

~"~"%~if?~*3ifrnr,~ar 'm wmr~

*smqm" ' * m x m " % ~ M 3 m * f - not be considered l Xi:

f;mT

.......can not be considered proper....

@ ??%VT/m

acceptance admission assertion

m h l l ' m

m % m ~ ~ ~ % d f m r n f l m : ~ ~ ~
assertions *I

m
belief
f+lXT3

tenets, postulations

Ttf'W''mfiw

mm%dtmf~i~~6~*&d%*ft~%lrn:& m tenets W w *I W postulations 3 & gif -3Tf$di i? f i postulation f7 d b 4h tenet

rn

'm'J%df;Ift,*--

rnmdhbSitwdf**61

properm f i @3fif?WT f d 3 wg W:right^ correctm ]171m ~ x m 6 1 ~ ~ C o ~ c t t ~ B d i m r w r ~ m r r m m b

'%*'%
~

m ~ m tproper, , comet
~ ~ i ~ i ~

t m m rmdm t ~irnr 6,
7 ; m ~ ~ l

*
~

aTrl

'k" % fap lookat view, 3 b tbh t ~3 ~ r m if k $ ! T f view point W TJ Th fl d ? & view fmm the view piont
~ T h ~ f ~ s ~ a : d i o o k a t ~ f i ~ x B i r n r % ~

'm"

M"f 3 '%Id%"% rn philosophicPlT

" ~ " % f a p ~ % f * p ~ e n m & h t l philosophic or spiritual men W

*
p ~

t u a l ~ ~ m t ~ 9 1 f i W %$ $1 3 h T W h'@i

*%m

sFum&*~

W TK -philosophers 8 F I T $1 TTl spiritual men ift

(philosophic) ~if?7 (men) ?R w

9dm & % t ; Rm % I

spiritualists %$ d V d R W ? K W W m $ t d h b ~ spiritualmenoif W h ~ i

~ 9 d m % $ b 1 d ~ s a i n t ~ s a ~ e s d ~ ~ ~ d

~ d % $ h 3 ~ i f ' W " ~ h b 1 m ~ m m ~

m w w 'W''8hm;rftf1%@*ifsaint~dtm
* R s a g e * d e * % ~ ~ (3. ff. &,y. 507) 1 W ' V J W 8l % S -*m*M%ml

w w w f

~ & F d $ t b - spiritual persons.

19)

b & 'TIIFRT'' T "aim-m" (varied, various) % f i if *I M rn R f b i r ~ 9 d m F r ; m r 1 ~ " ~ " ~ ' ~ " m % f f %

~ : 4 f i d m v a r i e d T v a r i o u s m ~ T m f ~ ~ ~ i f * "

W9dm

m , WFlR

(diverse)%d$oif$hT

various*~hmw*m~,%Im8dtirrbl
20)

m book $1 33 w W "395'' % faq *~:ym8flRq'W"mt3m, *sftf%XrmW?h%% Tbookif*l%

''43"

% faq & *-TIT?

3~rl~;1&h*&

Dictionary' p. 1159) 1 1 3 Mm f i r a t f p i c ' ~ t * ~ $ d

'W"
W-

~ * ~ w o r k s o i r g & 9 d m * ~ ~ ~ ~ h ~ dhb%mvolume~ 9dmoitymmfi % $hT f (3. R. d?T,p. 835)l 33% l ? if b o o k m fgfim & FEWR %$b $ t o m e f = r r m s r r i t m & ~ o i f ; r f t 1 3 n g i r d i f & % ~ v o 1 umessf;~9dmfBisr~m*1

3 T & 3VfR Ti$, tomes&*-* ~ f l ~ T & $

h a

ift

mm"m98s~~Mb1

~ ~ ~ * i l ; ~ m m ~ ~ m r t ~ i t ~ t ' " " f g

Mtm% ' " " * m d % , m ~ ~ ; r ~ ~ m * T m r n * m & r ~ ~ m ~ ~ a ; r % r n * * ~sftw'fijl8oy8&wvitmf1sra: l ~ " m d ' ~ " m

1Pht3~vfj~&rmPlFl6,t&~*m*~1~m:
% m ~ m i n h e r e n t W v m r n , d" contain oif 311 W b,

