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ASSIGNMENT ON
TOPICS:
• OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION MODES AND IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY IN TRANSPORTATION

• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VALUE ADDED AND MULTIPLE STAGE TAXATION

ASSIGNED BY:
SARDAR MUHAMMAD ZAHID

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

ASSIGNED TO:
AAMIR SHEHZAD

FA08-MBA-002

SECTION (B)

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COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY M.A JINNAH CAMPUS

LAHORE
WHAT IS TRANSPORTATION?
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location
to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans ("across") and portare ("to
carry").Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water,
cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and
operations.

MODES OF TRANSPORTATION:
A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different
vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The different modes of transportations are;

 Human-powered

 Animal-powered

 Air

 Rail

 Road

 Water

1) HUMAN-POWERED:
Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using
human muscle-power. Human-powered transport has existed since time
immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology
has allowed machines to enhance human-power.

1.1) ADVANTAGES:

 Remain popular for reasons of

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o cost-saving,

o leisure,

o physical exercise and

o environmentalism

 Useful in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions,

 Considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation.

1.2) DISADVANTAGES:

 Make transportation slow,

 Unable to transport heavy goods,

 Not suitable for long distances,

 Most time consuming mode

 Can be influenced by the environment

1.3) EXAMPLES:
Bicycles, hand carts, watercraft rowing.

2) ANIMAL-POWERED
Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of
people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them
as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to
pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed,
endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were
used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an
important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world.

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2.1) ADVANTAGES:

 Suitable for rural and less developed areas,

 Economical means of transportation,

 Require low infrastructure,

 No fuel expenses,

 Not cause side effects on environment,

 Less chances of accidents,

2.2) DISADVANTAGES:

 Slow means of transportation,

 Not suitable for long distance transportation,

 Not suitable for transportation of heavy load,

 Create problems of cleanliness and sanity in big cities,

 Not suitable in the cities,

 Cause traffic distortion and accidents in big cities,

 Considered as outdated mean of transportation,

 Less reliability.

2.3) EXAMPLES:
Donkey cart, camels, horses, elephants, Reindeer, pigeon, dogcart etc.

3) AIR:

A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft

where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift.
The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the
movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is
both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers
and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.

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Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for
landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to
receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading
of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and
take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and
calm water. The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the
rocket. Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of
cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short
distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.

3.1) ADVANTAGES:

 Quick mean of transportation,

 Suitable for long distances,

 Suitable for transport heavy goods.

3.2) DISADVANTAGES:

 Not suitable for short distances,

 Release pollutant like Carbon Dioxide in the environment,

 High cost,

 High consumption of fuel,

 Require special infrastructure,

 Very risky in bad weather conditions,

 High repair and maintenance cost,

 High chances of technical faults.

3.3) EXAMPLES:

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Helicopters, Jet planes, Boeing planes, parachutes, etc.

4) RAIL:

Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a
railway or railroad. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev. A train
consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is
commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars,
that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by
steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively,
some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train
can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines.
Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved
roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.
Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities. Modern high-speed
rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires
specially-built track.

4.1) ADVANTAGES:

 Fast medium of transportation,

 Suitable for long distances,

 Economical medium of transportation,

 Suitable for transportation of heavy goods,

 Energy efficient mode of transportation.

4.2) DISADVANTAGES:

 Requires special infrastructure,

 Chances of accidents are high,

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 Require high cost,

 Not flexible mode of transportation.

4.3) EXAMPLES:
Trains, Bullet trains etc.

5) ROADS:
A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.
Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy
travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply
recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In urban
areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets,
serving a dual function as urban space easement and route. The most
common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that
carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks,
motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million
automobiles worldwide.

Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with
high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in
cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.
Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.

5.1) ADVANTAGES:

 Provide high flexibility,

 Allow easy travel,

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 Serve as initial and final stage of freight transport,

 Most commonly used mode of transportation,

 Suitable for short and medium distances.

5.2) DISADVANTAGES:

 Low capacity,

 High energy and area use,

 Main source of noise and air pollution,

 Cause of road accidents.

5.3) EXAMPLES:
Motor Cars, Buses, Trucks, Motor Bikes, Rickshaws etc.

6) WATER:
Water transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge,
boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal
or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a
dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance.

6.1) ADVANTAGES:

 Play major role in the international trade,

 Effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable

goods,

 Less costly than air transportation,

6.2) DISADVANTAGES:

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 Accident an cause water pollution and creating dangers for marine life,

 Effected by weather conditions,

 High fuel consumption,

 Not flexible.

6.3) EXAMPLES:
Jet boats, Ship, sailboat, barge etc.

IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON TRANSPORTATION

Over the last 10 years, the rate of technological changes in the transportation
industry has been very rapid. This is largely due to significant advances in
computer and electronics technology, the development of new materials, and
their application to the transportation industry. These advances affect all
modes of transportation, and while many of them enable investigators to
perform their work more effectively, they also make the job of investigation
and safety analysis increasingly more complex and specialized. The increased
reliance on automation poses particular problems for analysing failures at the
human-machine interface. All transportation depends on technology, whether
it’s the wheel, the jet engine, or the computer chip. Transportation is not just
technology; it’s a system of technology, people, energy, money, and more.
However, advances in technology play a key role in shaping transportation
systems, which in turn help to shape our lives, landscapes, and culture.

Because transportation is so important to commerce, and literally and

figuratively, it is so much depended on it, it has been the focus of an
enormous amount of inventive activity. Corporations have invested billions of
dollars in improved technology. Individuals have sought their fortunes in
breakthroughs big and small.

Transportation technology includes many related areas. Motive power, of

course, is one key technology. Early vehicles were pulled by human or animal
power. Steam engines powered locomotives and ships in the nineteenth
century. The internal-combustion engine was invented in the 1880s and used
almost immediately in cars and trucks. The jet engine was invented in the
1940s. Each of these inventions was improved by thousands of additional
innovations. But less-obvious technologies also made transportation cheaper
and faster. Manufacturing innovations, from Baldwin Locomotive Works’

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record-keeping systems to Henry Ford’s assembly line to the Toyota system of

just-in-time inventory, made personal transportation affordable.

Innovations in control systems were also essential. Railroads invented new

management techniques as well as switching and communications systems
to keep the trains on track and on time. Highway engineers developed traffic
lights, interchanges, and a thousand other design and control systems to
keep traffic moving.

• http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/rma/dpr/02-03/TSB-BST/TSB-BST03D01_e.asp

• http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Impact-Transportation-Technology-
Globalisation/137922
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation#Environmental_impact

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation

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