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com

Contents
ABOUT SARMAP ............................................................................................................................... 6

1.

GETTING STARTED ................................................................................................................... 9 Installing SARMAP...................................................................................................................................... 9 Installing Version 6.7 on Windows Vista ................................................................................................ 9 Technical Support ....................................................................................................................................10 About This Manual...................................................................................................................................10

2.

RUNNING A SEARCH AND RESCUE SIMULATION ......................................................................10 rine Scenario.......................................................................................................... 10 Search And Rescue Model Form ............................................................................................................. 12 ....................................................................................................... 26 ............................................................................................ 27 Moving the Accident Site......................................................................................................................... 33 Adding Accident Site................................................................................................................................ 33 Running the Model with Track Line LKP .................................................................................................. 35 ......................................................................................................................... 37 Viewing S ......................................................................................................38 .................................................................................................................. 40 ............................................................................................................................ 42 Export to Shapele/Google Earth File ..................................................................................................... 45

3.

SEARCH PLANNING .................................................................................................................47

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Adding Search and Rescue Units ............................................................................................................. 48 Deploying Search and Rescue Units ........................................................................................................ 50 Modifying Search Areas........................................................................................................................... 60 Modifying the Predicted Search Area .................................................................................................. 61 Subdividing a Rectangular Search Area................................................................................................ 62 ....................................................................................................63 Saving Search Plans .................................................................................................................................64 ............................................................................................................................ 64

4.

DATA MENU ...........................................................................................................................66 Winds ....................................................................................................................................................... 67 Wind Data Editor .................................................................................................................................. 67 Entering Wind Data .............................................................................................................................. 68 .................................................................................................................................69 ............................................................................................................................ 70 .................................................................................................................... 71 Currents ................................................................................................................................................... 71 Types of Currents .................................................................................................................................72 Viewing Current Data ........................................................................................................................... 72 ....................................................................................................................... 73 ........................................................................................................................... 75 ........................................................................................................... 76 Filling the Current Field ........................................................................................................................ 77 ...................................................................................................................... 78 Scaling Current Data............................................................................................................................. 79
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Land-Water Grid ......................................................................................................................................79 Displaying a Land-Water Grid............................................................................................................... 80 Creating a Land-Water Grid ................................................................................................................. 80 -Water Grid .................................................................................................................... 82

5.

TOOLS MENU..........................................................................................................................83 ............................................................................................................................. 83 ........................................................................................... 84 Compression......................................................................................................................................... 84 ............................................................................................................................................. 86

6.

MANAGING GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS AND BASE MAPS ..........................................................88 ......................................................................................................................... 88 ............................................................................................................................... 89 ......................................................................................................90 ECDIS Chart .......................................................................................................... 90

-Map Charts as a Base Map ................................................................................................ 91 .............................................................................................. 94 ......................................................................................... 95 Example using ESRI World Map Service ............................................................................................... 96 Ne ........................................................................................................................................... 96 -ROM ......................................................................... 97 .................................................................................... 99 ........................................................................................................................................ 99 Measuring Distances ............................................................................................................................. 102
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.................................................................................................................................................. 103 Create AVI File .......................................................................................................................................104

................................................................................................................................105 Create Zoom Window ........................................................................................................................ 106 Zoom In Previous................................................................................................................................ 106 Zoom Out Previous............................................................................................................................. 107 Unzoom All .........................................................................................................................................107 Pan Map ............................................................................................................................................. 107 Saving Zoom Windows .......................................................................................................................107 Zoom to Layer ....................................................................................................................................108

8.

GIS SYSTEM ..........................................................................................................................108 Understanding GIS Objects and Layers .................................................................................................108 .................................................................................................................................109 Displaying GIS Layers.......................................................................................................................... 110 ...........................................................................................................110 Adding GIS Objects ................................................................................................................................ 111 ......................................................................................................................113 Link Files.................................................................................................................................................113 s.............................................................................................. 115 Moving and Copying GIS Objects ..........................................................................................................115 ............................................................................................... 117 .............................................................................................................................. 117 .......................................................................................... 118
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....................................................................................................120 .....................................................................................................121 Select Sets..............................................................................................................................................122 Color Coding GIS Objects in a Layer ...................................................................................................124 GIS Databases ........................................................................................................................................125 Adding Databases ............................................................................................................................... 125 Changing Databases ........................................................................................................................... 125 .......................................................................................................................................125 Using the Locator tool to add a new GIS Object ................................................................................126 Using the Locator tool to Dene an Accident site ............................................................................. 126 ...................................................................................................127 ASA GIS Files .......................................................................................................................................127 ArcView Shape les ............................................................................................................................ 128 ...................................................................................................128 ...................................................................................................128 ArcView FLT Grid Files ........................................................................................................................ 129 NetCDF Files .......................................................................................................................................129 Map Services ......................................................................................................................................130 GeoTi Files........................................................................................................................................131

9.

SEARCH AND RESCUE MODEL: OVERVIEW .............................................................................132 ..................................................................................................................................132 Datum Transport ...................................................................................................................................133 Search Area............................................................................................................................................134

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REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................135

APPENDIX......................................................................................................................................... 1 .ASW Import Wind File Format.................................................................................................................. 1 TIE Format for GIS Data Import/Export..................................................................................................... 2 .................................................................... 5 Curren ............................................................................... 8

Canadian Current File Format ................................................................................................................. 10

SARMAP is a GIS-based search and rescue model used to predict the path of different floating objects in marine or fresh waters. SARMAP includes the ability to deploy search and rescue units (SRUs), set their search patterns, and calculate the probability of containment (POC), probability of detection (POD), and probability of success (POS). The SARMAP model may also be run in Backtrack mode to determine the potential origin of found objects.