"

Tm*mffm?R
~

(3. @." %, 1 .234),T

Tllf&T 37 Vf%T m i f ( w

the literature of Kabir h

6, W rn4 WIT
~

W Kabir's works

* ~ d

'?&Ud" 4" 3ljj=R ?#7 ihc well decorated &IT t hTi m - c r r ~ ~ ~ ~ i j m + ~ ~ a m - m m ~ * 4 6 Jm: ST& fm! well ordered f%Vr WJT61 @ F7

m 8 '%J&m"

3T?V$ZT VI

Fh if &
5 r

s T o I * mr n f l

W well arranged 3

33 d

'm" %
n e

T Th &IT $1 3V3T % particular order 3 Sfrn;T -3 ?jtr(T ~ Q h m ~ ~ Q ~

' W " t ~ 3 ~ % % - a n y ~ s o m e ~ ~ 3 a n y ~ *

@ F7 &according to any oft f d ' V 37 % m",

~ ~ s o r

&

py4tfeitft@v?~~~c ,rrfwfam%hb~llftmdrnt~
morrarpfmqm* ~ ~ ~ 3 w ? : h according to a particular order I F T d

F h 6 T $ b able Wl?iT 3T h iJrnm $ F4f& s k i l l e d h T $1 " i ~ l m m * h m ; r A , d ~ f l ~ * h % ~

'%~"in-banistics~ill,~m3&3i;K.k~
expertisedv$$~ ~

'w'%

S *

Fh3 Yf?KRable &

skilled $1

@ skilled 38%Ti

W*83fims*?I@mh81~
W I

Fh 3

6 $k

W P F : 8 f % @ ~ i f s k i l l e d BllT the artistic skill of skilled gardeners 3 7 JdT

usually/as a rule depends on.......

msr=sa: m&IT 6/ 7-m8 ...

......always depends on......

t usual1 /as a rule W: m~ * w m * ~ - h + s a m & m i t ~ 8 , m ~ ~ l ~ W m * ~ ~ ~ * m l

~ a r w i f m m ~ h % f S ; g m 8 ~ m o i t , ~ - c i f i T ~ 3 1 8 1i l w % e * ~ * f f a i m m * ~ ~ m + f~m@6?mwRmf%mft?1s~a:3m~%mmrf& depends 8 T W I T *TI

w WtaT m $ ..... @ 3 QET I w WE

m8

28)

'ljFf % ? 4 d 3 development $ @'I7&IT 3 i h t A a ~ $ t ~ 8 m r n ~ ~ + s 9 5 1 aJFP?mrf$mr8aTb~i?i-q~iluoomh 'm'!@ b

ThT$t: b l o o m 8 ( R * ~ b b l o o m i n g d ~ ~ * b ~

development ?1$1 growth # growth % b 3 7 8 , FfWl

$ J

l-4b.r~-h:

........whose blooming has been dependent on nature

.....and blooms only according to the laws of nature.

W m t & r n - ~ 3 # @ % ~ m m h 1 m g a : m - ~ m M m * - m z t ~ m r m ~ % & 3 & * % m f l

3FJ3T

mWwmi3~~?f%mmif~m%@%~~%m3 *+wmmm~m#fl-Fitam$**m%m&

m f * m w 3 & r n r n & ~ ~ 3 m & m % ~ ~ ~ & m m ~ 8 ~ x n ~ 1 a r ; r ; i ~ f 7 1 ~ r n ~ t m c m :

mmr,kJt.dr*mM$,?~&Mmffn%fac~m3 @ J $ (preposition) % T ftVT T T I f1

*Wr&~sms

w w m form@ &ITf *WFW:

'%I?'

rn Jrrf (@ogo&

yo.

