HW 2 Solutions Exercise 10.3 A square metal plate 0.

180 m on each side is pivoted about an axis through point O at its center and perpendicular to the plate. Calculate the net torque about this axis due to the three forces shown in the figure if the magnitudes of the forces are F1 = 28.0 N, F2 = 14.3 N, and F3 = 17.0 N. The plate and all forces are in the plane of the page. Take positive torques to be counterclockwise.

Answer:
IDENTIFY and SET UP: Use Eq.(10.2) to calculate the magnitude of each torque and use the right-hand rule (Fig.10.4) to determine the direction. Consider Figure 10.3

Figure 10.3 Let counterclockwise be the positive sense of rotation. EXECUTE:

r1 = r2 = r3 = (0.090 m) 2 + (0.090 m) 2 = 0.1273 m

1 = F1l1 l1 = r1 sin 1 = (0.1273 m)sin135 = 0.0900 m 1 = (18.0 N)(0.0900 m) = 1.62 N m G 1 is directed into paper 2 = + F2l2 l2 = r2 sin 2 = (0.1273 m)sin135 = 0.0900 m 2 = + (26.0 N)(0.0900 m) = +2.34 N m G 2 is directed out of paper 3 = + F3l3 l3 = r3 sin 3 = (0.1273 m)sin 90 = 0.1273 m 3 = +(14.0 N)(0.1273 m) = +1.78 N m G 3 is directed out of paper

+ 2 + 3 = 1.62 N m + 2.34 N m + 1.78 N m = 2.50 N m

EVALUATE: The net torque is positive, which means it tends to produce a counterclockwise rotation; the vector torque is directed out of the plane of the paper. In summing the torques it is important to include + or signs to show direction.

Exercise 10.6 A machinist is using a wrench to loosen a nut. The wrench is 25.0 cm long, and he exerts a 17.0 N force at the end of the handle at 370 with the handle (the figure). a) What is the magnitude of the torque does the machinist exert about the center of the nut? b) What is the direction of the torque in part (A). c) What is the maximum torque he could exert with this force? d) How should the force mentioned in part (C) be oriented?
IDENTIFY: Use = Fl = rF sin for the magnitude of the torque and the right-hand rule for the direction. SET UP: In part (a), r = 0.250 m and = 37 EXECUTE: (a) = (17.0 N)(0.250 m)sin 37 = 2.56 N m . b)The torque is counterclockwise.

c,d) The torque is maximum when = 90 and the force is perpendicular to the wrench. This maximum torque is (17.0 N)(0.250 m) = 4.25 N m . EVALUATE: If the force is directed along the handle then the torque is zero. The torque increases as the angle between the force and the handle increases.

Exercise 10.8 A uniform spherical shell of mass 8.90 kg with diameter 48.0 cm has four small masses of mass 1.70 kg attached to its outer surface and equally spaced around it. This combination is spinning about an axis running through the center of the sphere and two of the small masses. What friction torque is needed to reduce its angular speed from 76.0 rpm to 45.0 rpm in a time interval of 30.0 s?
IDENTIFY:

Use a constant acceleration equation to calculate z and then apply

= I z .

SET UP: EXECUTE:

0 z = 75.0 rpm = 7.854 rad s; z = 50.0 rpm = 5.236 rad s; t = 30.0 s . z = 0z + z t gives z = 0.08726 rad s . z = Iz = 0.0524 N m
2

EVALUATE: The torque is negative because its direction is opposite to the direction of rotation, which must be the case for the speed to decrease.

Exercise 10.18 A thin, horizontal rod with length l and mass M pivots about a vertical axis at one end. A force with constant magnitude F is applied to the other end, causing the rod to rotate in a horizontal plane. The force is maintained perpendicular to the rod and to the axis of rotation. Calculate the magnitude of the angular acceleration of the rod.
IDENTIFY:

Apply

= I z to the rod.

SET UP: EXECUTE:

For the rod and axis at one end, I = 1 Ml 2 . 3

1 3

Fl 3F . = Ml 2 Ml

EVALUATE:

Note that decreases with the length of the rod, even though the torque increases.

Exercise 10.28 The engine of an aircraft propeller delivers an amount of power 179 hp to the propeller at a rotational velocity of 2500 rev/min. a) How much torque does the aircraft engine provide? b) How much work does the engine do in one revolution of the propeller?
IDENTIFY: Apply P = and W = . SET UP: P must be in watts, must be in radians, and must be in rad/s. 1 rev = 2 rad . 1 hp = 746 W . rad/s = 30 rev/min . P (175 hp )( 746 W / hp ) = 519 N m. EXECUTE: (a) = = rad/s ( 2400 rev/min ) 30 rev/min (b) W = = ( 519 N m )( 2 rad ) = 3260 J EVALUATE: = 40 rev/s , so the time for one revolution is 0.025 s. P = 1.306 105 W , so in one revolution, W = Pt = 3260 J , which agrees with our previous result.