SARMAP drift calculations are determined using either of two methods: IAMSAR Method, from the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search & Rescue Manual (IAMSAR), IMO, 1999. Monte Carlo or Particle Method.

The IAMSAR solution is limited to single point Last Known Position initialization, but does allow multiple search objects in a scenario.

The Monte Carlo solution allows for more flexibility and in general is believed to provide a smaller and more accurate search area. The Monte Carlo solution allows for:

SARMAP Version 6.7 User Manual

Multiple search objects (often referred to as targets) in a single simulation Initialization based on single point Last Known Position (LKP) or track line Probability cells Probability of Containment (POC) based on probability

Several integrated components comprise the SARMAP model system. The model itself predicts the movement of various floating objects (sailboat, raft, surfboard, etc.) on the water surface. For these calculations, the model relies on environmental data such as wind and currents, physical data such as the proximity of shorelines, and the drift characteristics of the floating object in question. Each of these types of data can be input and edited using the appropriate SARMAP component.

Boundary

Scenarios are the means of organizing model data and parameters into unique collections. A scenario in SARMAP is a collection of information that defines a model simulation. This information includes a definition of the search and rescue scenario (date, location, type of missing object, etc.), the environmental data files (land-water boundary, winds and currents) used in the simulation, and the search and rescue units deployed, all saved under a unique scenario name. Any of the data files that comprise a scenario may belong to a single scenario or to many scenarios.

Before a model simulation is run, a scenario is only the set of input forms defining the input data. After the execution of a model simulation, a scenario also has model output (search search area) associated with it. Thus, the term scenario describes both the inputs and the outputs of a model simulation. There is always one active scenario. The active scenario name is displayed at the top of the screen, and the components of the scenario can be viewed in the map window.
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SARMAP also includes an embedded Geographic Information System (GIS). The GIS is used to store, display and analyze any type of geographically referenced data. Types of data often included in the GIS are place names and navigational aids. These data are not necessarily used by the model, but they are often helpful in analyzing and interpreting model results. SRUs are included as a special type of GIS object which can be deployed in various search patterns with different operating constraints to determine the probability of success of a given search.

SARMAP Version 6.7 User Manual

INSTALLING SARMAP
Installation of the SARMAP system software requires a Pentium PC, with 1 GB RAM, at least 100 MB free disk space, running Microsoft Windows Vista, XP, 2000, or Windows NT. 1. Insert the installation CD. 2. Using Windows Explorer, run the SETUP.EXE on the CD. 3. Follow the instructions on the screen. 4. When installation is complete, you will have a new program group labeled ASA Software and an icon for the SARMAP model system. 5. Restart the computer before running the program.

INSTALLING VERSION 6.7 ON WINDOWS VISTA

When installing any ASA software on Windows Vista, you must first deactivate the User Access Controls. 1. Locate these controls by going to Windows Start Menu > Control Panel. 2. Select the System and Maintenance icon. 3. Click Administrative Tools. 4. Double-click System Configuration. 5. Click Continue (if prompted). 6. Select the Tools tab in the System Configuration window. 7. Choose Disable UAC from the bottom of the list.
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8. Restart your computer to accept the changes.

TECHNICAL SUPPORT
SARMAP support questions may be sent via e-mail to: [email protected].

ABOUT THIS MANUAL

This manual explains the functionality of the SARMAP search and rescue modeling system and provides a step-by-step guide to using its many features. To run a SAR simulation and view the results, see Section 2 . Sections 4 and 6 describe how to create, modify and display data used in a simulation, such as wind and current data and base maps. Section 5 discusses scenario management tools; and Section 7 describes the embedded Geographic Information System, which allows the user to enhance the visual appearance and functional quality of the simulation results with geographic data. A brief description of the Search and Rescue model is provided in Section 8. The Appendix provides file formats for selected wind and current data types used by SARMAP.

This section describes how to specify and run a new SARMAP simulation, and how to view the model predictions. Either a Forward or Backtrack scenario can be run; the setup is almost identical. Use Backtrack mode to determine the approximate departure point of an object whose location is known.

SETTING UP A NEW MARINE SCENARIO

First, set the appropriate geographic location for running the simulation. From the File menu, select Geographic Location and choose the desired location. Follow the steps below to specify the conditions of the scenario.

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From the File menu, select New Scenario. There are three ways to specify the Last Known Position (LKP) of the object in the water. Select: Click point Last Known Position on Map, Click Track Line with Start & End point on Map (see Running the Model with Track Line LKP), or Manually enter the latitude and longitude of the LKP.

Once a position has been selected, a SARMAP window will open. Enter a name for this new scenario. It is possible to manually change the LKP Coordinates on this form.

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SARMAP now supports aeronautical searches, so it is necessary to specify Maritime scenario or Aeronautical scenario in the Scenario Type dropdown. This section outlines the how to setup a Maritime Scenario. The differences for setting up an Aeronautical model are described in the next section: Setting up an Aeronautical Scenario.