254) &IT

w "m", "m" m 8 Jlh BPI 3 '??IT" W (it (@I

'~"%fidif~naturemfom*'fiTm.~%f &$@ * ~ ~ % 1 n a t u r e ~ * 3 m f f m s ; F m m & h f ~ f $ ; f o m * ~

mpTrimamp?llm*dt&~$~mm?*

~ ~ ~ 9 t f d a 1 ~ ' & ~ ~ ? & i f ~ ~ ~

;f;~mm$:

32)

'lf$iit" %
'%FIT"

TI'dh@'d;~h**3n:
33)

to whomlto which W Th fh 1 T$ towhom%PFf'RtowhichqF-h4dr(rl

'w"

rn

T8 TFFJ F-h T V h T $ k

(admit) %

Fh @74T 3T VfiT*I
~"

VX ?hTd% (optative mood) 3 f 47: d $ T ? f W ? ! % ~ s h o u l d ~ T h h l % ! ( i t "*"TWFT@"m

"*"

bl
Which should we assume to be the original form of tradition?

34.

first glancc 4T first sight

Td~ffuip,R$%W "$"m>m<inhb~MM;f if &7 olTBT % % W? at T 8 Fh h $1

*&%fi8Rm~mmp?lmff$;~*w
%*;imbl
35)

~ % ~ i f ~ h $ ~ r ~ ~ a j q m S i m P i

T h 3 ~ f l ~ ~ m ~ ~ % d ~ ~ m
' ~ " % ~ ~ ~ $ g I a n c e W s i g ~ I Q g 1 a n c e m 3 P - f ~

36)

m * m m w ~ % m ~ ~ b m 3 f ~ ' R * m ~ m W atfirst g l a n c e d T 3 ibm l& $1 3n: R (it @:w Wfl 61 JlRfrsa at first sight if glmee W 8 h .fiPTa % to 'kfkf h" % rn to seem dk to appear, TX & m~ & (it 9, m: T$ to seem T Fh appear 3 3 T m f l & ~ k f ; q m w m m ~ :

At first sight this question seems (to be) meaningless......

37)

~tR9:~tobemm?1Wmifmm~~&~%m
1tl&g4a*mvmil~dmr:

wR*ti'fiFlf*

It (this question is meaningless) appears.

- At first sight this question seems to be meauinglesa

.....because any tradition does not come cast in a mould from a mint.....
39)

M $ n o t ~ a n ~ ~ ~ & ~ : ~ f i p m i f a n ~ ~ ~ ~ m n o 3 3.rrw if m srrirr t....

because no tradition is cast in a mould from a mint .......

.......is not found readymade....

mka~;rdkaftff?5~~

....we do not get it readymadc...

wefsrm?rjrmmmB: M--&#I

iv)
43)

* wamp*w*mrnm~*m*~rn*1
%
..... its gradual development takes place......

' ~ t U % ~ i f % h a p p e m ~ ~ ~ s o r r t ~ $ + m ~ - 6 ; m f%W l'hT f l 6 f%Ttakes place & I ? i Th $1

...its development takes place gradually .....

w%T

h m Wt-fl

&WRV

~ ~ ' \ i j l i f t * l @ * d e v e l o ~ % ~ ~ i ~ r o w ' ~ ~ & & @ ~ h % development M T@ Oit 8, T$$ growth* 9f;mT WA

m8M%1m:rnftmmH:

...itdevelops....& T

......it grows gradually.

dm3m*wm*s
... we do not get it readymade, it grows gradually. h ; ~ i ? l = i t r n % * f m t i f $ iim''Tl-q*81~:

...we do not get it readymade,rather it grows gradually.

At first sight this question seems to be meaningless because no tradition comes cast in a mould from a mint, we do not get it readymade, rather it grows gradually.

...

The matter does not stop here

(46)

~ ~

~ ~

% & ~ ~ ~ % ~ f i

~ l ~ ' % " % J r o m , w i t h & b y ~

p* a fm m I4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ h h l f -4 i o m 3

-;;mr;sa:mm**$+M*flm*#f&m-&

idvr %imor$l Jm: RlT@Rwith& m d * ? ~ ~ , w i t h d

- . The victim

b y ~ W l @ T h ~ ? l T !$13 X T b y ~ W f F J ~ ~ T 4 F @ ? K f d mmgwf8;m%qle;pq*mivl%w$*~,d*mwith~ d T a T T l ~ % ~ : was stabbed with a knife.

The victim was stabbed by a knife.

The victim was stabbed by a bad character. The victime was stabbed with a bad character.

Having become tormented by ....

Tormented by the uncertainties and misery of the present..

...

.... a demand is raised for returning in the golden age of history.

