Sample Essay - Score of 6 Throughout time mankind has strived to make his life easier.

Whether it be through technology, science, or theories of social interaction every generation has made one contribution. From the idea of crop rotation to the cellular telephone mankind has advanced. It can be argued however, that not all of these advancements were beneficial. Many times people are accused of taking the easy way out, something that is looked down upon in todays society. Consider, if you will, ancient Greecian Society. With hardly any of the technological or scientific advancements we have today, they were able to produce some of the greatest thinkers of all time. Socrates and Plato still influence modern philosophical thought. In addition, these men were well versed in all disciplines. They were thinkers, mathamaticians, writers, scientists, artists and much more. Examine some other great men in history. Leonardo Davinci was one of the greatest scientists and also one of the greatest artists of all time, he even invented and drew up early plans for the helicopter. These ancient men, without the technology and ease of life we have today, were able to produce some of the most prolific additions to human knowledge ever. Now let us examine some men from our time. Bill Gates, while adding immensely to the pleasures and ease of mans life, did so only by forcefully destroying many fledgling companies and completely undermining our capitalistic market place. Very very few men in our time are leaders in more than one discipline. There are no scientists/artists or writer/mathamaticians. Men, while being able to more deeply delve into a discipline, are now restricted to it. I attribute this to technology. We now have a life outside of our work. A life with computers, cars, movies, and dinner with the family from across the country. Mankind can no longer devote himself to his work. He has his work life, and his home life. While a cell phone allows me to talk to anyone from anywhere, it prevents me from being alone and fully concentrating. While the internet allows me to look at websites from around the world, it prevents me from doing the work I set out to do. While technology and science have made mans life easier, they have not made it better. Man has become less productive and less devoted, partly, as a result of this newfound ease of life. Therefore, What makes our lives easier does not necessarily make them better. 1 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Choice (D) is correct. "Predictable" means forseeable or hackneyed. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "To avoid being predictable, composer Stephen Sondheim strives for an element of surprise in his songs." The word "avoid" indicates that the missing term will contrast with the element of surprise that Sondheim tries to instill in his songs. "Surprise" means something unexpected, so it makes sense to say that the composer includes surprising elements in his songs to ensure that his work sounds fresh and original. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Erratic" means inconsistent. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "To avoid being erratic, composer Stephen Sondheim strives for an element of surprise in his songs." It can be argued that inconsistencies within in a song are "surprising." This term therefore defies the underlying logic of the sentence that the meaning of the missing word must contrast with the meaning of "surprise." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Informal" means casual. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "To avoid being informal, composer Stephen Sondheim strives for an element of

nR

eg

is

te

re

surprise in his songs." There is, however, no direct correlation between a composer's informality and his or her originality. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Elaborate" in this context means complex. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "To avoid being elaborate, composer Stephen Sondheim strives for an element of surprise in his songs." But songs that lack complexity are not necessarily surprising. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Idiosyncratic" in this context means peculiar. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "To avoid being idiosyncratic, composer Stephen Sondheim strives for an element of surprise in his songs." It is illogical to claim that a composer who values originality would want to avoid being unusual. Idiosyncrasies, or departures from the norm, are often what make music surprising. 2 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Regressive" means tending to return or revert. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Because the pandas had already been weakened by disease and drought, a harsh winter would have had regressive consequences for them." Although the term "regressive" carries negative connotations that seem appropriate in this context, environmental hardships would not have necessarily caused a population to revert to earlier behaviors. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Unforeseen" means unexpected. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Because the pandas had already been weakened by disease and drought, a harsh winter would have had unforeseen consequences for them." Since the pandas are already weakened, the consequences of the harsh winter are easy to predict, so they cant be described as unforeseen.

Choice (A) is incorrect. "Preventive" means intended to prevent or protect. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Because the pandas had already been weakened by disease and drought, a harsh winter would have had preventive consequences for them." The term "preventive" therefore suggests that a harsh winter would have protected the pandas when, in fact, the opposite is true.

nR

eg

Choice (C) is correct. "Catastrophic" means involving a disastrous or tragic event. The first half of the sentence, beginning with the word "because" and ending with a comma, sets up an explanation for the pandas' vulnerability. The second half of the sentence elaborates on the consequences that a harsh winter would have had on a struggling population. If one were to insert the term "catastrophic" into the text, the sentence would read "Because the pandas had already been weakened by disease and drought, a harsh winter would have had catastrophic consequences for them." The term "catastrophic" supports the fact that a difficult winter would be distastrous for a group of pandas that is already suffering from disease and drought.

is

te

re

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Moderate" means not excessive or extreme. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Because the pandas had already been weakened by disease and drought, a harsh winter would have had moderate consequences for them." This sentence is illogical because a harsh winter would have had severe, rather than moderate, consequences for a group of "weakened" pandas. 3 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. "Arrangement" in this context means an agreement or settlement, and "devoid" means completely lacking. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "For many of the villagers, marriage was a practical arrangement, one not necessarily devoid of love but nevertheless grounded largely in economic advantage." The villagers in this sentence view marriage pragmatically rather than romantically. For them, marriage more closely resembles a business arrangement than a loving union. The word "nevertheless" indicates that marriage does not always lack love but that "economic advantage" is a higher priority. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Bargain" means an agreement between parties carrying obligations that each promises to carry out. "Worthy" means deserving. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "For many of the villagers, marriage was a practical bargain, one not necessarily worthy of love but nevertheless grounded largely in economic advantage." The villagers might reasonably consider a marriage based on "economic advantage" as a "bargain." Calling the bargain "worthy of love," however, does not explain the comparison of love and economics that is set up in the structure of the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Misfortune" in this context means the condition resulting from ill luck. "Trusting" means reliant on the integrity, ability, or character of a person or thing. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "For many of the villagers, marriage was a practical misfortune, one not necessarily trusting of love but nevertheless grounded largely in economic advantage." This sentence fails to explain how economically advantageous marriage constitutes a "practical," unlucky condition. Furthermore, a misfortune cannot be referred to as "trusting."

nR

Choice (C) is incorrect. "Attitude" in this context means feeling or state of mind. "Consisting" means made up of. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "For many of the villagers, marriage was a practical attitude, one not necessarily consisting of love but nevertheless grounded largely in economic advantage." The main fault in the logic of this sentence comes from the fact that marriage is an official institution, not a state of mind.

eg

is

Choice (B) is incorrect. "Entertainment" means a diversion or amusement. "Disparaging" means disrespectful or degrading. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "For many of the villagers, marriage was a practical entertainment, one not necessarily disparaging of love but nevertheless grounded largely in economic advantage." Diversions are more likely to be considered frivolous than "practical." Also, it is illogical to say that "entertainment" can disrespect love.

te

re

4 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. "Temporize" means to act evasively to gain time or to postpone a decision. "Prolong" means to lengthen in duration. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Maggie is a procrastinator, naturally inclined to temporize and to prolong discussions." The part of the sentence after the comma describes what a procrastinator, a person who puts off doing something, might do. It makes sense to label a person who tries to gain time by prolonging conversations a procrastinator. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Meddle" means to intrude into other people's affairs. "Scoff" means to mock or show disrespect. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Maggie is a procrastinator, naturally inclined to meddle and to scoff at discussions." A person who puts things off is not necessarily likely either to meddle or to scoff.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. "Withdraw" in this context means to become detached from social involvement. "Intrude" means to enter rudely or inappropriately. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Maggie is a procrastinator, naturally inclined to withdraw and to intrude in discussions." This sentence is illogical on several levels. Someone who is inclined to withdraw from social situations is not likely to rudely interrupt discussions. In addition, a person's willingness or unwillingness to participate in discussions with others is not relevent to the act of procrastination. 5 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. "Admit" means to let in, and "contain" means to keep in. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Just as glass windows offer buildings both light and insulation, certain atmospheric gases admit incoming sunlight and contain heat radiated from the ground, preventing warmth from escaping." The phrase Just as indicates that the sentence draws a parallel between glass windows that provide light and insulation and certain gases that have the same effect. There are gases that, like windows, let sunlight pass through while trapping the heat.

nR

Choice (D) is incorrect. "Sneer" means to assume a scornful facial expression. "Terminate" means to bring to an end. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Maggie is a procrastinator, naturally inclined to sneer and to terminate discussions." One who sneers, or looks scornful, isnt necessarily a procrastinator. Furthermore, a person who halts discussions is one who acts rather than stalls for time, as a procrastinator does.

eg

is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

te

Choice (C) is incorrect. "Misbehave" means to behave badly, and "disrupt" in this context means to interrupt. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Maggie is a procrastinator, naturally inclined to misbehave and to disrupt discussions." A person who misbehaves might disrupt discussions, but such behavior doesn't confirm that a person is a procrastinator.

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Conduct" means to spread, and "release" means to let go. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Just as glass windows offer buildings both light and insulation, certain atmospheric gases conduct incoming sunlight and release heat radiated from the ground, preventing warmth from escaping." Gases that release heat serve the opposite purpose of windows, which trap heat. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Deflect" means to turn something away, and "transmit" means to send one thing to another. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Just as glass windows offer buildings both light and insulation, certain atmospheric gases deflect incoming sunlight and transmit heat radiated from the ground, preventing warmth from escaping." Atmospheric gases that would turn away sunlight and transmit heat would provide neither light nor insulation. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Absorb" means to take in or use up, and "dispense" means to distribute. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Just as glass windows offer buildings both light and insulation, certain atmospheric gases absorb incoming sunlight and dispense heat radiated from the ground, preventing warmth from escaping." Atmospheric gases that absorb sunlight would not provide light, as windows do. In addition, windows contain heat; they do not distribute it.

6 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Choice (C) is correct. "Rhetoric" means the art of using language effectively and persuasively. "Substance" means important content. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The speaker, praised for her style yet ridiculed for her vacuity, often moved naive listeners with rhetoric alone and led them to believe that her speech had substance." The first part of the sentence implies that the speaker is convincing, yet shallow. The terms "rhetoric" and "substance" reinforce this description in the second part of the sentence, which asserts that unsophisticated listeners mistake the speaker's eloquence for content. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Reason" means logical sense, and "dalliance" in this context means playful flirtation. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The speaker, praised for her style yet ridiculed for her vacuity, often moved naive listeners with reason alone and led them to believe that her speech had dalliance." To say that she "moved" naive audience members implies a connection based on emotion, not "reason." Furthermore, it is illogical to say that her speech had flirtatious "dalliance." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

nR

eg

Choice (E) is incorrect. "Resist" means to fend off or withstand. "Trap" means to catch. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Just as glass windows offer buildings both light and insulation, certain atmospheric gases resist incoming sunlight and trap heat radiated from the ground, preventing warmth from escaping." Though gases that trap heat prevent warmth from escaping, gases that resist incoming sunlight would not increase the amount of light available.

is

te

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

re

Choice (B) is incorrect. "Infelicity" means inappropriateness of expression, and "conviction" means certainty. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The speaker, praised for her style yet ridiculed for her vacuity, often moved naive listeners with infelicity alone and led them to believe that her speech had conviction." It is highly unlikely that inappropriateness would "move" an audience or that it would give a speech an air of "conviction." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Pragmatism" means a practical approach to problems, and "futility" means uselessness. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The speaker, praised for her style yet ridiculed for her vacuity, often moved naive listeners with pragmatism alone and led them to believe that her speech had futility." Although pragmatism might influence listeners, it would not likely "move" them. Also, it is illogical to claim that the speaker's pragmatic presentation would convince people "that her speech had futility." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Boorishness" means rudeness. "Integrity" means adherence to a strict moral code. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The speaker, praised for her style yet ridiculed for her vacuity, often moved naive listeners with boorishness alone and led them to believe that her speech had integrity." "Boorishness," or rude insensitivity, would hardly lead audience members to believe that a speech had integrity. 7 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. "Fastidious" in this context means meticulous. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The actor was noted for his fastidious behavior: he quickly became irritated if his every whim was not immediately satisfied." A fastidious person has high standards but is more concerned with quality than speed. The actor might pay meticulous attention to details, but this trait does not explain the irritation he feels when his desires are not "immediately satisfied." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Sedulous" means constant in effort or busy. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The actor was noted for his sedulous behavior: he quickly became irritated if his every whim was not immediately satisfied." The sentence says nothing to imply that the actor is hard-working or busy. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Vindictive" means spiteful or vengeful. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The actor was noted for his vindictive behavior: he quickly became irritated if his every whim was not immediately satisfied." There is nothing in the sentence to suggest that the actor, though difficult, was spiteful or prone to revenge.