The drop-down list in the Land Water Boundary field shows the available base maps and landwater grids in the selected location. Select the base map (both ASA map file (BDM) and ESRI shapefile (SHP) formats are supported) or grid file to use. To create a grid, see Creating a Land-Water Grid for details.

After entering this information, the Search and Rescue Model form will appear on which to specify the information needed to run a search and rescue simulation.

SEARCH AND RESCUE MODEL FORM

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After initiating the incident with a scenario name and location, the SAR input form appears on which to enter the remaining information about the incident. Data entry is organized into five basic categories: Scenario Object Winds Currents Review

If the Advanced Options box (lower left corner of the form) is checked, the Parameters tab is also available.

The Scenario tab specifies general characteristics of the incident.

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Description: Enter a description of the scenario (optional). Release Time: Enter the date and time of the LKP. The default is the current date and hour. Click in this field to access a calendar on which to change the default.

Select the time zone of the incident from the drop-down list below the Release Time field. If no time zone is selected, the time is assumed to be GMT (Greenwich Mean Time). If Backtrack mode is selected, the Release Time label is changed to Arrival Time. Enter the time the object was found at the LKP location. Forward SAR / Backtrack SAR: Select whether the model will be run in Forward (default) or Backtrack mode. In Forward mode, the model predicts into the future, starting from the release time. In Backtrack mode, the model predicts where the object may have originated in order to arrive at the known location at the given Arrival Time. Simulation length: be tracked. Last Known Position: For a single point release, the form shows the latitude and longitude entered previously for the LKP as well as error estimates of the position and the navigational method used. o o Edit the latitude and longitude values, if necessary. From the drop-down list, select the navigational method used. This will automatically adjust the Error field to the right. Alternately, enter an error in the Error field manually. If the fix is based on dead reckoning, enter the dead reckoning distance (NM) and error (%).

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For a track line release, the endpoints and times of the line(s) are shown. To edit any of the parameters, double click the line to access the Line Source Parameters window (see Running the Model with Track Line LKP). The track line release option is not available in Backtrack mode; if selected, the start point of the line is used as the LKP.

Click on Next to proceed to the next input tab.

The Object tab specifies the object(s) of the search and the type of computational method.

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Water Object(s): At the top of the form, select the object(s) to be tracked. Categories objects within the category. Any number of search objects may be selected. Computational Method: Select either the IAMSAR Method or the Monte Carlo solution (see Computational Methods for more information). o The IAMSAR solution uses 3 points traveling directly downwind, and to the left and right of downwind, and computes a bounding box for the search area that encompasses initial position errors, drift errors and a safety factor. The Monte Carlo solution uses a number of individual particles to represent the missing object(s), each moving with some variability. From the drop-down list, select Low, Medium, or High Uncertainty to set the magnitude of the variability. With low variability the particles remain more tightly clustered; with high variability the particles are more widely scattered.

Click on Next to proceed to the next input tab.

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The Winds tab specifies the wind data used in the simulation. Three options are available for specifying wind data: manual winds enter by the user, an existing wind file, or accessing the Coastmap Environmental Data Server (EDS) to download the most recent wind forecast data.

Select the Manual Winds option to enter wind data at hourly intervals. You will be asked to enter a default wind speed and direction (direction wind is coming from). Enter this data in the Default Value window and click Update. A wind file with times spanning the time specified for the simulation is created, using the default wind data. The wind file is given the same name as the scenario. The wind data is displayed in the Wind Conditions window at hourly increments.

To edit the wind data, select the wind record to be edited and click Edit Cells, or double click on the wind record. To edit a block of wind records, select the cells and click Edit Cells. Enter the desired speed and direction for the selected record(s) on the wind data entry form, and the wind data is updated.

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Alternately, edit the wind data by clicking the Use Wind Tool button. See the Wind Data Editor for details on using the wind tool.

Data from an existing wind file may also be used. Click on the Import Wind File button to select the desired wind file from a list of available files (only wind files in the active location are displayed). Data in the selected wind file that spans the simulation time is imported.

If the Use Wind Currents Also option is selected, the wind file includes wind data for the 48 hours prior to the start of the simulation. These data are used to determine windinduced currents, and the wind currents are included in computing the trajectory of the missing object(s).

Wind currents are wind-driven currents generated by winds acting on the water surface over a period of time. Wind currents are not important in nearshore areas, but should be calculated for water depths greater than 30 m and distances greater than 30 km from shore.

Use the Wind File option to use an existing wind file stored in the active location. Click on the Select File button, and select the desired wind file from the list of available files. The file listing includes the start and end times of the data in each wind file. If you select a file that does not include data for the time of the simulation, a warning message is displayed:

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The selected wind file can be edited by double clicking on the file name to access the wind editor (see the Wind Data Editor), and then saving the adjusted wind data. Note that the start time of the wind data cannot be changed, although data may be appended to the wind file.

Click the New Wind button to create a new wind file using the wind data editor (see the Wind Data Editor).

Click the No Winds button to run the simulation without winds.

Use the Coastmap option to download the most recent forecast data from the Coastmap Environmental Data Server (EDS). The Coastmap EDS is a server that collects and disseminates public and private weather, wind, and current forecasts and observation data. The data is global and regional, and custom forecast products can be developed for specific regions.