Problem 10.75: Rolling Stones A solid, uniform spherical boulder starts from rest and rolls down a 50.0 m high hill, as shown in the figure . The top half of the hill is rough enough to cause the boulder to roll without slipping, but the lower half is covered with ice and there is no friction. What is the translational speed of the boulder when it reaches the bottom of the hill?
IDENTIFY: Apply conservation of energy to the motion of the boulder. SET UP: K = 1 mv 2 + 1 I 2 and v = R when there is rolling 2 2
2 without slipping. I = 5 mR 2 . EXECUTE: Break into 2 parts, the rough and smooth sections. 2 1 2 1 2 2 v 2 2 1 = + mgh mv mR Rough: mgh1 = 1 . mv + I 1 . 2 2 2 2 5 R

10 gh1 . 7 Smooth: Rotational kinetic energy does not change. 1 1 2 1 10 1 2 mgh2 + mv 2 + K rot = mvBottom + K rot . gh2 + gh1 = vB . 2 7 2 2 2 v2 =
vB = 10 10 gh1 + 2 gh2 = (9.80 m/s 2 )(25 m) + 2(9.80 m/s 2 )(25 m) = 29.0 m/s . 7 7
If all the hill was rough enough to cause rolling without slipping, vB =

10 g (50 m) = 26.5 m/s . A 7 smaller fraction of the initial gravitational potential energy goes into translational kinetic energy of the center of mass than if part of the hill is smooth. If the entire hill is smooth and the boulder slides without slipping,
EVALUATE:

vB = 2 g (50 m) = 31.3 m/s . In this case all the initial gravitational potential energy goes into the kinetic energy of the translational motion.

Problem 10.87 A uniform rod of length L rests on a frictionless horizontal surface. The rod pivots about a fixed frictionless axis at one end. The rod is initially at rest. A bullet traveling parallel to the horizontal surface and perpendicular to the rod with speed v strikes the rod at its center and becomes embedded in it. The mass of the bullet is one-fourth the mass of the rod. a) What is the final angular speed of the rod? Express your answer in terms of the variables v and L. b) What is the ratio of the kinetic energy of the system after the collision to the kinetic energy of the bullet before the collision?
IDENTIFY: Apply conservation of angular momentum to the collision. Linear momentum is not conserved because of the force applied to the rod at the axis. But since this external force acts at the axis, it produces no torque and angular momentum is conserved. SET UP: The system before and after the collision is sketched in Figure 10.87. EXECUTE: (a) mb = 1 mrod 4 EXECUTE: L1 = 1 mrod vL 8 L2 = ( I rod + I b )
I rod = 1 mrod L2 3 I b = mb r 2 = 1 mrod ( L / 2) 2 4
1 I b = 16 mrod L2

L1 = mb vr = 1 mrod v( L / 2) 4

Figure 10.87
1 1 Thus L1 = L2 gives 8 mrod vL = ( 1 mrod L2 + 16 mrod L2 ) 3

1 8

v = 19 L 48

6 = 19 v/ L
1 (b) K1 = 1 mv 2 = 8 mrod v 2 2

K2 = 1 I 2 = 1 ( I rod + I b ) 2 = 2 2
K2 =
1 2 6 ( 19 48 )( 19 ) 2

1 2

1 3

1 mrod L2 + 16 mrod L2 ) (6v /19 L ) 2

3 mrod v 2 = 152 mrod v 2

Then

K2 = K1

3 152 1 8

mrod v 2 = 3/19. mrod v 2

EVALUATE:

The collision is inelastic and K 2 < K1.

Twirling a Baton A majorette in a parade is performing some acrobatic twirlings of her baton. Assume that the baton is a uniform rod of mass 0.120 kg and length 80.0 cm. a) Initially, the baton is spinning about a line through its center at angular velocity 3.00 rad/s. What is its angular momentum? Express your answer in kilogram meters squared per 4

second.
1 rad kg m 2 2 1 = 1.92 102 L = I = ML2 = 0.12kg ( 0.8m ) 3 12 s s 12

b) With a skillful move, the majorette changes the rotation of her baton so that now it is spinning about an axis passing through its end at the same angular velocity 3.00 as before. What is the new angular momentum of the rod?
1 rad kg m 2 2 1 = 7.68 102 L = I = ML2 = 0.12kg ( 0.8m ) 3 s s 3 3

Here is another way to solve this problem. There is a theorem that relates the angular momentum L of an object about an arbitrary axis to the angular momentum of the object about the axis passing through its center of mass Lcm:

L = Lcm + Mrcm vcm ,