nR

Choice (D) is correct. "Petulant" means unreasonably ill-tempered. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The actor was noted for his petulant behavior: he quickly became irritated if his every whim was not immediately satisfied." The colon in the sentence sets up an example of the actor's behavior. The assertion that the actor was ill-tempered is supported by the fact that he became annoyed when people did not cater to his "every whim."

eg

is

te

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Mercenary" means motivated solely by a desire for monetary or material gain. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The actor was noted for his mercenary behavior: he quickly became irritated if his every whim was not immediately satisfied." A person motivated by greed does not necessarily become quickly irritated. 8 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. "Treacly" means overly sweet or sentimental. If one were to insert "treacly" into the text, the sentence would read "Hayley Millss films have been called treacly, although most of them are not so sentimental as to deserve that description." The word "although" indicates that an opposition exists between the two clauses. The sentence argues that Hayley Mills's films are "not so sentimental," which means that the missing term must be synonymous with "that description." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Cursory" means hasty. If one were to insert "cursory" into the text, the sentence would read "Hayley Millss films have been called cursory, although most of them are not so sentimental as to deserve that description." A film that is "cursory" has been produced quickly and with little regard for details. But the speed with which a film is produced says nothing about the nature of its content.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Consecrated" means declared sacred. If one were to insert "consecrated" into the text, the sentence would read "Hayley Millss films have been called consecrated, although most of them are not so sentimental as to deserve that description." "Consecrated" does not fit logically into this sentence because it is not synonymous with "sentimental." 9 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. According to lines 48, Balzac's insensitive and awkward behavior sharply contrasted with the penetrating intuition found in his novels.

Choice (D) is incorrect. "Meticulous" means extremely concerned with details. If one were to insert "meticulous" into the text, the sentence would read "Hayley Millss films have been called meticulous, although most of them are not so sentimental as to deserve that description." A film that pays "meticulous" attention to details may or may not be overly sentimental.

nR

eg

Choice (C) is incorrect. "Prosaic" means straightforward or lacking in imagination. If one were to insert "prosaic" into the text, the sentence would read "Hayley Millss films have been called prosaic, although most of them are not so sentimental as to deserve that description." A film that is prosaic lacks imagination, but it isn't necessarily "sentimental."

is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

te

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Many women appreciated Balzac's novels for their accurate depictions of the female psyche. It was Balzac's personality that proved to be less popular with women. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Although the first sentence in the passage discusses Balzacs ability to write about financial matters, lines 48 provide an example of the other matters in which Balzacs writing did not reflect his life. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The example indicates that female readers were disappointed with Balzac as a person, but there is no evidence that this disappointment destroyed their respect for Balzac as an artist. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Since Balzac had shown penetrating intuition of the female heart in his novels, it was reasonable for his readers to expect that he would have some understanding of real women.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Balzac's imprisonment in the boarding school closet may have been a punishment for "unruliness," but the incident provides a significant insight into his imagination, not his behavior. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Although the description of Balzacs experience does suggest something about the conditions of boarding school life, those conditions are not relevant to the issues discussed in the passage. 11 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Choice (C) is incorrect. There is no indication in the passage that Balzacs performance at the boarding school was lackluster, or mediocre. Furthermore, the author makes no attempt to exonerate the school, or free it from blame, in any way.

nR

Choice (A) is incorrect. No connection is made in the passage between Balzacs boarding school experience and his inability to manage money.

eg

is

Choice (B) is correct. The passage indicates that a young Balzac discovered the power of imagination while locked in his boarding school's closet.

te

re

10

Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. Louis Wright's success as a surgeon placed additional pressure on his daughter Jane as she tried to forge her own career in medicine. Jane Wright says in lines 67, His being so good really makes it very difficult. It can be inferred that Jane Wrights difficulty resulted from being compared to her father. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Louis Wright warned his daughter that it would be difficult to become a doctor, but the passage does not say that he tried to discourage her from studying medicine. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Although the passage indicates that Louis Wright was well-known, it does not suggest that he flaunted, or boasted about, his success. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. There is no information in the passage about how much time Jane Wright spent studying. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. In the passage, Jane Wright talks about her father, who is a doctor, but she does not discuss her ideas about the medical profession in general. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage is about Jane Wrights reflections on becoming a doctor. Her childhood is not specifically mentioned. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. There is nothing in the passage to suggest that Jane Wright would not have wanted to collaborate, or work, with her father. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

nR

Choice (C) is correct. The passage mostly reflects on the ways in which Jane Wrights father influenced her career as a doctor. Louis Wright was a prominent surgeon himself, and his fame brought unwelcome comparisons with his daughter. Furthermore, his cautionary advice influenced her perceptions of a career in medicine.

eg

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

is

12

te

Choice (D) is incorrect, since the passage does not suggest that either Jane Wright or Louis Wright wished to be famous.

re

Choice (E) is incorrect. The passage does not indicate that Jane Wrights father encouraged her or that she was necessarily grateful to him. 13 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. According to the passage, a Victorian middle-class woman had to choose between being a respected member of the community and working for a living. Lines 1821 indicate that women who worked faced the disapproval of society and risked diminishing their "self-worth." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The role of women in the workplace shifted dramatically between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but lines 1821 make no reference to this "evolution." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Economic exertions" did not lead Victorian women to "success," but to ostracism. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The "shame" that plagued working women likely made them less attractive candidates for marriage. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. Lines 1821 clearly indicate that societal pressures made it difficult for women to achieve self-worth through work.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Choice (C) is correct. "Occupation" in this context refers to a "vocation," or suitable work. If one were to insert this definition into line 24, the sentence would read: "Thus, at a time when vocation was becoming a core element in masculine identity, any position for middle-class women other than in relation to men was considered anomalous." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. In a military context, "occupation" refers to the control of a nation by foreign forces. The passage does not mention the military at all, however, so this definition is inappropriate. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Occupation" can mean a hobby or diversion, but this passage clearly refers to the working world and not to leisure activities. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

nR

14

eg

is

te

re

Choice (D) is incorrect. "Occupation" sometimes means the act of possessing a place, but this definition does not logically fit into line 24. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. While it may be inferred that Victorian women were victims of political as well as social repression, "occupation" does not logically signify any sort of repression within the context of line 24. 15 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. According to Passage 1, a "fifth class" was created in the nineteenth century to describe the large numbers of middle-class women who did not work outside the home. The existence of such a class contrasts sharply with the social climate of the seventeenth century, when women played a significant role in family businesses, as evidenced by the trade tokens that carried their initials.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 does not indicate that the trade tokens had any effect on gender stereotypes.

Choice (D) is incorrect. Women were indeed identified on seventeenth-century trade tokens. It was their disappearance from later tokens that reflected the creation of the "fifth class" described in Passage 1. 16 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct . Queen Victoria does not reflect the "diminished social status" of Victorian women. Rather, she appears in the passage as a marked exception to the rule. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 1 makes several allusions to the disparity that existed in the workplace between Victorian men and women, asserting that "inequality in the working world made it exceedingly difficult for a middle-class woman to support herself."

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

nR

eg

Choice (B) is incorrect. Although trade tokens may have been issued to women of different classes, the author considers the initials on the tokens and not the tokens themselves to be evidence of prevailing attitudes of the seventeenth century.

is

te

Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 1 does not address whether trade tokens qualified as legal currency. Regardless, the monetary value of these tokens is irrelevant in a discussion of the societal status of working women.

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Passage 1 specifically refers to the opprobrium, or shame, that a working woman might bring upon herself and her family. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Passage 1 mentions that by the end of the eighteenth century, women's initials were no longer retained on family trade tokens. This detail indicates that women were no longer regarded as significant contributors to family businesses. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Passage 1 asserts that the absence of women's financial documents from the nineteenth century illustrates the degree to which they disappeared from business affairs. 17 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Choice (D) is correct. Lines 4246 illustrate the author's assertion that women's roles in business affairs decreased significantly around the turn of the nineteenth century. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. Although the passage acknowledges that "millions of working-class women worked for wages in factories," lines 4246 refer to only the business lives of middle-class women. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Formal academic institutions may not have admitted women in the seventeenth century, but this claim does not support the view that workplace opportunities for women decreased between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 18 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. "Hail" in this context means to welcome, or to greet. Line 80 comes from Davenport Adams's assertion that it is natural that a woman who is "fettered," or repressed, by Victorian society should welcome the emancipation, or freedom, that travel can provide.

nR

Choice (B) is incorrect. Lines 4246 are concerned with women's declining role in family business. The proliferation of female novelists is not mentioned.

eg

Choice (A) is incorrect. While it may be true that a seventeenth-century woman worker's status was enhanced by her responsibilities, these lines are concerned with only women of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

is

te

re

Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. It is illogical to say that women should "call out to" a concept, such as emancipation. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. This definition of "hail" is inappropriate, given the context of line 80. Freedom cannot be "hailed" with a physical gesture. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. It does not make sense to say that Victorian women "should come from" freedom when, in fact, they are not free at home. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Hail" does not mean to summon, or to call for, in this context. 19

Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. The passage indicates that Kingsley's attitude toward women's rights campaigns was one of distaste, despite the fact that her travels identified her as a liberated, "new woman." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. Kingsley was a traveler, not an activist. According to the passage, Kingsley was "chagrined" to learn that she had become a symbol of "the new social and political freedom and prowess of women." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. There may be an implicit inconsistency in the fact that Kingsley, as a woman, did not empathize with the campaign for gender equity. Passage 2 never discusses, however, the role that British citizenship may have played in defining her female identity. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Kingsley's attitude of distaste toward women's rights campaigns suggests that she was either uninterested in the movement or was simply opposed to women's struggle for freedom. The passage does not mention other groups. 20 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Choice (B) is incorrect. While Kingsley may have felt a degree of antagonism toward those who pressured her to become a spokeswoman for a movement that she did not identify with, there is nothing to suggest that dedication to another cause prompted the hostility.

nR

eg

is

te

re

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. Passage 2 indicates that women traveled for scientific research, which qualifies as an educational pursuit, and missionary work, which is a humanitarian activity. The passage does not indicate that women traveled for business reasons. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. This option neglects the fact that women also traveled for humanitarian purposes. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage says nothing to suggest that women traveled to pursue business-related interests. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. According to Passage 2, women often traveled as missionaries. There is nothing in the text to suggest that their trips were business-related, however.

21 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A :

Choice (B) is incorrect. Passage 2 describes the "autonomy" that middle-class women find in their travels; an aristocrat living abroad with her father is neither middle-class nor independent. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Passage 2 mentions women who travel alone as missionaries to "escape domestic confinement," but a woman who relocates abroad with her husband is neither traveling alone nor escaping her housebound duties. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. A nursemaid is dependent on her employers and therefore falls outside the scope of Passage 2's argument, which centers on middle-class women traveling to achieve independence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

nR

Choice (A) is correct. Passage 2 is solely concerned with middle-class women who escape through travel the "restraints, obligations, and responsibilities" of Victorian England. Their reasons for travel include "scientific research," so the middle-class woman who went to Greece and Egypt to study ancient ruins exemplifies the subject of this passage.

eg

is

te

Choice (E) is incorrect. Passage 2 specifies that British women traveled for educational reasons, but it says nothing about their entrepreneurial pursuits.

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. A girl from a poor family who is sent abroad to work is neither middle-class nor an independent traveler. 22 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. The "fifth class" described in Passage 1 consists of women confined to household activities. Passage 2 refers to these housebound women as "caged birds." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Female missionaries who worked outside the home and out of England would certainly not have qualified as members of the "fifth class." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The "new woman" described in Passage 2 traveled and, therefore, was not bound by the household duties that defined the "fifth class." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

23 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. The tone of both passages can be described as objective and unemotional. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Passages 1 and 2 do not convey a sense of nostalgia, or yearning for the past, in any way. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Neither passage expresses the personal feelings, regretful or otherwise, of its author. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Although Passage 1 discusses the inequality that Victorian women faced, the author remains objective. Additionally, neither passage expresses righteous indignation, or justified anger.

nR

eg

Choice (E) is incorrect. Fussell's and Adams's first names indicate that they are both men, and are thus disqualified from membership in the "fifth class," which is "exclusively made up of women."

is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

te

Choice (D) is incorrect. Middleton is quoted as an author, and Kingsley was an independent traveler; neither is representative of the Victorian "fifth class."