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Click on the desired winds product from the list of available products in the left pane and select Get Data. This downloads the data to a file stored in the Winds folder of the active location. The file is named scenario_dataSource.NC. A preview of the downloaded data is shown on the map in the center pane, and the downloaded times are listed in the right pane. Click on the Zoom In or Zoom Out icons in the center pane to change the resolution of the map display. Click on any of the times in the right pane to display the corresponding winds in the center pane.

Click on Next to proceed to the next input tab.

The Currents tab specifies the currents file that will be used in the simulation. Two options are available for specifying currents data: an existing currents file, or accessing the Coastmap Environmental Data Server (EDS) to download the most recent currents data.

Select the Current File option to select the desired currents file from the list of available files. The file listing includes the start and end times of the currents in each file if the data are time dependent. If the data are cyclic (e.g., tidal currents) or constant, no time is associated with the data.
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For certain .DIR files, such as user-created currents files, a High Tide Time field will appear in the currents tab. If the High Tide Time is required, use 24-hour time (e.g., 1:15 p.m. is 13:15) to specify the high tide on the day of the incident. Note that tidal currents entered with the current data editor (see Creating a Currents Grid) do not have any information about high tide. The vectors that are entered represent maximum flood currents. Entering the time of high tide on this form allows the model to correctly phase these currents in the model. Time of high tide is the time when the water elevation (not the currents) is the maximum.

If a .DIR file is selected and Tides & Currents (Nautical Software, Nobeltec Corporation) is installed on your PC, a Time of High Tide button will appear to obtain high tide times from tidal stations near the incident site.

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Select the Coastmap option to download the most recent forecast data from the Coastmap EDS. Click on the desired currents product from the list of available products in the left pane and select Get Data. This downloads the data to a file stored in the Currents folder of the active location. The file is named scenario_dataSource.NC. A preview of the downloaded data is shown on the map in the center pane, and the downloaded times are listed in the right pane. Click on the Zoom In or Zoom Out icons in the center pane to change the resolution of the map display. Click on any of the times in the right pane to display the corresponding currents in the center pane.

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Click on Next to proceed to the next input tab. If the Advanced Options option is selected, the next tab is the Parameters tab. If not, the Review tab will open.

The Parameters tab specifies various parameters used in the simulation. Default values (based on your default settings) are set for these parameters, but they may be adjusted.

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Model Parameters: o Time Step: Enter the time step at which the model s trajectory. In areas with complex currents, a smaller time step is necessary to resolve the currents. The time step must be from 1 to 60 minutes; the default is 60 minutes. Output Time Interval: Enter the frequency at which simulation results are saved for later display. The output time interval must be a whole multiple of the model time step and cannot be less than the model time step. The default is 60 minutes. Slippery Shorelines: When this option is selected, objects reaching a shoreline do not remain on the shoreline but continue to move along or off shore.

Search Area Error Factors: These parameters are used only for the IAMSAR solution for determining the size of the bounding box defining the search area. o Safety Factor: The safety factor increases the size of the search area. Recommended safety factors increase with the number of searches done, from a value of 1.1 for the first search to a value of 2.3 for the fourth and successive searches.
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Drift Error: The drift error is a component of the total probable error (defined as the sum of the drift error and the initial position error). The drift error is a measure of confidence in the accuracy of the data (winds, currents) used to estimate the drift. It is calculated as a fraction of the total drift. The fraction is typically 1/8 to 1/3 (.125 to 0.33), but need not be restricted to this range.

Output Options: o Create Auxiliary Currents File: Select this option to create a file of the currents used in the simulation that can be displayed in sync with the trajectory predictions. This option is not needed if currents from the Coastmap EDS (NC extension) are used.

Click on Next to proceed to the final input tab.

The Review tab provides an overview of the timing of the scenario and the selected environmental data. From this display it can quickly be determined whether the wind and current data spans the entire period being simulated.

The Review tab also allows you to change the Land-Water Boundary by selecting the desired file from the drop-down list at the center of the window. The land-water boundary may be specified by polygons or polylines (BDM or SHP file), or by gridded data. Note that the modeled coastline may differ from the coastline displayed on the map, if the base map (see Selecting a Base Map) is different than the land-water boundary used in the simulation.

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If desired, click the Save As Default button in the lower left corner of the window to save the parameters of this scenario as the default values for initializing future new scenarios.

Once all information has been entered, click Run SAR Model. See Viewing SARMAP Simulation Results to display the predicted trajectory and Deploying SRUs to set up searches based on the predicted search area.

SETTING UP AN AERONAUTICAL SCENARIO

The option to conduct aerial scenarios has been added to SARMAP. The aeronautical model tracks an air-relea (surface assumed to be elevation 0). Next, a marine scenario can be run using as the start point for the search or the location on land will be known.

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Setting up an aeronautical model is similar to a marine one. From the File menu, select New Scenario. Name the scenario and select Aeronautical Scenario from the Scenario Type dropdown.

Differences with the Aeronautical model

Similar to the Marine scenario, the Aeronautical Run Model form is divided into tabs. The Currents tab is disabled, however, because currents are not applicable to an aerial scenario. The Scenario tab is the same for both Marine and Aeronautical models.

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The Object tab specifies the object(s) of the search, the aeronautical characteristics, and the site details.

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Aeronautical Objects: select the object(s) to be tracked. o display a list of particular aircraft or parachutes within the category. Any number of search objects may be selected.