48)

Ti$$

areturning in the golden age d T 8 Fh % $ 81 return % ~ t o ' 4 ~ i n t o 7 f i l * h l d & W , r e ~ ~ ~ f a i m ~ * ~

Tif

7&*iarw*m

~ & i i t m W ~ * d j r r m :

...a demand is raised for a return to the golden age of history.

warwisT+$irn~m.;ff&&%Rq~~h+~&TI (demand) is raised f6tt a m G 9 #I BmR 36kh $

demand* ?Vl m a k e r n Wl$, raise*l

3 Wf

M @ T :

Tormented by the uncertainties and the m i s e r y of the present, a demand is made for a return to the golden age of history.

- An analysis of these golden ages tells us....

49)

ii)

T$ inability in facing % VlFl l 7 inability to face

#&

qZhrl %I
("1

sTiT:mm?f;T*=h:

....and because of their inability to face new challenges.....

iii)

51)

*=ww 'w ~3lT"- decline % W ?GR3

% 3 f%Fl happend Jlh took p ~ a # ~ t o o k p ~ a c e d ~ * B * E I ~ ~ ~ $ ~ * h

w W n m m r ~ m & ~ W r n 8 :
An analysis of these golden ages tells us that their decline took place because oftheir inconsistencies and their inability to face new challenges.

w W TPT
-

QI w W* m, Jlh rn*.fiTRm~rn~~~mt:
TTFVPVT Gof..... challenges" V$

&

% tW3 if

''took place because ?X-%7 & Blel

An analysis of the golden ages tells us that their inconsistencies and their inability to face new challenges were the reasons for their decline.

317jh % '?jjZWJ T d d their decline took place % & & because of % fi R d T6lT the reasons mT f ? F T l 813fit JRX vhf$;srb,Sirmm3~mmbM%, '3" twmoifmMEI~ ~ r n * * % f i 3 m w % F r F P ~ ~ * ~ l

( i ) (ii)

He failed because of laxity in studies.

Laxity in studies was the reason why he failed/for his failure

However great their achievements may have been, they were unable in searching new solutions of new problems.
3

d~w*~%%R@l'fiRmt"~ir'wm
~ < O f ~ f l m d & % ~ ~ ~ ~ ? r X ~ r f t n e w solutions of new problems &7iF5f 3RbIT f l =R SrF ;rdt ZFtFRd % m~%m&f*fipmwMQ~'%"%~-h%m

gdffff0~~m~,b,mmw3~trm~,tstnr11
m: searching new solutions of new problems % ti T searching new solutions for new problem ' &TI

54)

@m '**f "~~unablein+sea~:bin~~'141i?lSrF 9fi?T 4 ' i n ' + v e r b - i n g m 4 W f T % R R R toverb d oft bZ$ %

4FiTmmm,-%lm:*h:
they were unable to search new solutions for new problems.

.....to search for new solutions..... &I

~ ; r m e , f t ~ l w ~

d search W

WWT

' ~ " % ~ % $ ; 3 m ' ( m T % 1 m ' ~ " m - d ~ m f ''@r""4T1'@rm" ? . " . $ & " ' g t a ; q l $ f l ~ 9 m ? l : m d ? $ t

f I TI'@ d l T to search new solutions....,* %%7 & search % d T -1

" * ~ " m ~ * ~ ~

*~1~34PTrnir~oftmf:

'*mM"%mitmbmmd~&

they were unable to discover solutions for new problems.

However great their achievements mav have been they were unable to discover solutions for new problems.

m%f@Fqt!*~arw~f~.wmm*~*~oft$&~ I T bl arsrT % % I F I T Tl VFdT 81 f&QI. X may have been $I' hThT (deletion) R 8 R Pft aTW. % Wf T =WFf@RR W FIT V 7 ?lTJ

m.iT*-:

However great their achievements, they were unable to discover solutions for new problems.

Are (there) answers of today's questions in the culture of that age?

& ~ @ $ ~ z f ; ~ m q'W%?m~"%%m* lm3 3 answers to questions rn % 7 fS answers of questions -4i~?

d b 81 3Fi F T "q d ?'/"wT & ? "! % f;are found/ can be found

mTiVTw&tlm&-M:
-4i)

Are the answers to today's questions found in the culture of that age?