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. There is not a trace of hostility in the tone of either passage. 24 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. According to Passage 2, "travel was an individual gesture of the housebound, man-dominated Victorian woman." Passage 1 directly supports this image in its assertion that middle-class women of the ninetheenth century "were usually assigned domestic roles and faced severely limited professional career options." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Neither passage suggests that Victorian women traveled for entrepreneurial purposes.

Choice (C) is incorrect. Passage 2 concerns women who traveled alone.

Choice (E) is incorrect. Although Passage 2 mentions women's rights campaigns, Passage 1 does not address middle-class women who sought social reform. 1

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. "Adept" means skillful. If one were to insert "adept at" into the text, the sentence would read "Predictably, detail-oriented workers are adept at keeping track of the myriad particulars of a situation." The word "predictably" indicates that the sentence will describe behavior that is common among detail-oriented workers. This type of employee is certainly expected to be adept at managing numerous particulars, or details. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Remiss" means careless. If one were to insert "remiss in" into the text, the sentence would read "Predictably, detail-oriented workers are remiss in keeping track of the myriad particulars of a situation." By definition, detail-oriented workers do not handle details carelessly. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Humorous" means funny. If one were to insert "humorous about" into the text, the sentence would read "Predictably, detail-oriented workers are humorous about keeping track of the

nR

eg

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

is

Choice (D) is incorrect. Nothing in Passage 1 suggests that women of other classes admired the middle-class women described in Passage 2.

te

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

myriad particulars of a situation." Although detail-oriented workers may find humor in their tasks, they cannot be expected to do so. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Hesitant" means inclined to act with uncertainty. If one were to insert "hesitant about" into the text, the sentence would read "Predictably, detail-oriented workers are hesitant about keeping track of the myriad particulars of a situation." If people are generally detail-oriented by nature, it illogical to assert that they handle details with uncertainty. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Contemptuous" means scornful. If one were to insert "contemptuous of" into the text, the sentence would read "Predictably, detail-oriented workers are contemptuous of keeping track of the myriad particulars of a situation." While certain detail-oriented workers may intensely dislike their job requirements, it is incorrect to claim that they all do. 2 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Interrogation" means a formal examination by questioning. "Fortified" means strengthened or reinforced. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The controversial tax fueled a sustained interrogation that could not be fortified by the Prime Ministers impassioned speeches." It is not likely that a tax would have stimulated an interrogation. In the event that an interrogation did take place, however, it is reasonable to consider that fiery speeches might have strengthened the examination. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Conflagration" means a large fire, and "fostered" means nurtured or cultivated. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The controversial tax fueled a sustained conflagration that could not be fostered by the Prime Ministers impassioned speeches." An actual fire could not be physically lit by an unpopular tax. Even if the word is used to figuratively describe how the tax ignited citizens' passions, it is illogical to say that an already impassioned response could not be fostered by impassioned speeches. Furthermore, it is not likely that a government leader would want to encourage protest against a government-issued tax.

nR

Choice (A) is incorrect. "Rebellion" means organized resistance to a government, and "challenged" means confronted or called into question. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The controversial tax fueled a sustained rebellion that could not be challenged by the Prime Ministers impassioned speeches." The tax might indeed provoke a rebellion, but it is very likely that the Prime Minister's speeches challenged, or attempted to challenge, the popular resistance.

eg

is

Choice (E) is correct. "Uprising" means a revolt against a government or its policies. "Quell" means to put down or suppress. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The controversial tax fueled a sustained uprising that could not be quelled by the Prime Ministers impassioned speeches." The phrase "could not be" indicates that the impassioned speeches were intended to create the opposite effect of the one created by the tax. The missing terms explain that the Prime Minister's efforts failed to convince citizens that the unpopular tax was justified.

te

re

Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Denial" in this context means a refusal to accept or believe something. "Restrained" means held back or controlled. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The controversial tax fueled a sustained denial that could not be restrained by the Prime Ministers impassioned speeches." Although these speeches were intended to restrain the negative reaction to the unwelcome tax, "denial" is not the best term to describe such a reaction. 3 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. "Deleterious" means harmful. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Inbreeding can promote the expression of deleterious genes, those that make an animal subject to disease or impair reproductive efficiency." The clause following the comma provides a specific definition for the missing term, which modifies "genes." Genes that weaken an animal's immune and reproductive systems are indeed "deleterious."

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. "Consummate" means complete or perfect. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Inbreeding can promote the expression of consummate genes, those that make an animal subject to disease or impair reproductive efficiency." A gene that promotes disease and infertility can hardly be called complete or perfect. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Presumptive" means founded on probability. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Inbreeding can promote the expression of presumptive genes, those that make an animal subject to disease or impair reproductive efficiency." It is illogical to say that the genes are presumptive. Probability has nothing to do with the harmful effects of the genes mentioned in the sentence. 4 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A :

nR

Choice (B) is incorrect. "Articulated" in this context means united or joined. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Inbreeding can promote the expression of articulated genes, those that make an animal subject to disease or impair reproductive efficiency." "Articulated" is a neutral adjective used to describe the structure of something. The missing term should instead reflect the destructive nature of the gene described in the second clause.

eg

is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

te

Choice (A) is incorrect. "Ineffable" means indescribable. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Inbreeding can promote the expression of ineffable genes, those that make an animal subject to disease or impair reproductive efficiency." These genes cannot be called ineffable since they are described in the second clause.

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is correct. "Vacillated" means to swing indecisively from one opinion to another. "Inconsistency" means unpredictability or illogic. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency." The first missing term describes the doctors behavior; the second is a characteristic of a person who behaves in this way. Because the doctor vacillated, or changed his mind frequently, his colleagues were right to accuse him of being inconsistent. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Sermonized" means spoke as though delivering a sermon. "Fidelity" means faithfulness to obligations or duties. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The doctor sermonized so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of fidelity." It is fair to say that a doctor who sermonizes frequently about medical issues is faithful to his profession, but it does not make sense to say that his colleagues accused him of exhibiting a positive trait. Accusations are generally reserved for negative qualities. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Wavered" means moved unsteadily back and forth. "Steadfastness" means steadiness or constancy. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The doctor wavered so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of steadfastness." Since these two terms have opposite meanings, one who frequently wavers would not be called steadfast.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. "Equitable" means fair and impartial. "Eulogy" in this context means high praise. The first part of the sentence describes a biography that is judicious, or fair; the part of the sentence after the comma further explains that description, naming two extremes that a fair biography avoids. If one were to insert the terms "equitable" and "eulogy" into the text, the sentence would read "A judicious biography must be an equitable representation that depicts both the strengths and the weaknesses of the subject, avoiding the two extremes of eulogy and indictment." This sentence is logical, because a biography that represents a balance between high praise and indictment, or harsh criticism, is indeed judicious and equitable. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (E) is incorrect. "Rely" in this context means to be dependent on something, and "negligence" means failure to provide reasonable care. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The doctor relied so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of negligence." The fact that the doctor relied on disease-prevention techniques does not necessarily mean that he failed to properly care for his patients.

nR

eg

Choice (D) is incorrect. Experimented" means tried something new to gain experience. "Inflexibility" means rigidity. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The doctor experimented so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inflexibility." But a person known for trying new techniques could not be accused of avoiding change.

is

te

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

re

Choice (A) is incorrect. "Polarized" means concentrated on two conflicting or contrasting opinions. "Vindication" means the clearing of blame. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "A judicious biography must be a polarized representation that depicts both the strengths and the weaknesses of the subject, avoiding the two extremes of vindication and indictment." A biography that is polarized, however, presents extreme views and thus is not judicious. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Imaginative" means creative or fanciful, and "discernment" means the keenness of insight. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "A judicious biography must be an imaginative representation that depicts both the strengths and the weaknesses of the subject, avoiding the two extremes of discernment and indictment." Neither term is appropriate in this sentence. A judicious biography is based on fact, not imagination. Also, discernment is not the extreme opposite of indictment, or harsh criticism. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Holistic" means concerned with wholes, rather than parts. "Censure" means harsh criticism. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "A judicious biography must be a holistic representation that depicts both the strengths and the weaknesses of the subject, avoiding the two extremes of censure and indictment." A representation that is holistic could be judicious, but "censure" is a synonym of "indictment," not an antonym. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

6 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. Passage 1 focuses on the harsh working conditions that generally characterize family farms. According to this passage, many farmers work brutal hours without vacation time or proper benefits. Passage 2 mentions farmers' "great discomfort" but does not elaborate on their actual working conditions. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. While Passage 2 addresses Americans distance from "the ethics and morals of food production," Passage 1 does not. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Although the author of Passage 1 includes McKigneys statement that farmers endure a grueling schedule without the benefits demanded by most labor unions, neither McKigney nor the author of Passage 1 mentions a need for farmers to unionize. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

nR

eg

Choice (D) is incorrect. "Complimentary" means expressing praise, and "animosity" means bitter hostility. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "A judicious biography must be a complimentary representation that depicts both the strengths and the weaknesses of the subject, avoiding the two extremes of animosity and indictment." A fair biography does not necessarily portray a person favorably, as it must represent both the strengths and weaknesses of the subject. In addition, animosity is not the opposite of indictment.

is

te

re

Choice (D) is incorrect. Passage 1 does not mention the quantity or variety of food available in the United States. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Passage 2 discusses Americans misconceptions about farm life, but Passage 1 does not. 7 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. The authors of both passages call attention to the struggles of American farm families. Passage 1 presents a stark picture of their difficult working conditions, which nonfarmers may not be familiar with. The author of Passage 2 contends that Americans who maintain a "nostalgic" and unrealistic impression of the superior farming lifestyle are taking farmers' "great discomfort" for granted.

Choice (A) is incorrect. Although Passage 2 mentions a poll, neither passage suggests that anyone should not rely on polls for accurate information. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. Neither author discusses home-grown produce. 8 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. According to the author of Passage 1, farm life is defined by hard work and long hours, not by better values or general superiority. The author of Passage 1 would likely believe that the majority of Americans who hold onto nostalgic views are ignorant concerning the realities of family farming. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 portrays farm work as physically demanding and relentless, but neither passage says anything about boredom.

nR

Choice (C) is incorrect. Although Passage 2 implies that the low price of food may contribute to farmers' "great discomfort," Passage 1 does not mention economics.

eg

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 indicates that "a dairy farmercannot just take off for a two-week vacation" but does not address farmers desire for such vacations. The author of Passage 2 makes no mention of vacations.

is

te

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. While the majority of Americans may admire the strong work ethic of family farmers, Passage 2 does not discuss how the general public views farm efficiency. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. It is illogical to claim that the author of Passage 1 would expect the majority of Americans to "improve the arduous life" of farmers. According to Passage 2, Americans are generally unaware of the arduous nature of farming. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Neither author mentions food production research. 9 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. The author of Passage 1 quotes Darrell McKigney, a farm alumnus whose background qualifies him to comment about the price of family farm efficiency. Passage 2 mentions a newspaper poll but does not quote it. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 describes the demands of life for family farmers. The author of Passage 2 makes observations about Americans views of family farms and raises questions about the fate and circumstances of such farms. In that sense, both authors argue positions. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Passage 1 discusses the difficulty of farm work; Passage 2 discusses nonfarming Americans' nostalgic ideas about family farms. In that sense both passages discuss phenomena. 10 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. Waverly describes June's advertisement with mocking disdain. Her condescending remarks and melodramatic recitation of the advertisement are meant to imply that June's work is

nR

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 presents problems of family farmers, while the author of Passage 2 calls attention to the discrepancy between Americans views of farms and the reality of family farmers as dupes. Neither author offers a solution.

eg

is

Choice (A) is incorrect. Although the author of Passage 1 quotes a psychologist who may have studied farm families, neither passage explains a study.

te

re

amateurish. Waverly emphasizes the ad's repetition of three to suggest that such repetition is overdone. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Waverly recites the advertisement in a "deep television-announcer voice" that might be described as serious, or even somber. The text of the ad, however, is not convoluted. If anything, Waverly seems to think that June's work is simplistic. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. It is fair to say that Junes advertisement is clear and concise, but such a description would be complimentary. Waverly's characterization of the ad is entirely negative. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Waverly's criticsm of June's advertisement is an attack disguised as a joke. Waverly does not laugh "in a lighthearted way" because she thinks June's work is humorous but because the laughter allows Waverly to sneak insults into a social setting. Furthermore, Waverly implies that the ad is too blunt and obvious to be effective.