Aeronautical Characteristics: depending on the plane or parachute chosen some default values will be given. If parameters are known, the values can be overridden manually.

Glide Rati the IAMSAR manual is the default.

from Table N-13 of

Glide True Air Speed: For aircraft, enter the actual value provided by the pilot, if There are no default values available from the SAR manual. The user must find a Glide True Air Speed for the object that
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is being tracked. The model will run only if a non-zero number is entered in this field for aircraft objects. Leave this entry blank for parachutes.

Descent Rate: This is the speed (ft/min) of the falling object at elevation zero (sea level). Only used for parachutes, the value from Table N-13 of the IAMSAR manual is the default. This option is greyed out for Aircraft.

Descent Heading: This value is only applicable to aircraft. Enter the direction (a value 0-360) which the pilot has set for the descent of the aircraft. This value is not necessarily the original course of the plane, but rather the direction headed on descent.

Site Details:

o o

Altitude: Enter the altitude of the object in feet. Wind Speed vs. Elevation: Click on the icon and the following window will appear:

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Starting from the highest elevation (in ft), enter known wind direction and speed (kts). Wind direction is a number 0-360. If a number greater than 360 is entered into the Wind direction field, it will be converted to a direction within the 390 range.

If the Wind Speed vs Elevation form is completed, the model will use this data in preference to hourly wind data from the Winds tab. The Winds tab will be disabled once this form is filled out, as the information provided here is more detailed than the data in the Winds tab.

If the Wind Speed vs Elevation window is not used, the Winds tab will provide wind data to the air model. The Winds tab in the aeronautical scenario functions exactly as it does in a Marine scenario.

The Currents tab is disabled in the aeronautical model.

The Parameters tab shows several options, some of which are disabled for the Aeronautical model. The Model Time Step (in the Model Parameters box) should be set to a short period (1 min) as the time it takes for an airborne object to descend is short.
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As with the Marine Scenario, the Review tab shows an overview of the timing of the scenario and the selected environmental data. In an aeronautical scenario, the only environmental data visible will be Winds. The Review tab also allows you to change the Land-Water Boundary by selecting the desired file from the drop-down list at the center of the window. The land-water boundary may be specified by polygons or polylines (BDM or SHP file), or by gridded data. Note that the modeled coastline may differ from the coastline displayed on the map, if the base map (see Selecting a Base Map) is different than the land-water boundary used in the simulation.

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MOVING THE ACCIDENT SITE

To change the location of the accident site choose Select Accident Site from the Model menu. Position the cursor on the map at the new accident location. Click on the map and the site icon will appear in the new location. To proceed with running a model, go to Model Run SAR Model.

ADDING ACCIDENT SITE

It is possible to have two accident sites in one scenario and track multiple objects at once. Go to Model Add Accident Site. With the accident site cursor, click the map on the location of the second accident site. The Accident Site Information window will open. Each field in this form is able to be edited. Use the Delete Site button to delete the new accident site. There is currently a two accident limit per scenario.

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To proceed with running a model go to Model Run SARModel. Both sites will be listed in the Site List of the Multiple Accident Sites. If editing a site is necessary, double click the accident site to call up the Accident Site Information form.

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In the Object tab, toggle between accident sites in the top dropdown menu. Select the object(s) for each accident site. Each site may have its own object(s).

RUNNING THE MODEL WITH TRACK LINE LKP

SARMAP scenarios can use a track line instead of a point to define the last known position of the SAR target. To run the model using a track line, choose Add Trackline from the Model menu. Cross-hairs will appear on the map; click once to define the beginning of the track line and once to define its end. Multiple track lines may be entered representing different legs of the path.

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After clicking the two points of a track line segment, the Line Source Parameters window will appear. Use this form to set the departure time, speed of the SAR target, and the errors associated with the estimates of the start and end line coordinates.

The coordinates of the start and end positions based on the mouse clicks are shown on this form. Two methods are available for editing the coordinates: 1. Double click on the coordinates to access the Geo Point Editor and enter the desired coordinates.

2. Click the button to the left of the coordinates to access the GIS Locator and set the location relative to that of an existing GIS object. Select the GIS layer and object; the ob
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coordinates are shown in bold blue type at the bottom of the form. Enter a distance and direction the bold blue coordinates change to represent the relative location. On the GIS o Locator shown, the blue coordinates represent a point 5.0 nautical miles east (90 Dive Shop. Click OK to set the track line point to these coordinates; click Cancel to leave the coordinates unchanged.

The travel distance, bearing and arrival times are automatically calculated, and displayed at the bottom of the form.

Continue creating track line segments until the last known position has been fully defined. The departure time of subsequent line segments is initialized as the arrival time of the previously entered segment, and can be edited if desired. The start position of subsequent line segments is not automatically set to the end position of the previous segment, and must be edited if necessary.

Once the track line(s) has been defined, the model can be run as described above (see SAR Form). Only the Monte Carlo computation method is available. (Note: the mouse cursor remains

COMPUTATIONAL METHODS

Model output in SARMAP depends on the type of computational solution selected for the simulation: the IAMSAR or Monte Carlo method. The IAMSAR solution determines the most likely position based on the trajectory of three particles traveling left, right and straight downwind. An error estimate, increasing with time, is computed for each particle, and a box that circumscribes the error radius around each particle defines the most probable location of the missing object after a given time period. The Monte Carlo solution determines a probability grid based on the trajectory of a large number of representative particles, each moving with some randomness. The grid divides the area into colored sectors based on the probability of containment. A legend shows the probabilities associated with each color. The probability values can be displayed in each sector of the grid and the grid can be smoothed (see Model Display Settings).