Can the answers to today's questions be found in the culture of that age?

Can we find the answers to today's questions in the culture of that age?

"mFT rn~rntl

w ~ * ~ l ~ ~ < ~ b d k T B I l w e ~ & ~ q @ . t W! 3 7 h m 3 91 w answers 3 m ~ ~ ~ m r n r l 3 . ( m ; r & ~ r n ~ ~

60.

W ~ t ~ n i n ~ r f t n l d m ~ % ~ m w&r%~d% I : d'*"rn-amsrrJrriR8?h&~* 'Y" W m r J n a r I

It is (someone turns back the current of history) impossible.

It is impossible to turn back the current of hiatory

Which should we assume to be the original form of tradition? At first sight this question seems to be meaningless because no tradition comes cast in a mould from a mint, we do not get it readymade, rather L t grows gradually. The matter does not stop here. Tormented by the uncertainties and the misery of the preaept, a dpmaud is made for a return to the golden age of history. An analyola of the golden age8 tells as that their inconsistendes and their inability to face new challanges were the reasons for their decline. However great their achievements, they were unable to dikover solutions for new problems. Can we find answers to today's questions in the culture of that age? It is impossible to turn back the current of history,

63.

' ' - " i n ~ ~ 8 1 ~ ~ e a ~ l e e b 1 % i l l ~ t i o n ~ *Ift ' ~ " % f j i h 8 ~ ~ ~ e x a m P l e ~ ~ f$T?m %V$ %I ?lR?Fk7 % illustration W d 3 act of making lustrous or clear, act of explaining,example (Chamber's Twentieth Century Dictionary, P 527)l 3T$Fil T8 k f l TW 3 3 S T m % ,3 d pft @

3lifi

mJrtm*m~mmw&mflm:msifh~=@ % (?&, y. 550) 1 m: W 3 &TI Instance in WTfb d 'ml'

~3

64.

rn

t*,mmm&mw&$*:w%l 'M"% f%? 3 W $ -field & ground1 &T 3 V -1 h% ground W mPlfirm playground T battle ground i n f h l %
& h ; r f t ~ f l T ~ h 8 l h T & % ~ f i e l d ; f i l &

T R

example

i nT ? & I T 4 %&, ~ @f'$'VR

F $ T

65.

i n oit & &IT %I $ % ~ % m s i f r n ~ % ~ ~ ~ - r n m w ~ ~ ~ , m

give FQ

~1%~&1~61m:irnnitw+~&~1 '&"% fi Fh 3 f?V? 3 -give 3 k cite I <hl' f i l .d

'm &Ti''

% f%? cite (an) example

mf&qpTq&:
I givdcite the example of this constant conflict between man and nature by field and foot way.

w a m p o f t - * f l * m % m @ ~ & ~ t * .tm$ iitr T3 78 81TWT 8, f&g field and footway T8 T$l

~ & * ~ e x a m ~ l e ; f 3 i l ; i t @ a m p * M ~ f 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 % ~ m f m a ~ ~ % a ; f ~ a m p a r w i f : - t r m r - 7 m : ~ ~ &

* 8,

*~*mif&m31~m%l**W:
For this constant conflict between man and nature I cite the example of field and footway.

- On the path on which hundreds of people u d k everyday, grass does not grow and
footway is fonned.

65.

Grass does not grow on the path on which hundreds of people walk every day and a footway is formed.

e@B~8t%rn%vr:mmb1m~mtrnM
~ + v ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ f '%Fi$'"%&waUc~FbT 8 i m ; l $ ?

ht~~msnrdindmmm~t~wim~t
f&13snr~m~3jlliftb&waa;~t8;maafttiw
~ f f t t % * @ + d ~ ~ w a ~ * \ H W F i S * ~ ~ t t e a d ~ f ; r ~ ~ & @ %I( Chambers' Twentieth Century &f Dictionary, p. 1171) 1

d?fif (a footwily is formed) k

3 l T

~ ~ c ~ ' ~ W l f GFif35 'w"m**,m3mt8;m%~~$!.*

4 ' 7 (a footway) comes into being ?T F'h i h f o r m e d W ~ d f r% n V! R~b ~

~ - ~ ~ ~

m f t *I

Grass does not grow on the path trod by hundreds of people everyday and a footway comes into being.