11 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A :

Choice (B) is incorrect. June may have been frustrated that she let Waverly get the better of her, but exasperation, or frustration, has nothing to do with June being surprised by the depth of her humiliation. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. June may dislike being publicly humiliated, but she does not exhibit any animosity toward her friend or her mother. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Although June may not have expected her mother to agree with her friend's criticism, the passage does not indicate that June was surprised to realize that her mother admires Waverly. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

nR

Choice (A) is correct. At the dinner party June was forced to contend with Waverly's aggression and her own mother's insensitivity. The matter-of-fact conclusion that Waverly had outsmarted her "once again" suggests that June expects such behavior from her friend. It was her mother's "betrayal" that caught June off guard, leaving her hurt and vulnerable.

eg

is

te

Choice (E) is incorrect. Nothing in the passage indicates that Waverly finds June's work clever, and the ad only seems lively when Waverly recites in a mocking tone.

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. June says her mother's betrayal is humiliating, but she does not express any resentment toward her in this passage. 12 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. The phrase once again clearly indicates that June is no stranger to Waverly's sly criticism. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. While June may be used to Waverly's criticism, this line does not directly indicate that she anticipated Waverly's insults at the dinner party. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. It is plausible that June might like to reverse roles with Waverly, but this line does not indicate that June had planned to humiliate Waverly at the dinner party. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

13 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Choice (C) is correct. June is deeply humiliated at the dinner party when her mother publicly agrees with Waverly's criticism. June is not sophisticated like you, Junes mother tells Waverly in front of the guests. This betrayal seems to have particular significance for June as she later grapples with her mother's death. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. June's mother agrees with Waverly's assertion that June lacks sophistication, but the passage does not address whether June's mother made Waverly feel welcome. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Junes mother only criticizes Junes lack of style. Furthermore, there is no indication that Waverly and June have an argument at any point in the passage. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Though one might expect June's mother to become upset with Waverly for insulting her daughter, June's mother instead agrees with Waverly's assessment.

nR

eg

Choice (E) is incorrect. The passage offers no evidence that Waverly is a writer.

is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

te

Choice (C) is incorrect. June is outsmarted by Waverly and betrayed by her mother simultaneously, but there is no reason to believe that Waverly and Junes mother acted in concert.

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. There is nothing in the passage to suggest that Waverly lies to Junes mother. 14 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. In the months after her mother's death, June struggles to determine the significance of the carved jade pendant. She thinks "the carvings mean something," but fears that she will never know what they meant to her mother. June discovers that others grapple with the same mystery after talking to a bartender who can only "guess" what his own pendant means. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The passage makes no attempt to contrast the relationship of June and her mother with the relationship of the bartender and his mother.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

15 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. The passage indicates that people of Chinese descent are often seen wearing oblong jade pendants, which suggests that the giving of such a pendant is a traditional act. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. June may have felt that her mother's actions at the dinner party warranted an apology, but nothing in the passage suggests that the gift of the pendant was a "plea for forgiveness." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (E) is incorrect. Nothing in the passage implies that June finds it easier to talk to strangers than to people who are close to her. June does not ask her aunts and friends about the meaning of the pendant because she knows that their interpretations would be "different from what my mother intended." And although June says that "in a crowd of Caucasians, two Chinese people are already like family," she does not imply that it is easier to talk to the bartender than to relatives or friends.

nR

eg

Choice (D) is incorrect. June's conversation with the bartender does not help her decipher the meaning of her jade pendant. The encounter only supports her theory that people who wear such pendants are "all sworn to the same secret covenant, so secret we dont even know what we belong to."

is

te

Choice (C) is incorrect. Although June mentions several possible interpretations of the carvings in her pendant, at no point does she suggest that the pendant symbolizes such a grandiose concept as " the mystery of life and death."

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. June's pendant had great sentimental value, but nothing in the passage suggests that these pieces of jewelry are extravagant, or costly, gifts. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Unprecedented" means having no previous example. The giving of a jade pendant may be a generous act, but it cannot be described as "unprecedented," since it is common for people to give the pendants to others. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The gift of the jade pendant may have initially seemed unremarkable to June, but the mysterious necklace took on great significance after her mother's death. 16 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. The passage mainly deals with "the long-standing fear that many people have about bats," which "tells us less about bats than about human fear." The authors uses numerous examples to elaborate on his assertion that people's perceptions about bats are not based in fact but in human psychology. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Myth and literature have depicted human feelings about bats, but not the "true," fact-based nature of the bat. 17 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. "Classic" in this context describes the distinctive "quotation mark"-shaped bites that vampire bats are well-known for leaving on their victims. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (C) is incorrect. The author mentions bats' potential usefulness as a reason that people should overcome their fear of bats, but their medicinal benefits are not the main point of the passage.

nR

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author's main point does not concern humans' actual vulnerability during the night, but their fear of nocturnal predators.

eg

is

Choice (A) is incorrect. The number of bat species is irrelevent to the author's central argument, which is that fear limits many people's understanding of the animal.

te

re

Choice (A) is incorrect. It is illogical to claim that bat incisions are literary, or book-related. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. It is unlikely that tiny "pinprick incisions" would be enduring, or long-lasting. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The author would not likely describe bat bites as elegant, or refined. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The incisions are not significant, or important. According to the passage, these small bites do not even wake the victims. 18 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. According to the first paragraph, a component of vampire bat saliva may potentially prove useful in the treatment of heart patients.

Choice (C) is incorrect. The first paragraph provides examples of different bats' eating habits but does not claim that the majority of tropical bats do not eat meat. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The author describes several bat behaviors and claims to have studied bats intimately. 19 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. The passage asserts that people's wariness of bats stems from an irrational fear of creatures that defy "normal" human behaviors. The author places quotation marks around the word "normal" to stress that normalcy is a subjective concept often applied by people with limited viewpoints. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage clearly states that the anitcoagulant in vampire bat saliva "is not toxic to humans."

nR

eg

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

is

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author explains that vampire movies are actually based on tropical vampire bats.

te

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

re

Choice (A) is incorrect. The use of quotation marks in line 26 indicates that the author is referencing a concept that he or she does not necessarily agree with. It says nothing about the individuality of the author's writing. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not claim that humans are obsessed with time but suggests that people project their negative associations with the night onto bats. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The quotation marks around "normal" suggest that the author disagrees with the common use of the term. The author implies that people's idea of normalcy is based on individual perception instead of fact. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The enunciation of the word "normal" is irrelevent. The author uses quotation marks in this context to suggest that fears based on people's perception of "normal" time have ultimately hindered the study of bats.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The assertion that people are not afraid of nocturnal owls detracts from the author's argument that humans fear bats simply because they are night dwellers. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The author claims that "although we are accustomed to mastering our world by day, in the night we become vulnerable as prey." The assertion that "most dangerous predators hunt during the day" directly undermines this argument. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The idea that some cultures have positive associations with bats detracts from the author's argument, which asserts that the human fear of bats is widespread.

Choice (A) is incorrect. The claim that many people keep the same hours that bats do undermines the author's argument that humans "need to wake by day and sleep by night."

nR

eg

Choice (E) is correct. The author's argument in the second paragraph is based on the idea that humans are afraid of the night because they are by nature active during the day, and that creatures who live by night inhabit an eerie dream world in which "reality is warped." That humans might dream at night about bats and other nocturnal creatures is not, however, contradicted by the statement that "dream imagery has its source in the dreamer's personal life," since it stands to reason that other instances of dream imagery come from commonly held objects of fright such as bats.

is

te

re

20

21 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. The third paragraph draws examples from mythology, religion, and superstition. These are all central topics in anthropology, which is the study of human cultures and traditions. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The examples cited in the third paragraph are not autobiographical because they are not drawn from the author's own life. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Although the third paragraph mentions Bram Stoker's Dracula, which is a work of fiction, the examples of how bats have been portrayed in different cultures are all true. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Paragraph 2 offers a glimpse into the psychology behind people's fear of bats, but the third paragraph is entirely concerned with the animal's historical and cultural significance.

Choice (E) is incorrect. A biological description of bats is offered in the first paragraph, not the third. 22 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Choice (C) is correct. The third paragraph begins with the argument that bats have always carried a stigma. This thesis is supported by numerous examples illustrating how different civilizations have negatively viewed bats through time. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. All examples presented in the third paragraph build on a single argument. The author does not indicate that there are opposing viewpoints. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The author tries to make a point in the third passage, but does not assert that his or her argument is significant enough to be considered a universal truth. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The examples in lines 4366 support the paragraph's thesis instead of refuting it. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

nR

eg

is

te

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

re

Choice (E) is incorrect. The sweeping assertion that humans "everywhere" have "always" been frightened of bats reflects the author's opinion, which is not necessarily a common or widely held viewpoint. 23 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. According to the passage, only the ancient Egyptians "prized bat parts as medicine for a variety of diseases." Other groups mentioned in the third paragraph seem to have confined the bat to a mythological or superstitious role. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The passage describes the Finnish peasants' belief "that their souls rose from their bodies while they slept and flew around the countryside as bats," but it does not indicate that they had any practical use for bats.

Choice (C) is incorrect. The ancient Maya believed in a bat god, but the passage does not indicate that the Mayan people found bats useful, as the ancient Egyptians did. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

24

Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is the correct answer. Stoker's Dracula is based on the human fascination with vampires and their supposed cruelty. Such a novel supports the author's belief that the fear of bats doesn't tell us about bats' nature, but about human perceptions. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The author describes bats as "sweet-tempered" in the first paragraph, but Stoker's work portrays them as "bloodsucking monsters." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. According to the passage, humans express less of a "curiosity about nocturnal creatures" than an irrational fear of bats. Lines 6066 suggest that Stoker's novel played upon this fear. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

nR

Choice (E) is incorrect. The passage says that English-speaking people identify bats with vampires and horror stories, neglecting their potential usefulness.

eg

is

Choice (D) is incorrect. A number of Central American cultures saw the bat "as god of death and the underworld," not as a useful animal.

te

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (D) is incorrect. Nothing in lines 6066 supports the claim that "bats can see better than humans at night." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Much of the third paragraph addresses bats' role in folklore, but the reference to Stoker's work does not. 1 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by changing "Canada" to "in Canada" so that Great Britain's museums are compared to Canada's museums rather than to Canada itself. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) involves an illogical comparison. Museums in Great Britain are illogically compared to Canada itself rather than to museums in Canada. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) involves the use of an ambiguous pronoun. It is not clear whether the pronoun "ones" refers to tourists or to museums.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by providing a subordinate clause introduced by "which," thus consolidating the two complete thoughts into one complex sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) results in a comma splice. Two complete thoughts ("Conners... Dispatch Education" and "it manufactures school uniforms") are connected by only a comma. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) results in improper subordination. It provides a modifying phrase ("manufacturing school uniforms") instead of the subordinate clause that is needed.

nR

eg

Choice (C) involves an improper idiom. The phrase "than compared to" is used where it would be more idiomatic to use the word "than."

is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

te

Choice (B) results in an illogical sentence. It makes no sense to say that Canada visited museums in Great Britain.