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IAMSAR Output

Monte Carlo Output

VIEWING SARMAP SIMULATION RESULTS

After the model is complete, use the tools on the Time Slider Toolbar at the bottom of the map window to view the results. The Time Slider Toolbar is used to control the animation of SAR predictions and the corresponding environmental data. It is organized with a time line on the top representing the period of the simulation, and time controls/display below. The slider on the time line can be dragged using the mouse to any position on the time line to display model output at that time.

The Interval field on the toolbar shows the time interval of the ticks on the time line. It can be adjusted by double clicking in the field and entering a new time interval. The interval is initially set to the output interval of the simulation. Other display intervals can be specified; however, (i.e., data cannot be updated more frequently than it was saved).

The time field shows the current date and time of the display. As the animation progresses, the date and time are updated accordingly. Double clicking in this field
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brings up the Calendar window. Change the date/time in this window to select a specific time to be displayed on the map window.

Buttons to the right of the time field control the animation sequence. Rewind the animation to the start of the simulation (first step). This will erase the trajectory display from the map. Step through the animation in reverse, one time step at a time.

Play the animation in reverse. Stop the animation. Play the animation. Step through the animation, one time step at a time.
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Go to the end of the animation.

The Settings button on the toolbar brings up a window on which to specify characteristics of the animation and which data to display. The speed at which the animation refreshes can be set individually for forward and backward displays. The default is the fastest setting. The start and/or end times displayed on the Time Slider can be changed. Click in the time field to bring up the Calendar window on which to specify the desired time. The data to be animated on the map window can be selected. Check the data to be displayed. In order to view winds or currents, the winds or currents layer must be checked ON in the Model Layers navigation pane (on the Model tab) to the left of the map window.

VIEWING MULTIPLE SCENARIOS

The output of multiple Search and Rescue scenarios can be viewed simultaneously. From the File menu, select Add Scenario. On the form, the active scenario is listed on the right. Select the scenario to be added to the map display from the list on the left, click the Add button, and the scenario is added to the view list on the right. (The active scenario is always included in the view list, although it is not always listed in the view list.) After selecting the desired scenario(s) for viewing, click OK.

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When viewing the map display, all selected scenarios are animated. This feature facilitates comparison of trajectory predictions based on different assumptions, such as different LKPs, solution methodologies, or environmental forcing. For example, results of IAMSAR and Monte Carlo solutions can be easily compared.

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The active scenario is the last scenario drawn at each animation interval, so it is the scenario on top. When comparing multiple scenarios, be aware that the output of some scenarios may be hidden under other scenarios depending on the order in which they are drawn.

To remove a scenario from the display, select Add Scenario from the File menu. Select the scenario to be removed from the view list on the right; the Add button changes to a Remove button. Click the Remove button and the scenario no longer appears on the animation. Note that the active scenario cannot be removed.

MODEL DISPLAY SETTINGS

To set the display options for SAR trajectory animations, either select the Model Display Settings option from the Model menu or right-click on the map window and select Model Display Settings. The SAR Display Settings window allows the user to customize the SAR output display. Options that are not available for the active scenario will be grayed out. Display Model Current in sync with SAR: This option is available only if the Create Auxiliary Currents File option (Parameters tab of the SAR model form) was selected before the simulation was run. If available, it will display the time-varying current vectors used in the simulation in the vicinity of the predicted trajectory. Display Incident Site: Displays the single point release site or the track line that specifies the LKP on the map. Display Time Label on Map: Puts the scenario name, date and time in the upper left corner of the map window. The date and time are updated to agree with the time displayed on the map.

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Display Area Status Window: Displays the search time, the area covered, the coordinates of the search box, and the center point of the search box. As the simulation is viewed, the values in this form change with each time step. This window is status report throughout the duration of the search.

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Display SRU Status Window: Displays a summary of information about SRUs in the scenario. If there are multiple SRUs deployed, each is listed in its own box within the SRU Status window. Use the scroll bars or resize the status window to see all the deployed SRUs. Run Model with Full Window: Displays the model output window while the simulation runs, instead of showing the model progress window. Display Particles: Displays the location of the individual particles used in the simulation to determine the m Legends tab. The size of the particles shown on the map can be changed in the Pixel Size field. Display Track Line: Shows the trajectory of the mean particle location over the duration of the simulation. If this option is active, track line can be annotated with the associated time using Show Time Label every X hours. Probability Grid: o The dimensions of the probability grid can be set according to the degree of resolution desired. The East-West and North-South dimensions do not need to be the same. Display Probability Grid: Select this option to display the grid. This option can also be accessed from the Model Information window of the Model tab. Display Probability Values in Grid: This option puts a numeric probability in each sector of the probability grid. The option can also be accessed from the Model Information window of the Model tab.

o o

Smooth Probabilities: Check this option ON to smooth the probability grid. Three degrees of smoothing are available: low, medium and high. The number of smoothing cycles and the smoothing alpha are automatically set depending on the degree of smoothing desired, but these values can be overridden. The number of smoothing cycles is the number of times the smoothing calculation is performed over the whole grid. The smoothing alpha (0-1) sets the degree of identity maintained by each sector in the smoothing process. (For values close to 1, neighboring sectors have very little effect; for values close to 0, a sector is overwhelmed by its neighbors.)