But the feet of man stopped and Nature gave the proof of its power to him.

But as soon as the feet of man stop. Nature gives him the proof of its power.

68.

"

"

once a
69.

*,
?

'

"

'

"

immediately a

Th h

~ aa tm ( fm *m qw~ B e9. 3)

'm"% frrp will grow & will germinate, % a 3 Th $

grow* T$

a rn Q 2

germinatecif

f, a, t d d~ 21

- Immediately, grass will g r o w there, plants and trees will germinate, living creatures will arrive.
T T ? f

& WVT

immediately

% W?4 3 JTmr

2I

71.

'

m3-arn**mm
oft
72.
-,i3.

&ZArn3%rn ="I d a r o r t i f t * m - - b ~ % * d ~ S t m ~ 3 ~ 6 1
$IT

"m"rndm*;Tftbl*mQ~&f,~oftld

21WlVRlT ?tT

6W

W T I m:

endeavourw

'%d dt" -4 & inunediately on T T I f 6W c 'h4 @ it as soon as a & 3 'P d 8"turn into % mP 1 & T I ( I & W @$% i r @ r n ~ ~ a m * m ~ f r i f f t l i h ~ ~ a ~ a ~ +IT:

- As soon as man's endeavour stops, palaces turn into ruins.

Even the palaces are ruinedlturned into ruins if not maintained with appropriate effort/endeavour.

74.

fah*wm*xoih
75.

I'iqf$ima & m" a s w e l l a s ~ ~ V tW T f%

e wJ4 l C c "Jm8*TT -s

iff m &%fim$P~~!$dkf@$~
and

'W'% o ~ t p uQ t ~Th ~ bf Q W ftsior B ah "m" f m FIT e l T production produce 4 PP& bl Fh

production 3 i ~ ~ c ~ f 81Jm: produce X!f W h

%) ;$ &IT 81 "STrnn"
, ~ r n

;f;r

F$T 4
a ~ ~ ~ ~ r n

6 1

pgfs

76.

'WIR" % w wealth m -3 property i n m: ~ m % t ; ~ * l ~ ~ % R ~ m * * * f l

' ~ " % r n d c f e n c e m * h f , ~ ~ j f ; . d - i f ~ ~ < m f

rn

**

77.

B f 8 i q i 3 3 M ~ 3 m m h m 8 h ~ ~ s l f ; ~ m 9 $ d l& protection if ofT T&F$ 3 W m W 3 8 8, ~RPT ~ f iYFT l Ofi

% m $ t 8 ~ , 3 = $ ~ ~ t r i t ~ ~ ~ ~
78.

% I X ~ W ~ C I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ % + W - ? ~ %

' ~ ' ' 1 ~ 3 ~ % . y p l $ 9 g ; r a 9 , m m ~ % . y p l i f * 1 3m: T$ endeavour 3 $Rl T attempt VT effort Tl V8 h l 3lT

3 . l $ 3 r a m p m :

Therefore attempt will also have to be made to protect one's produce and wealth at personal as well as social level.

80.

'w ?TzF 3 W" m ?Kd$ this much is done " 6h" i % sTpfifq~p~Q1ampmmf%m 'mmc@~*%w, 9, Tth 8V - once this much is achieved I T6 f%7 YF3f 3

*
m

$m,

h w 9 1 ~ 3 ~ ~ % ~ i f ~ ~ m 3 ? *f,rnwil-wilm T$3rrafl
81.

'm" produce, product,yield giES Ift W T TRZlT 9, i ;m' qQJ& i f t ~ ~ 9 l m % m m m w r*nfw & m $ 8 m - ~ m m P 1 ~ m R a r w % f ; ~ *
v ; F T % ~';" T sif"~****m7~?lmmm*f$; '%"*m*m%T~m%*m 1 3"

& ~ m ~ b ~ T $ ' w ' ' ~ t m M m b % ""%f.38wmm*VTm*mb'bd*

grows PT produces $ 3 , m '%WRIT' 9 % 3QR Rfh h$1 produces Tl h

* 33 3

% TITT, grow

TRZlT $1

...but the fruit is got/obtainedreceived by the landlord....