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) involves the use of an ambiguous pronoun. It is not clear what the pronoun "it" refers to. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) creates improper coordination; a full clause with a subject and verb should follow a semicolon, not just a prepositional phrase. 3 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by adding the word "newspaper" after the word "town" so that the two things being compared are in the same logical category. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) involves an illogical comparison. It compares the college newspaper with a town, not with that town's newspaper. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) makes an illogical comparison. The college newspaper is compared with a town, not with another newspaper. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) uses an incorrect idiom. The preposition "like" is improperly used after "as much." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) involves an incorrect idiom. The preposition "like" is not appropriate for use after "as much" to connect a dependent clause ("the one in my hometown does") to the main clause.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by reducing an independent clause to a phrase, eliminating the unnecessary words "and," "they," "it," and "to." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) involves wordiness. The words "it" and "to" are not needed. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) displays wordiness. The words "and," "it," and "to" are unnecessary. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

nR

eg

is

te

re

Choice (C) involves improper subordination. The pronoun "which" does not refer to any noun previously used in the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) involves vague pronoun reference. The pronoun "this" incorrectly refers to the action of emptying potatoes on the highway, rather than to any noun actually used in the sentence. 5 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by making "the chairperson" the subject to which the modifying phrase "Having thought... care" properly refers. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) involves improper modification. It illogically provides the modifying phrase "Having thought... care" to refer to the noun phrase "that the committee... solution." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by changing the singular verb "is" to the plural verb "are," and it repeats the phrase "that they" to emphasize parallel elements in the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) has an error in subject-verb agreement. The singular verb "is" does not agree with its plural subject "reasons." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (E) results in improper modification. The resulting sentence is unsatisfactory because the modifying phrase "Having thought... care" illogically refers to the noun phrase "the committee's failing... solution."

nR

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

eg

Choice (C) creates improper modification. The resulting sentence is unsatisfactory because the modifying phrase "Having thought... care" illogically refers to the noun phrase "the chairperson's frustration."

is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

te

Choice (B) results in an illogical sentence. The modifying phrase "Having thought... care" is illogically used to refer to the noun phrase "the chairperson's extreme frustration."

re

Choice (B) fails to maintain parallelism in stating the two reasons. The noun phrase "demanding assignments" is not parallel with the clause "they work at part-time jobs." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) contains an error in subject-verb agreement. The singular verb "is" does not agree with its plural subject "reasons." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) displays a flaw in parallelism. The phrase consisting of an adjective and a noun, "demanding assignments," is not parallel with the verbal phrase "working at part-time jobs." 7 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. It avoids excess words and maintains parallelism where it is needed ("7,500 feet above sea level and 400 feet above the valley floor"). Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) displays wordiness. The phrase "that of" is unnecessary. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

8 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by changing the phrase "returning...years," which appears to modify "small town," to the clause "when Margo...years." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) involves improper modification. The introductory phrase, "Returning to Dayville after ten years," cannot logically modify the noun, "town," that immediately follows. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (E) includes excess words. The phrase "high measured from that of" could be reduced to one word, "above."

nR

Choice (D) does not maintain parallelism. The clause "it ascends 400 feet above" is not parallel with the phrase "7,500 feet higher than sea level."

eg

is

te

Choice (B) involves wordiness. The word "high" and the phrase "having measured" are not needed.

re

Choice (B) displays improper modification. The introductory phrase, "Having returned to Dayville after ten years," cannot logically modify the pronoun, "it," that immediately follows. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) has an error in verb tense sequence. The present tense of the verb "seems" is not consistent with the past tense of the verb "returned." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) involves improper coordination. Two complete thoughts ("Margo returned . . . years" and "the small town was . . . there") are connected by only a comma. 9 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using the appropriate conjunction, "and," to link the third item in a series, "humor," to two earlier items, "pathos" and "tragedy." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) displays wordiness. The words "both," "and" (the first use in this sentence), and "also" are not needed.

Choice (D) displays a flaw in parallelism. The verbal phrase "being humorous" does not continue the parallel pattern established by the earlier nouns, "pathos" and "tragedy." 10 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by removing he went so that the resulting phrase is a modifier rather than a complete thought. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) involves improper coordination. Two complete thoughts (Richard Wright moved . . . life and moving from the South first he went . . . States) are connected by only a comma.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

nR

eg

Choice (B) fails to maintain parallelism. The phrase "her humorous side" is not parallel with the earlier nouns "pathos" and "tragedy."

is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

te

Choice (A) involves improper coordination. The phrase "as well as" improperly connects the third item in a series, "humor," to two earlier items, "pathos" and "tragedy" that are joined by only a comma.

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) involves improper coordination. It presents two independent clauses (Richard Wright moved . . . life and the first move he made was . . . France) that are joined by only a comma. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) involves improper coordination. Two independent clauses (Richard Wright moved . . . life and moving first from the South, he came . . . France) are connected by only a comma. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) involves improper coordination. The resulting sentence uses only a comma (instead of a connecting word like and or but) to connect two complete thoughts (Richard Wright moved . . . life and first from the South he moved . . . States). 11 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) displays an error in modification. The introductory phrase "Though heavily dependent . . . information" comes immediately before the noun "universities" but can not logically modify that noun. 12 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Corrected Sentence: Fourteen years after the Galileo space probe was launched from the space shuttle Atlantis, the mission was purposely ended when the Galileo disintegrated in the dense atmosphere of the planet Jupiter. Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Choice (D) involves improper modification. The introductory phrase "Though heavily dependent . . . information" does not logically modify the noun, "universities," that immediately follows.

nR

Choice (B) is a sentence fragment. It does not state a complete thought because it has no verb.

eg

Choice (A) involves an unclear pronoun reference. The pronoun "it" in the concluding clause has no clear referent.

is

te

Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the pronoun reference error of the original by placing the noun phrase "space research center" immediately after the phrase that describes it ("Though heavily dependent . . . for talent").

re

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

The error in this sentence occurs at (C), where the present-tense verb "disintegrates" does not agree with the past-tense verbs "was launched" and "was... ended" earlier in the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : There is no error at (A). The word "after" is properly used to introduce the subordinate clause "the Galileo... Atlantis." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : There is no error at (B). The word "when" is properly used to introduce the subordinate clause "the Galileo... Jupiter." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : There is no error at (D). The preposition "in" is properly used to introduce a prepositional phrase; the adjective phrase "the dense" properly modifies the noun "atmosphere." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence. 13 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Corrected Sentence: The sentence contains no error.

Explanation for Correct Answer E : There is no error in this sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

There is no error at (A). The singular verb "is" agrees with its singular subject "labor union," and the verb form "negotiating" properly indicates continuing action.

There is no error at (B). "That" is the appropriate relative pronoun to introduce the dependent adjective clause ("that will satisfy . . . management"). Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). The verb phrase "will satisfy" is appropriately in future tense to indicate an action that has not yet happened. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : There is no error at (D). The verb phrase "be acceptable" is parallel with the earlier verb "satisfy," and the preposition "to" is an appropriate idiom to connect that verb phrase with the noun phrase "all levels." 14 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Corrected Sentence: Many professional athletes are motivated by either personal pride or love of their sport, but some seem interested only in money.

nR

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

eg

is

te

re

Explanation for Correct Answer B : The error in this sentence occurs at (B), where an improper connective is used. The conjunction "and" is used instead of "or" to join one noun phrase ("love of their sport") to another noun phrase ("personal pride") that is preceded by the word "either." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : There is no error at (A). The plural verb "are" agrees with its plural subject "athletes." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). The plural verb "seem" agrees with its plural subject "some," and the present tense of "seem" is consistent with the present tense of the earlier verb "are." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : There is no error at (D). The prepositional phrase "in money" correctly completes the thought of the sentence, and the adverb "only" is properly placed to indicate how limited the motives are. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence. 15 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

The error in this sentence occurs at (D), where the singular pronoun "it" and the singular verb "is" do not agree with the plural subject of the main clause, "shards." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

There is no error at (A). The phrase "Even though" is properly used to introduce a subordinate clause. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : There is no error at (B). The verb phrase "may be," which may be singular or plural, agrees with its plural subject, "parts of clay vessels." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). The adjective "invaluable" combines with the preposition "to" to produce an appropriate idiom. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence. 16 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Corrected Sentence: Along the curve of islands known as the Florida Keys lies a reef of living coral, the only one of its kind in the continental United States.

nR

eg

Explanation for Correct Answer D :

is

Corrected Sentence: Even though only parts of clay vessels may be recovered, these pottery shards are invaluable to the archaeologist because they are virtually indestructible.

te

re

Explanation for Correct Answer D : The error in this sentence occurs at (D), where there is a use of an improper idiom. It is more idiomatic to use the phrase "the only one of its kind." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : There is no error at (A). The preposition "Along" is properly used to introduce the prepositional phrase "Along the curve of islands known as the Florida Keys." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : There is no error at (B). The singular verb "lies" agrees with its singular subject, "reef." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). The pronoun phrase "the only one" agrees with its antecedent, "reef." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence. 17 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Corrected Sentence: The sentence contains no error.

Explanation for Correct Answer E : There is no error in this sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

There is no error at (A). The possessive pronoun "whose" is properly used to introduce a subordinate clause.

There is no error at (B). The singular verb "has influenced" agrees with its singular subject, "background." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). The singular verb "describes" agrees with its singular subject, "Paule Marshall." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : There is no error at (D). The adverb vividly modifies the verb describes in an appropriate way. 18 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Corrected Sentence: Because he was absent when his rivals voted against his proposal, Selby is worried about missing future meetings of the board of directors. Explanation for Correct Answer A :

nR

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

eg

is

te

re

The error in this sentence occurs at (A), where the sequence of verb tenses is incorrect. The verb "is" (in present tense) is improperly used with the verb "voted" (in past tense) to describe two actions that happened at the same time. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : There is no error at (B). Between the verb "voted" and the noun "proposal," the preposition "against" provides the appropriate idiom. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). The singular verb "is worried" agrees with its singular subject "Selby," and the present tense of this verb correctly describes a current condition. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : There is no error at (D). The prepositional phrase "about missing future meetings" is an appropriate idiom to modify the verb "is worried." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Corrected Sentence:

There is no error at (A). The plural pronoun "those" is properly used to indicate some particular cities.

There is no error at (B). The phrase "in which" is properly used to introduce a subordinate clause.

There is no error at (C). The plural verb "are" agrees with the plural noun "pedestrians"; the adverb "rarely" is properly used to modify the adjective "involved." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : There is no error at (D). The adjective "involved" combines with the preposition "in" to produce an appropriate idiom. 20 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Corrected Sentence: Social scientists agree that a system for exchanging goods and services is not only present but also necessary in all societies. Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

nR

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

eg

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

is

Explanation for Correct Answer E : There is no error in this sentence.

te

re

19

The error in this sentence occurs at (D) where there is a lack of parallelism. The prepositional phrase "of necessity" is not parallel with the earlier adjective "present." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : There is no error at (A). The plural verb "agree" agrees with its plural subject "scientists," and the connecting word "that" functions properly to introduce a dependent clause. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : There is no error at (B). The prepositional phrase "for exchanging goods and services" correctly modifies the noun "system." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). The phrase "not only" is the proper idiom for use along with the later phrase "but also" in linking two closely related items. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence. 21 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

There is no error at (A). The singular form of the verb "is discussing" agrees with the singular subject "Alexander," and the verb's present tense is consistent with that of the later verb, "does." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). "Take into account" is an appropriate idiom to indicate what the report does or does not consider. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : There is no error at (D). The prepositional phrase "of those interviewed" correctly modifies the noun "status." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence. 22 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Corrected Sentence: "It is far easier to ride a bicycle than to explain in words exactly how a bicycle is ridden."

nR

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

eg

The error in this sentence occurs at (B), where the pronoun case is incorrect. The pronoun "he" is in the subjective case, but its position in the sentence (as object of the preposition "by") requires the objective case.

is

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

te

Corrected Sentence: The report Alexander is discussing, a report prepared jointly by him and the committee, does not take into account the socioeconomic status of those interviewed.

re

Explanation for Correct Answer B : The error in this sentence occurs at (B), where there is a lack of parallelism." The use of "explaining" (instead of "to explain") breaks the pattern established earlier by the use of "to ride." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : There is no error at (A). "Easier" is the correct form of the adjective to use in comparing two activities, and the adverb "far" is used properly to modify the adjective. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). The subordinating conjunction "how" correctly introduces a dependent noun clause ("how a bicycle is ridden"), and the adverb "exactly" is properly placed as a modifier. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : There is no error at (D). The singular verb "is" agrees with its singular subject "bicycle," and "ridden" is the correct form of the verb to use after the helping verb "is." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence. 23 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Corrected Sentence:

Explanation for Correct Answer E : There is no error in this sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). The verb "thought" combines with the preposition "about" to produce an appropriate idiom. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : There is no error at (D). The verbal phrase "taking a job" is properly used to express what Jorge thought about. 24 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Corrected Sentence: Some people are convinced that dowsing, a method of finding underground water with a Y-shaped stick, is effective, but others condemn the procedure as mere superstition.