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No smoothing

Low smoothing

Medium smoothing

High smoothing

EXPORT TO SHAPEFILE/GOOGLE EARTH FILE

To export the results of a SAR Model, go to Model Export to Shapefile/Google Earth File . An .SHP or a .KML file of the simulation can be exported through this window. A box on the right shows all the time steps in the scenario. Select individual steps manually, or select from the Time Steps options box the interval of steps to be exported. By default, the file is exported to the Shape folder in the geographic location of the scenario. Click Browse to change the destination of the exported file.

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SARMAP includes a number of sophisticated tools to plan searches and lay out search patterns. The search planning tools are:

1. Search and Rescue Unit (SRU) database The SRU database stores the SRU home base, speed, and endurance. SARMAP makes an estimate of the time (based on a straight line calculation) it will take the SRU to reach a search area.

2. Search Areas An SRU is deployed to a search area. There are 3 types of search area: A model-calculated search area that drifts over time. An SRU can be assigned to this drifting area at a particular time so it is considered static, or over a sequence of times so the overall search area covers the drifting area as it expands over time. A user-defined rectangular search area. The rectangle can be rotated and resized, and subdivided into sub-areas. An SRU can be deployed to the rectangular search area or its sub-areas. A user-defined polygon search area. The polygon can be created to conform to a specific shape. This is often used near the coast to define a search area that does not overlap land. An SRU can be deployed to the polygon search area.

User-defined search areas may be specified without running the model, so search areas can be defined anywhere on the map, including on land.

All search areas become GIS objects once created, whether they originate as model-calculated or user-defined. They can be resized, rotated or re-positioned using the toolbar Edit Object and Move Object features. SPECIFY SEARCH AREA

MODEL-CALCULATED SEARCH
AREA

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DEPLOY SRU TO SEARCH AREA

3. Subsequent Searches Once an SRU is deployed, its deployment parameters can be modified, but it must be undeployed before it can be deployed again. A planned search can be saved as a completed search, allowing the SRU to be undeployed, and then redeployed to a new search area.

4. Reporting Once the search plan is complete, the user can automatically generate a Word or Ascii report that contains the search plan.

ADDING SEARCH AND RESCUE UNITS

There are three ways to add an SRU: open the SRUs collapsible menu box in the Model navigation pane, right-click in the white area and select Add New Fixed SRU, or select Add Fixed SRU from the Model menu, or open the Model Layers collapsible menu box in the Model navigation pane, select FixedSRUs as the active layer (highlighted), then select Add Object from the GIS menu.
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After the prompt to Click SRU Home Base on the Map appears, click on a location. Enter data describing the SRU on the FixedSRUs form that appears.

The latitude / longitude coordinates of the location that was just entered by mouse are given at the top and may be edited. Name: the name of the SRU (for example, Helo1 or Boat1) Type: the type of rescue unit (helicopter, boat, etc.) Speed: the speed (knots) of the SRU Endurance: the length of time (hours) the SRU can be active before it needs to re-fuel

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Range: the distance (nautical miles) the SRU can cover before it needs to re-fuel To change the icon representing the SRU, click on the icon shown in the upper right. The Icon Selector window appears. Use it to set the size, color, and shape of the icon. Click OK when done. The new SRU will be displayed on the map and added to the SRUs menu in the Model navigation pane. Next to its name in the SRUs menu is the distance or time (in parentheses) from the SRU to the center of the search area. Right-click in the SRUs menu box and select Sort Option to select whether to display distance or time from the home base to the search area, and to sort the SRUs accordingly.

DEPLOYING SEARCH AND RESCUE UNITS

To deploy an SRU to search a model-predicted search area, animate the trajectory display until the time the search is to begin. To deploy an SRU to a user-defined search area, first create the search area. To deploy an SRU and set its search pattern, either Right click on the SRU name or icon in the SRUs menu in the Model navigation pane and select Deploy SRU, or Double click the SRU name or icon in the SRUs menu in the Model navigation pane. This will access the SRU deployment form for the selected SRU. SRUs that are deployed are highlighted in the SRUs menu in the Model navigation pane. The deployment form contains parameters defining the SRU and the search. The title of the form is the name of the deployed SRU. There are four tabs in this form: Search, Endurance, Search Pattern, and Search Area.

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Search Tab: Select Marine search or Land search. Search Unit: The type of search unit is automatically selected based on the data entered in the SRU properties. If needed, change the SRU type to one of the options in the drop-down list. Based on the type of Search Unit, select the o o o o Vessel Type: select the closest approximation to the vessel size. Search Object: Select the closest approximation to the missing object. Met. Visibility: Select the closest approximation to the actual visibility. Weather: Select the appropriate wind/wave conditions.

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o o

Altitude: For aircraft, select the closest approximation to the actual altitude while searching. Include Fatigue Factor: Check this option if the rescue crew has an above average fatigue level. This will reduce the corrected sweep width by an additional 10%. Search Speed: Enter the speed, in knots, of the search unit. Suggested Sweep Width: Sweep width is a measure of the ability to detect a search object. Suggested Sweep Width adjusts to account for environmental conditions (visibility, sea state) and operator fatigue. It is provided as a guide for setting the track spacing.

o o

For a Land Search, select the Search Unit, the Search Object, Met. Visibility, and Terrain Type. If the Search Unit is an aircraft, select an Altitude and Search Speed as well.