3;lif 3 fruit is got & 3TFd 8 W rrdm tl Received if TI? d ihl & h tmm88dihl@,~itlM&q~mmmt1~*
?d~am~+tdfBif$;fmJm;Rh%w~*h
@ i f o b t a i n e d i h l h m ? F k @ T T f @f'JJ$TI?T@&TdTTYR p % ~ * ~ & p m e e j (&i~n)~@mfifigl~f(iiim o ~ ' ? $ ~ ~ ~ " t w g b , ~ m i f t e t m *
ffl

tlw1diftet

&mm&m*&mmt:
... the fruit is grown by the farmer but enjoyed by the landlord.....

83.

' ~ " % r n t r a d e r d ~ m & k ~ % 1 ~ & 8 d Ti? 4 f % W T @ % Businessman 1 ihl p & tradesman ift fl Merchant @ & f , trader R $ I T f 3 '"asmrir" 3 WiR % & % Mf merchant Q 3 Vll

~ ~ i h l ~ m m r f l w ~ ~ % r n w w a r w i h l am* :
arises, which is grown by the farmer but obtainedenjoyed by the landlord or the trader.

rn

- Once this much is achieved, then the qu?stion of the fruit of the production

84.

~ BT~T"TIT" % rn production ihl rrdm mi f?l'T

'*wm"t*rn&*mq+rlf%1

%IT J d

* X

if

For this constant conflict between man and Nature I cite the example of field and foomzy. Grass does not grow on the path trod by hundreds of people everyday and a footway comes into being. But as soon as the feet of man stop, Nature gives him the proof of its power. Immediately, grass will grow there, plants and trees will germinate, living creatures will arrive. As soon as man's endeavour stops, palaces turn into ruins. (Even the palaces are ruinedturned into ruins if not maintained with appropriate endeavour). Therefore attempts will also have to be made to protect one's produce and wealth on personal as well as social level. Once this much is achieved,then the question of the fruit of the production arises, which is grown by the farmer but enjoyed by the landlord or the trader. ,

Gki :

1) 2)

two years senior to us.

used to see him, did see him,

intimacy, friendship, comaraderie, closeness,

3)

5)

Inter in Science, Intermediate Scicence Courses, I.Sc., Doing, completing, Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Conversion of Hindi Literature.

6)

7)

(1) present, available, (2) necessary, important, required, (3) outline of life, life-sketch, (4) facility, convenience, (5) some, certain (6) problems, difficulties, (7) gives birth to, entails, generates, (8) is present, is there, exists, (9) novelty, newness.

4) 5)

Oxford Advance Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Oxford University Press

a W h l f & 5 dTT (Encyclopaedia of Humanities), m. ST. *, m,

JPiTW

?k(1965), & T k

(1965),

(1968)

10) 11)

The problems of Translation (1993), eds. G. Gopinatti and S. Kandaswamy, Lok Bharati Allahabad,

*rnTramr**,G.h**,rnm
Allahabad,I

Bhagwati Charan Vohra was two years senior to us in the National College. We did see him around in the college but were not quite close to him. He lived in his house in the city and not in the hostel. He had joined non-cooperation movement after completing his intermediate Science Course from the University. Our intimacy grew first in 1924 in Dehradun on the occasion of Hindi Sahitya Sammelan and then in 1925 in t h e course of distributing the hand bills of H.RA. (Hindustan Republican Amy). Just to come to know

Vlh

WVT

about any person that he was a comrade in the cause of armed revolution was sufficient to enhance our inti-naq. This implied that he was our companion in the game of life and death.

To write the biography of an author whose detailed autobiography is available is a task both easy and difficult. Easy, because the material, references and life-sketch required for a biography are easily available in the autobiography. The biographer does not have to run around collecting all this data. But this convenience entails certain problems. With all this faciii* at hand, the first question the biographer faces is about the necessity of writing the biography when an autobiogrphy already exists. And if the task is still undertaken, how to add novelty to it? Where it is not possible to add newness at the level of facts and information in the biography, the element of novelty can be introduced through the reconstruction of the life story, through the search of a new meaning in the life struggle of the original author, through a novel analysis of his creativity and ideas, and most of all, through the art of writing biography.