There is no error at (B). The adverbial phrase "after graduation" is properly used to modify the verbal phrase "to travel."

nR

There is no error at (A). The adverbial phrase "for the most part" is properly used to modify the verb "wanted."

eg

is

te

re

Explanation for Correct Answer A : The error in this sentence occurs at (A), where the use of an unnecessary conjunction creates a sentence fragment. Including the subordinating conjunction "since" makes the entire first clause ("Since some people are convinced . . . effective") dependent, leaving the sentence with no independent clause to be coordinated with the clause introduced by "but." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : There is no error at (B). The word "convinced" is the proper form of the verb to combine with the helping verb "are," and "that" is the appropriate subordinating conjunction to introduce the dependent adverb clause ("that dousing . . . is effective"). Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). The preposition "as" is an appropriate idiom to connect the verb "condemn" with the noun phrase "mere superstition." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : There is no error at (D). Both the noun "superstition" and the adjective that modifies it, "mere," are appropriate word choices to complete the idea of the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence. 25 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer A :

The error in this sentence occurs at (A), where the idiom is inappropriate. "On" is not the correct preposition to use after the noun "preoccupation."

There is no error at (B). The singular verb "appears" agrees with its singular subject "preoccupation," and the infinitive "to be" is an appropriate phrase to connect "appears" with the rest of the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). "One" agrees with the singular noun "trait," which it modifies. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : There is no error at (D). The plural verb "have" agrees with its plural subject "pianists," and the preposition "in" is idiomatically correct when used between the verb "have" and the noun "common." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence. 26 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

nR

eg

Corrected Sentence: The sentence could be corrected as follows: "Intense preoccupation with technique appears to be the one trait that great pianists have in common."

is

te

re

Corrected Sentence: The sentence could be corrected as follows: "Apparently impressed with our plans, the foundation awarded Carlos and me a grant to establish a network of community centers throughout the city." Explanation for Correct Answer B : The error in this sentence occurs at (B), where the case of the pronoun is incorrect. The pronoun "I" is in the subjective case, but its position in the sentence (as an indirect object in the phrase "awarded Carlos and me") calls for the objective case. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : There is no error at (A). The idiom "impressed with" is correctly used as part of an introductory phrase ("Apparently . . . plans"), and this entire phrase is properly placed to modify the noun "foundation." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). The infinitive "to establish" functions correctly to introduce a phrase ("to establish . . . city") and to describe the "grant." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

There is no error at (D). The preposition "throughout" is appropriate to connect the phrase "of community centers" to the noun phrase "the city." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.

Corrected Sentence: Also supported by the commission were the proposed health clinics and the proposed center to distribute information on job-training opportunities. Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : There is no error at (A). The adverb "also" is properly used to indicate additional action by the commission, and the verb form "supported" is correctly combined with the helping verb "was" to produce the appropriate verb tense. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). The noun "center" is parallel with the noun "clinics," and together they form a compound subject. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : There is no error at (D). The preposition "on" combines with the preceding noun "information" to produce an appropriate idiom, and the compound adjective "job-training" is properly used to modify the noun "opportunities."

The error in this inverted sentence occurs at (B), where the singular verb "was" does not agree with its plural subject, "health clinics and . . . center."

nR

eg

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

is

27

te

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence. 28 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Corrected Sentence: "The quality of multivitamin tablets is determined by how long their potency can be protected by the manufacturer's coating material." Explanation for Correct Answer C : The error in this sentence occurs at (C), where there is disagreement between a singular pronoun and the plural noun to which it refers. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : There is no error at (A). The singular verb "is determined" agrees with its singular subject "quality," not with the plural noun "tablets" in the phrase between the subject and the verb. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : There is no error at (B). The phrase "how long" is appropriately used to indicate a period of time. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

There is no error at (D). The verb phrase "can be protected" describes action beginning in the present and is therefore consistent with the earlier present tense verb "is determined." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence. 29 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Corrected Sentence: The research study reveals startling proof of a constantly changing seafloor that comprises the major part of the underwater landscape.

The error in this sentence occurs at (B), where the adjective "constant" is used instead of the adverb that is needed to modify the participle "changing." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : There is no error at (A). The singular verb "reveals" agrees with the singular noun "research study." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : There is no error at (C). The singular verb "comprises" agrees with the singular noun "seafloor." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : There is no error at (D). The noun "part" combines with the preposition "of" to produce an appropriate idiom. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the sentence.

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

nR

eg

is

te

re

30 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. The essay is about communication between employers and employees, and so this is an appropriate introductory sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is unsatisfactory because it is about the variety of workplaces, not about relationships between people. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is unsatisfactory because it is about a problem that is not touched on in the essay. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is unsatisfactory because the essay is not about employers' efforts to respect their employees. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is unsatisfactory because the essay is not about the future.

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is unsatisfactory because the connecting word "when" illogically suggests a cause-effect relationship between the employers' and workers' obligations rather than a reciprocal one. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is unsatisfactory because it illogically makes the pronouns "he or she" from the original sentence refer to the employers. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is unsatisfactory because it places the employers' actions in a subordinate clause ("whose... demands"), illogically suggesting that only some workers need to take responsibility. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

nR

Choice (B) is correct. It combines the two sentences by using a word ("but") that clearly separates the employers' from the workers' actions, and it replaces the vague phrase "he or she too should also" with an appropriate plural phrase ("workers, too, must"). It also improves the original by clarifying the word "responsibility."

eg

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

is

31

te

re

Choice (E) is unsatisfactory because it indicates a joint action by a compound subject ("employees and employers") rather than two separate actions by two different groups; also, it is not clear what the pronoun "them" refers to. 32 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. It replaces the pronoun "This" with the phrase "Such treatment" as an equivalent to the "unreasonable demands" described in Sentence 6, and it provides the verb "demonstrates" to express the link between that treatment and the employer's lack of consideration. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is unsatisfactory because it illogically suggests a contrast between "unreasonable demands" and a "lack of consideration." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is unsatisfactory because it involves the use of a vague pronoun. There is nothing in the sentence or its context that "they" could logically refer to.

33

Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. It corrects the error in coordination by changing the second independent clause ("this can make . . . undervalued") into a phrase ("making workers feel undervalued") that modifies "employer," the subject of the first independent clause. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is unsatisfactory because two complete thoughts ("Sometimes the employer does . . . employees" and "this can make . . . undervalued") are connected with only a comma and without a linking word, like "and." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is unsatisfactory because the plural pronoun "they" does not agree with the singular noun "employer" in the previous sentence, and the pronoun "this" is vague.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

nR

Choice (D) is unsatisfactory because it results in a sentence that does not relate well to the previous sentence. The phrase "Such a distorted view" illogically refers to the "unreasonable demands" described in Sentence 6.

eg

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

is

Choice (C) is unsatisfactory because it creates an illogical and vague sentence. The pronoun phrase "This concern" is used illogically to refer to the "unreasonable demands" described in Sentence 6.

te

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is unsatisfactory because the verbs "had not listened" and "made" describe actions in the past, while all the verbs in the sentences before and after this one describe actions in the present. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is unsatisfactory because it consists of two phrases ("An employer who . . . employees" and "making workers feel undervalued") that do not state a complete thought. 34 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. The adverb "sometimes" suggests a shift to another type of problem, and the phrase "legitimate complaints" prepares for the examples of inappropriate employee behavior that follow.

Choice (A) is unsatisfactory because it introduces a new topic ("the role of technology") that the essay never mentions. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

35 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. It introduces no new material but concludes, from the examples already discussed in the essay, that employers and employees share responsibility for problems in the workplace. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is unsatisfactory because it focuses on a workplace problem, "safety hazards," that the essay never mentions. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (E) is unsatisfactory because it emphasizes legitimate complaints by employees rather than the problems some employees cause, as described in sentence 10.

nR

Choice (D) is unsatisfactory because it is not consistent with sentence 10, which clearly identifies problems caused by employees.

eg

is

Choice (B) is unsatisfactory because it focuses on a topic ("effective communication with customers") that is not relevant to paragraph three and only slightly relevant to paragraph two.

te

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (B) is unsatisfactory because it emphasizes a shortcoming of employers but ignores the workplace problems blamed on employees in paragraph three. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is unsatisfactory because it introduces a completely new topic, "the challenge of technology." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is unsatisfactory because it introduces a new workplace problem (poorly defined duties) instead of drawing a conclusion based on the problems already discussed. 1 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. "Counsel" means advice. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Though Luis eagerly sought her counsel, he subsequently chose not to heed that advice." The word "that" in the second clause indicates that the woman's "counsel" is the same advice that Luis chose not to follow. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Understanding" in this context means sympathy or good sense. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Though Luis eagerly sought her understanding, he subsequently chose not to heed that advice." This term does not logically complete the sentence because "understanding" does not mean the same thing as "advice." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Concord" means agreement. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Though Luis eagerly sought her concord, he subsequently chose not to heed that advice." It is plausible that Luis would seek someone's agreement, but "concord" would not be later referred to in the sentence as "that advice." 2 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

nR

Choice (B) is incorrect. "Cooperation" means the act of working together toward a common purpose. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Though Luis eagerly sought her cooperation, he subsequently chose not to heed that advice." Although it is common for someone to solicit "cooperation," this term does not have the same meaning as "advice."

eg

Choice (A) is incorrect. "Secretiveness" in this context means confidentiality. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Though Luis eagerly sought her secretiveness, he subsequently chose not to heed that advice." It is possible that Luis approached someone for advice in confidence, but "secretiveness" is not synonymous with "advice" and therefore does not agree with the structure of this sentence.

is

te

re

Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. "Passion" in this context means boundless enthusiasm, and "contagious" means infectious. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "As a young physics instructor, Richard Feynman discovered that he had the gift of sharing his passion for his subject and making that excitement contagious." The word "and" indicates that the parallel verb phrases introduced by "sharing" and "making" are similar in meaning. "Passion" and "contagious" complete the sentence well, because it is easy to imagine Feynman's intense enthusiasm for physics rubbing off on his students and colleagues. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Knowledge" in this context means understandling gained through study. "Inaudible" means impossible to hear. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "As a young physics instructor, Richard Feynman discovered that he had the gift of sharing his knowledge of his subject and making that excitement inaudible." It is likely that Feynman wished to share his knowledge with others, but illogical that he would have a gift for making his enthusiasm inaudible. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Contempt" means scorn, and "praiseworthy" means highly commendable. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "As a young physics instructor, Richard Feynman discovered that he had the gift of sharing his contempt for his subject and making that excitement praiseworthy." Feynman certainly did not express any sign of contempt for his subject, and there's no indication that he intended for his excitement to elicit praise from others.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. "Commitment" in this context means an emotional or intellectual bond, and "impersonal" means showing no emotion or personality. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "As a young physics instructor, Richard Feynman discovered that he had the gift of sharing his commitment for his subject and making that excitement impersonal." It is very possible that Feynman had a gift of sharing his commitment to physics with others, but it is unrealistic to assert that Feynman had an impersonal connection to a subject that elicits such excitement from him. 3 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. "Catastrophic" means disastrous, and "constructive" means helpful. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "As catastrophic as the disintegration of the Roman Empire must have seemed, that disaster nevertheless presented some constructive aspects." The word "nevertheless" signals an important contrast between the first and second parts of the sentence, so the two missing terms must differ in meaning. This allows for Rome's collapse to be described as both "catastrophic" and "constructive."

nR

Choice (D) is incorrect. "Propensity" means an innate inclination, and "futile" means useless. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "As a young physics instructor, Richard Feynman discovered that he had the gift of sharing his propensity for his subject and making that excitement futile." Although it is plausible that Feynman had a gift of sharing his propensity for physics, he certainly didn't want to make his excitement futile, or frivolous.

eg

is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

te

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Momentous" means of utmost significance. "Formidable" in this context means awe-inspiring. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "As momentous as the disintegration of the Roman Empire must have seemed, that disaster nevertheless presented some formidable aspects." While it is logical to say that the fall of Rome was "momentous," the term "formidable" does not provide the contrast that the sentence's structure requires. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Decisive" in this context means crucial, and "unavoidable" means inevitable. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "As decisive as the disintegration of the Roman Empire must have seemed, that disaster nevertheless presented some unavoidable aspects." The deterioration of the Roman Empire was certainly decisive, but "nevertheless" indicates a contrast in meaning that "unavoidable" does not express. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Unexpected" means without warning. "Ambiguous" means uncertain. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "As unexpected as the disintegration of the Roman Empire must have seemed, that disaster nevertheless presented some ambiguous aspects." "Unexpected disintegration" does not directly contrast with "ambiguous aspects" in the way that the sentence requires.

4 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Choice (D) is correct. "Shroud" is a synonym of "cloak," which means to cover or conceal. The colon, which divides the sentence into two parts, indicates that the second half of the sentence elaborates upon the claim made in the first half. If one were to insert "shroud" into the text, the sentence would read "The beauty of Mount McKinley is usually cloaked: clouds shroud the summit nine days out of ten." This statement makes sense, as it likens the clouds that gather around Mount McKinley's peak to a covering that obscures the mountain's appearance. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Release" means to let go. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The beauty of Mount McKinley is usually cloaked: clouds release the summit nine days out of ten." The clouds do not release, or free, Mount McKinley in any way. The verb "cloaked" instead suggests that the clouds hide the mountaintop from view. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Elevate" means to lift. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The beauty of Mount McKinley is usually cloaked: clouds elevate the summit nine days out

nR

eg

Choice (D) is incorrect. "Advantageous" and "beneficial" are synonyms. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "As advantageous as the disintegration of the Roman Empire must have seemed, that disaster nevertheless presented some beneficial aspects." The word "nevertheless" indicates that the words in the blanks should be nearly opposite in meaning.

is

te

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

re

of ten. This term does not logically complete the sentence, because clouds are not capable of elevating a mountain's summit. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Entangle" in this context means to twist or entwine together. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The beauty of Mount McKinley is usually cloaked: clouds entangle the summit nine days out of ten." The clouds may appear to wrap around the mountain, but the clouds and the mountain do not twist themselves around each other. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Attain" means to achieve an objective. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The beauty of Mount McKinley is usually cloaked: clouds attain the summit nine days out of ten." "Attain" is not a synoynm of "cloak," and therefore does not logically support the claim made in the first half of the sentence. 5 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Intermittent" means stopping and starting at intervals. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Madame C. J. Walker introduced her first hair-care product just as demand was reaching its peak; this intermittent marketing made her a millionaire." But the sentence does not suggest in any way that the marketing of Walker's first hair-care product was discontinuous or irregular. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Dubious" means arousing doubt. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read: "Madame C. J. Walker introduced her first hair-care product just as demand was reaching its peak; this dubious marketing made her a millionaire." The sentence does not imply that Walker's marketing methods were dubious. On the contrary, it praises Walker for spotting an advantageous business opportunity. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

nR

Choice (B) is incorrect. "Instantaneous" means occurring as quickly as possible. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Madame C. J. Walker introduced her first hair-care product just as demand was reaching its peak; this instantaneous marketing made her a millionaire." While "instantaneous"does refer to timing, the sentence says nothing to imply that Walker's marketing was immediate.

eg

is

Choice (A) is correct. "Opportune" means occurring at a fitting or advantageous time. The first part of the sentence describes the timing of Walker's entry into the hair-care market. The semicolon indicates that the missing term will reflect the nature of her timing. If one were to insert "opportune" into the text, the sentence would read "Madame C. J. Walker introduced her first hair-care product just as demand was reaching its peak; this opportune marketing made her a millionaire." Walker took advantage of the high demand for hair-care products, so her timing was indeed opportune.

te

re

Explanation for Correct Answer A :

Choice (E) is incorrect. Marketing a hair-care product when demand reaches its peak is not extravagant, or excessive; it is sensible and opportune. 6 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. "Smugness" means the exhibition of self-righteousness. "Legitimate" means to justify. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "A scientist should not automatically reject folkways that might at first seem silly or superstitious; scientific qualifications are not a license for smugness, nor do they legitimate prejudice or bias." The word "nor" links two clauses that express the same point of view about scientific qualifications. The first clause after the semicolon asserts that scientific qualifications do not excuse arrogance, just as they do not legimitate, or justify, prejudice or bias. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Experimentation" means the act of conducting scientific tests. "Eliminate" means to remove or get rid of. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "A scientist should not automatically reject folkways that might at first seem silly or superstitious; scientific qualifications are not a license for experimentation, nor do they eliminate prejudice or bias." Experimentation has nothing to do with rejecting folkways or with prejudice, and there is nothing to indicate a relationship between scientific qualifications and the removal of prejudice or bias. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. "Humility" means modesty, and "advocate" means to argue in favor of. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "A scientist should not automatically reject folkways that might at first seem silly or superstitious; scientific qualifications are not a license for humility, nor do they advocate prejudice or bias." It would be incorrect to claim that scientific qualifications do not allow scientists to be modest. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Rigidity" means inflexibility, and "console" means to comfort. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "A scientist should not automatically reject folkways that might at first seem silly or superstitious; scientific qualifications are not a license for rigidity, nor do they console prejudice or bias. The first part of the clause may be read that scientists should not rigidly reject folkways, but it is illogical to say that scientific qualifications do not comfort prejudice or bias. 7 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

nR

Choice (B) is incorrect. "Arrogance" means the state of feeling superior to others. "Pursue" means to follow or to strive for. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "A scientist should not automatically reject folkways that might at first seem silly or superstitious; scientific qualifications are not a license for arrogance, nor do they pursue prejudice or bias." It is logical to assert that scientific qualifications are not a license for arrogance, but it does not make sense to say that these qualifications do not pursue prejudice or bias.

eg

is

te

re

Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. The quoted term wire-pullers appears in a description of the manipulation thesis, which contends that nameless members of powerful political groups use television to control the opinions of the public. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The wire-pullers identified in the text are implied to be powerful manipulators of public opinion, not bland technicians. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Although the author might believe that critics are trying to manipulate the public into protesting television, the term wire-pullers refers directly to the political dominators. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. In this passage, wire-pullers exist within the manipulation thesis. Hack writers, however, do not.

8 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Destruction" means complete ruin. If one were to insert this term into the text, the clause would read "television destruction leads above all to moral dangers." While the imitation thesis argues that television has a destructive impact on morality, it would not make sense to say that television destruction leads to moral dangers. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Erosion" means the wearing away or deterioration of something. If one were to insert this term into the text, the clause would read "television erosion leads above all to moral dangers." The thesis suggests that television viewing can erode morals, but it is illogical to say that actual televisions erode. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Purchasing" means buying. If one were to insert this term into the text, the clause would read "television purchasing leads above all to moral dangers." While most people watch

nR

Choice (B) is correct. "Viewing" means watching. If one were to insert this term into the text, the clause would read "television viewing leads above all to moral dangers." The author refers to television consumption in an explanation of the imitation thesis. Because this thesis warns of the moral dangers associated with watching television, it can be easily inferred that the reference to television consumption concerns television viewing.

eg

is

te

Choice (E) is incorrect. While advertisers may be manipulators of public opinion, they are not the agents of political domination mentioned in the passage.

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

televisions that they have purchased, the imitation thesis refers most directly to the dangers of viewing, not buying, televisions. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Obsession" means an excessive preoccupation with something. If one were to insert this term into the text, the clause would read "television obsession leads above all to moral dangers." But people who are obsessed with television are not the only ones who fall victim to its dangers. According to the text, the imitation thesis asserts that "anyone who is exposed to the medium" is vulnerable. 9 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. These lines describe the imitation thesis, which the author suggests dates back to the eighteenth century when novels were largely condemned. The author's tone suggests that the imitation thesis is as unjustified today as it was when applied in the eighteenth century. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The author does not refer to any time period prior to the eighteenth century. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. The author does not suggest that television is a medium for art. 10 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. In these lines, the author suggests that the imitation thesis relies on the same morally simplistic arguments that were made about early novels. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The author points out the origins of the imitation thesis, not the origins of television. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

nR

Choice (C) is incorrect. The author asserts that theses based on morality have never been persuasive. Even in the eighteenth century, according to the author, such arguments only amounted to vain warnings.

eg

is

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not suggest that the principal concern of eighteenth-century cultural critics was the danger of reading novels.

te

re

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not imply that culture has declined. Television critics are more likely to make this implication. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The author's discussion of the imitation thesis is not concerned with visual imagery. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The author does not discuss television producers. 11 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. The quoted terms appear in a description of the simulation thesis. According to this thesis, primary reality describes the everyday world and secondary reality refers to fictionalized versions of life that are portrayed on television. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. Although the author implies that anti-television theses are not based on scientific evidence, the passage does not include any direct references to the views of scientists or mystics. 12 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. The author criticizes the simulation thesis by stating that television viewers are perfectly capable of distinguishing between an argument on television and an argument at home. Proponents of the simulation thesis, however, would likely assert that their argument is more complex than the author describes. There may be ways that television distorts reality that are not captured in the author's basic, literal example. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

nR

Choice (D) is incorrect. The simulation thesis does not address the morals of television viewers. Morality is a key issue in the imitation thesis.

eg

Choice (B) is incorrect. Neither natural nor synthetic objects are mentioned in the passages summary of the simulation thesis.

is

te

Choice (A) is incorrect. Politics play a role in the manipulation thesis, not the simulation thesis.

re

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author claims that the simulation thesis disregards the issues of proof and plausibility. This is a significant point to make when discrediting a theory. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The author's professional credentials are not known. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The author is equally skeptical of each thesis. He makes no attempt to support one at the expense of another. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The author does consider the impact of television on popular culture and implies that television viewing is not as harmful as critics maintain it to be. 13 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. Equivocal means undecided, but the author attacks television critics in a way that would be better described as decided or unequivocal.

Choice (D) is incorrect. Indulgent means lenient. The author is not lenient in his criticism of the television commentators, however. The author treats them instead with mocking dismissal. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Nonchalant means casual. While the author occasionally adopts a lighthearted style, the passages tone conveys a serious disagreement with the critics' conclusions. 14 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. The author suggests throughout that the four theories are unconvincing, condescending to viewers, and even illogical.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

nR

eg

Choice (A) is incorrect. Intrigued means interested. While the author is interested enough to respond to the critics theories, he or she primarily finds the theories to be incorrect and insulting.

is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

te

Choice (B) is correct. Scornful means mocking. From the opening summation of the critics' theory that Television makes you stupid, to the sarcastic claim that critics show immunity in the face ofidiocy, the author's tone is consistently scornful.

re

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

The author sarcastically dismisses the arguments of the critics and highlights the foolishness of their claims. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The author presents little evidence to refute the theories. Instead, the author points out the lack of evidence to support the theories. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The author neglects to cite authorities. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The author mentions the eighteenth century only briefly; the focus is primarily on the present. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. While the author does challenge the assumptions of the manipulation thesis, erasing the distinction between those who control television and those who are controlled by it is not the primary point of the passage. 15 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (A) is incorrect. The author does not mention comedy programs.

Choice (C) is incorrect. Although the passage accuses critics of assuming that viewers are uncritical, it does not mention comedy programs. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The critics' theories hold that viewers are too passive to be aware of political content on television, even when they are being manipulated. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Only Statement II is supported by the passage. The author does not mention comedy programs, and the critics' theories hold that viewers are unaware of political content on television. 16 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

nR

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

eg

Choice (B) is correct. The author states that most television critics see viewers as passive victims who have lost their ability to be critical of what they see on television. The critics' theses discussed in the passage imagine viewers as uncritical and passive.

is

te

re

Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. The author describes the four theories in detail, but peppers his criticism with irony. In lines 3335, for example, his summary of the stupefaction thesis is loaded with sarcasm: Television produces, therefore, a new type of human being, who can, according to taste, be imagined as a zombie or a mutant. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The author's tone would be better described as smug than earnest, or heartfelt. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not include or make reference to any academic documentation. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The critics make gloomy predictions about the future, but the author does not. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does not refer to any data. 17 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Choice (A) is incorrect. Excellent means of the highest quality. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read Unlike everyone else, the theorist has remained completely intact morally, can distinguish in an excellent manner between deception and reality, and enjoys complete immunity in the face of idiocy that he or she sorrowfully diagnoses in the rest of us. The use of a positive adjective such as excellent in an insult would match the sentences sarcastic tone. However, the author is referring more directly to the unwavering nature of the critics manner. Absolute is therefore a better response. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Opulent means luxurious. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read Unlike everyone else, the theorist has remained completely intact morally, can distinguish in an opulent manner between deception and reality, and enjoys complete immunity in the face of idiocy that he or she sorrowfully diagnoses in the rest of us. It would be illogical in this context to describe the critics manner as luxurious. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

nR

Choice (D) is correct. Absolute in this context means not to be doubted. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read Unlike everyone else, the theorist has remained completely intact morally, can distinguish in an absolute manner between deception and reality, and enjoys complete immunity in the face of idiocy that he or she sorrowfully diagnoses in the rest of us. The author uses the term sovereign to describe the absolute, unequivocal way in which he claims television critics make judgments.

eg

is

te

re

Choice (C) is incorrect. Elitist means favoring members of a certain group or class. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read Unlike everyone else, the theorist has remained completely intact morally, can distinguish in an elitist manner between deception and reality, and enjoys complete immunity in the face of idiocy that he or she sorrowfully diagnoses in the rest of us. There is no suggestion that the critics' sovereign manner of making judgments is meant to favor any particular group. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Oppressive means burdensome or tyrannical. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read Unlike everyone else, the theorist has remained completely intact morally, can distinguish in an oppressive manner between deception and reality, and enjoys complete immunity in the face of idiocy that he or she sorrowfully diagnoses in the rest of us. Because this sentence is sarcastically praising the critics, it would be stylistically inconsistent for the author to describe them with a derogatory term such as oppressive. 18 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does not make a distinction between serious and mindlessin fact, that is an error the critics are accused of making. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The author does not discuss the enjoyment of television. 19 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. In the final paragraph, the author attacks politicians with the same cutting irony used to malign the critics. Lines like the conviction that one is dealing with millions of idiotsis part of the basic psychological equipment of the professional politician are both humorous and contemptuous. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

nR

Choice (C) is incorrect. The paragraph does not discuss occasional behavior; the author refers instead to universal stupefaction," a permanent condition assumed to affect everyone.

eg

Choice (A) is incorrect. The paragraph in question does not mention politics or politicians.

is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

te

Choice (B) is correct. The fatal loophole that the author sets up refers to the possibility that television critics are actually not exempt from the effects of television that they describe in their theories. The first word of line 62, or, signals that the sentence will counter the sarcastic claim, made in the previous sentence, that critics are free from television's dangers.

re

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. The author's tone, while sharply critical, does not indicate outrage or embarrassment. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The author does not seem to be puzzled at all. In fact, the passage seems to be written with a good deal of certainty. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. While the author may be resigned to the current state of affairs, he or she is clearly not relieved. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The author is notably unsympathetic to manipulative politicians. 1 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) displays wordiness. Two words, "have hopes," can be reduced to one, "hope." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) uses excess words. Five words, "are having hopes of exploring," can be reduced to three, "hope to explore." 2 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) avoids the error of the original by providing a verb phrase (introduced by the verb "recruited") to complete the main clause begun by the name "H. Ford Douglas." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

nR

Choice (C) introduces a vague pronoun. The sentence contains no noun to which the pronoun "it" can refer.

eg

Choice (A) uses an inappropriate idiom. The verbal form "exploring" is not the proper word to follow the verb "hope" and introduce a phrase that describes a specific research goal.

is

te

Choice (B) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using an appropriate idiom, "to explore," to follow the verb "hope" and introduce a phrase describing the researchers' goal.

re

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (A) results in a sentence fragment. The sentence is grammatically incomplete because it has no main verb. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) fails to connect the opening phrase ("H. Ford Douglas. . .War") to the main clause which has the noun "he" as its subject. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) creates a sentence fragment. It provides an independent clause (introduced by the pronoun "he") instead of the verb phrase needed to complete the main clause. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) involves a sentence fragment. The use of improper forms of the verbs ("having... recruited and commanded" instead of "recruited and commanded") leaves the sentence grammatically incomplete. 3

Explanation for Correct Answer A :

Choice (A) is correct. Instead of using pronouns, it repeats the nouns "ignorance" and "stupidity" to avoid any ambiguity. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is wordy. The words "while the same is not true about" could be reduced to "but not." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) uses ambiguous pronouns. It is unclear whether the pronouns "it" and "other" refer, respectively, to "ignorance" and "stupidity" or to "stupidity" and "ignorance."

Choice (D) includes an ambiguous pronoun. The pronoun "its" can refer to either of the two nouns, "ignorance" or "stupidity." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is vaguely worded. The verb phrase "differ regarding correctibility" does not specify whether it is ignorance or stupidity that is correctible. 4 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using a verb phrase, "should also stir," that is parallel with the earlier verb phrase, "should present."

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

nR

eg

is

te

re

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) fails to maintain parallelism. The phrase "with their goal to stir" is not parallel with the earlier verb "should present." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) displays a flaw in parallelism. The phrase "aiming at the same time to stir" is not parallel with the earlier verb "should present." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) exhibits a lack of parallelism. The phrase "also trying to stir" and the earlier verb "should present" are not parallel. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) involves noun-pronoun disagreement. The singular pronoun "its" does not agree with the plural noun "journalists," to which it presumably refers. 5 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Choice (A) omits a necessary connective word. Two verbal phrases ("tested the endurance" and "devised various ordeals") are linked by only a comma instead of a conjunction like "and." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) involves improper coordination. It inappropriately uses a semicolon to link parts of the sentence that are not grammatically equal - a complete thought before the semicolon and an incomplete thought after it. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) displays wordiness. The phrase "with the" can be reduced to one word, "by," and the preposition "of" is not needed. 6 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (B) uses improper modification. The long verbal phrase ("devising various ordeals . . . stinging nettles") does not logically modify the noun that is immediately before it, "warriors."

nR

eg

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

is

Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by including a necessary transition word, the preposition "by."

te

re

Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the errors of the original by using the appropriate word, "that," to introduce the clause telling what was asserted, and by placing the adverbs "legally" and "ethically" immediately before the adjective they modify, "defensible." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) uses an inappropriate idiom and incorrect word order. The phrase "as to" is not appropriate after the verb "asserted," and the adjectives "legal" and "ethical" are incorrectly placed away from the noun they describe, "defensibility." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) involves an inappropriate idiom and confused wording. After the verb "asserted" the phrase "as to" is not idiomatic, and the two nouns "practices" and "defensibility" are illogically linked by the conjunction "and." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) displays wordiness. The phrase "that is the operators" is unnecessary. There is a lack of parallelism in the phrase "in legal terms as well as ethics."

Choice (D) involves wordiness. The phrase "in regards to defensibility" is not needed. 7 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by making the phrase "as an eloquent historian" exactly parallel with the earlier phrase "as a great novelist." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) results in a lack of parallelism. The verbal phrase "having written an eloquent history" is not parallel with the earlier prepositional phrase "as a great novelist." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) fails to maintain parallelism. The verbal phrase "writing eloquently about the history" is not parallel with the earlier prepositional phrase "as a great novelist." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) does not maintain parallelism. The verbal phrase "being an eloquent historian" is not parallel with the earlier prepositional phrase "as a great novelist." 8

Choice (A) fails to maintain parallelism. The independent clause "she wrote eloquently of the history" is not parallel with the earlier phrase "as a great novelist."

nR

eg

is

te

re

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. It presents two thoughts, the first subordinated to the second, in one complex sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) involves improper modification. It provides a verbal phrase ("Central Park... being better known") that does not modify the subject or verb of the main clause. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) creates an illogical sentence. It leaves the phrase "Although... Central Park" far away from the only phrase ("Prospect Park") it can logically modify. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) results in improper subordination. It provides an independent clause ("he preferred Prospect Park") instead of a subordinate clause introduced by the pronoun "who." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

9 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) has unsatisfactory repetition in the structure. ("Because..., this accounts..."). Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) results in a sentence fragment. It leaves the main clause of the sentence ("is the reason") without a subject. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) creates an illogical sentence. The pronoun "it" cannot logically modify the noun "Uranus." 10 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Choice (A) involves the use of an ambiguous pronoun. It is not clear what the pronoun "this" refers to.

nR

Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by providing an independent clause ("almost no solar... planet") that avoids the use of an unnecessary and ambiguous pronoun.

eg

is

te

Choice (E) involves the use of an ambiguous pronoun. It is not clear what the pronoun "both" refers to.

re

Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by making "I" the subject to which the modifying phrase "Lacking good instruction" properly refers. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) involves improper modification. It illogically uses the modifying phrase "Lacking good instruction" to refer to "my mistakes." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) results in improper modification. The modifying phrase "Lacking good instruction" illogically refers to the clause, "there were numerous... trends." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) involves illogical word order. It is not clear whether the phrase "with numerous mistakes" refers to "a graph" or to "trends." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) involves the improper use of modification. The sentence is unsatisfactory because the modifying phrase "Lacking good instruction" illogically refers to the phrase "the graph." 11 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) involves improper emphasis. The omission of the adverb "so" before the adjective "absorbed" results in a sentence that does not sufficiently emphasize the degree to which mathematicians are said to be absorbed in abstractions, a degree so great as to exclude any interest in practical matters. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) involves improper emphasis. The placement of the adverb "so" before "much abstraction" rather than before "absorbed" results in a sentence that improperly emphasizes how abstract mathematics is rather than the degree to which mathematicians are absorbed in abstractions. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (A) involves improper coordination. The description begun by the adverb-adjective combination "so absorbed" should be completed by a subordinate clause introduced by "that" instead of a coordinate clause introduced by "and."

nR

Choice (C) is correct. The subordinating conjunction "that" properly introduces a dependent adverb clause ("that they have no practical interests") to complete the description begun by the adverb-adjective combination "so absorbed."

eg

is

te

re

Choice (E) involves improper coordination. The use of the connecting phrase "and so" to introduce the second clause illogically suggests that a myth causes mathematicians to have no practical interests. 12 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by providing an appropriate subject, "you," for the modifying phrase, "By simply... number". Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) involves improper modification. It improperly makes the noun phrase "a catalog order" the subject of the modifying phrase "By simply... number." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is a sentence fragment; the sentence has no subject. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

13 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) involves a lack of parallelism. The expression introduced by "not only" is a phrase, while that introduced by "but also" is a clause. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is wordy and results in the use of an improper idiom. It would be more idiomatic to locate the word "will" immediately after "not only." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : The incorrect word order in Choice (D) results in wordiness and a lack of parallelism. To be appropriately parallel the clauses should read "not only will we establish bases on the moon but also land on Neptune." Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by locating "not only" before the verb "establish" and providing a phrase ("land on Neptune") to parallel the phrase "establish bases on the Moon."

nR

eg

Choice (E) results in improper modification. The phrase "By simply... number" cannot logically modify "your catalog order."

is

te

Choice (C) involves the improper use of a pronoun. The pronoun "they" does not refer to anyone previously mentioned.

re

Choice (E) involves the use of an improper idiom. The phrase "not only...Moon" is used in parallel with the phrase "but...Neptune." It would be more idiomatic to use the phrases "not only... Moon" and "but also land on Neptune." 14 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by providing a verb phrase (introduced by the verb speak) to complete the subordinate clause begun by the pronoun who. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) involves improper subordination. It provides an independent clause (the languages at home range . . .Zapotec) where a verb phrase (like speak languages) is needed to complete the subordinate clause begun by the pronoun who. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) involves improper subordination. An independent clause (speaking at home is . . .Zapotec) is used instead of a verb phrase (like speak languages) to complete the thought begun by the pronoun who. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

nR

Choice (E) involves improper subordination. It provides an independent clause (they are speaking . . . Zapotec) where a verb phrase (like speak languages) is needed to follow the pronoun who.

eg

Choice (C) involves improper subordination. The use of an independent clause (the languages range . . . home) instead of a verb phrase (like speak languages) leaves the pronoun who without any role to play in the sentence.

is

te

re