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Endurance Tab:

earch area. It defaults to the speed (kts) specified in the SRU properties, and may be changed.
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SRU Search Speed: This is the speed (kts) of the SRU while the search is in progress. It defaults to the transit speed, but may be changed. Distance to Search Area: This value is calculated as the distance (nm) from the SRU home base to the center of the search area at the search start time, and may be changed. Distance from Search Area: This value is the distance (nm) the SRU travels from the search area to return to base (not necessarily the home base). It defaults to the same value as the Distance to Search Area, and may be changed. SRU Total Endurance: This value represents the length of time the SRU can be active before it needs to re-fuel. It defaults to the SRU properties, and may be changed. Effective On-Scene Endurance (85%): This value is calculated based on the four parameters described above and represents the time available for the SRU to search. If the Lock option is checked, the endurance time can be set manually and is not affected by the values above. Search Pattern Tab:

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Track Spacing: For parallel, creeping line, and expanding square search patterns, set the track spacing (nm) to be used. A track spacing that is less than or equal to one-half the Suggested Sweep Width results in a POD of 100%. Check the Manually Set Leg Length box to enter the Leg Length and Angle of Leg Axis. Leg Length: For Parallel, Creeping Line and Sector searches, this specifies the length (nm) of an individual leg within the search area. Angle: This is the rotation angle (degrees) of the search pattern, and it defaults to the angle of the search area at the search start time. For a Monte Carlo solution the angle is always 0 (360) signifying no rotation. For an IAMSAR solution the angle of the search area can change between output time steps due to changes in winds and currents. However the rotation angle of the search pattern remains constant at its initial value. This value is provided for information purposes and cannot be changed here. To change the angle, rotate the search area with the GIS tools.
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Search Pattern: Select the type of search pattern to be employed. o The Parallel Search pattern is normally used when the uncertainty in the object's location is large, requiring a large area to be searched with a uniform coverage. It is most effective when used over water or reasonably flat terrain. A parallel sweep search pattern covers a rectangular area. To perform a parallel search pattern, the search facility proceeds to the commence search point in one corner of its assigned sub-area. The search legs are parallel to the long sides of the rectangle. Successive legs are maintained parallel to each other and one track spacing apart. (IAMSAR manual, Vol. 2, Section 5.5.8) The search is centered on the search area. Set the corner of the rectangle in which the search begins. The Creeping Line search pattern is essentially the same as a parallel sweep search except that the search legs are parallel to the short sides of the rectangle instead of the long sides. Because the creeping line search pattern requires many more turns to cover the same area, it is usually not as efficient as the parallel line search pattern unless used by an aircraft working in co-ordination with a vessel. (IAMSAR manual, Vol. 2, Section 5.5.11) The search is centered on the search area. Set the corner of the rectangle in which the search begins. The Expanding Square search pattern is effective when the location of the search object is known within relatively close limits. The commence search point for this pattern is always the datum position (or center of the search area). The pattern then expands outward in concentric squares, providing nearly uniform coverage of the area around the datum. (IAMSAR manual, Vol. 2, Section 5.5.4) The Sector Search pattern is intended to search a circular area centered on a datum. It consists of three triangular sectors, each composed of three legs intersecting at the center. It is most effective when the datum position is fairly well known and the search area is small. Because the track spacing is very close near the center (datum), it ensures a high probability of detection in the area where the target is most likely to be. (IAMSAR manual, Vol. 2, Section 5.5.1) Start Corner: For the Parallel and Creeping Line searches, specify the corner of the rectangular area in which the search will begin. The starting location is designated by a small open circle. The locations defined below are relative to a rectangle with no rotation. A B lower left upper left
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C D Search Area Tab:

upper right lower right

Select the area to be searched from the drop-down list of available areas. The list defaults to the Current Model Search Area (i.e., the search area defined by the active scenario), and includes any user-defined search areas. Several options are provided to refine the search area: o Limit Pattern to Search Area: Check this option to keep the search pattern within outside the bounds. Note that the search pattern may not cover the entire search area i In this case the search pattern is centered in the search area.

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Do not allow Pattern over land: Check this option to clip the search pattern when the track line reaches land. This option is useful for modifying search patterns near shore when the calculated search area overlaps land. Note that this option does not increase the extent of the area searched over water to utilize the time not spent over land. Display Turning Point Labels: Check this option to label each vertex of the search pattern, starting with 0 at the start of the search. These labels may be used for search coordination. Estimated Search Start / End: These fields specify the timing of the search. The drop-down list displays all the model output times saved for the active scenario. The default time is the time of the map animation on the Time Slider Toolbar when the SRU is deployed. Select the time the search is to begin in the Start field. For custom search areas, only a Start field is available. For model search areas, the End time is specified as well. If the End time is the same as the Start time, the search pattern is based on the size and location of the search area at the Start time. If the End time is later than the Start time, the search pattern is calculated to span the search areas determined for all times from the Start through the End (i.e., a moving search area). For a moving search area, a bounding box is placed around all the individual search areas. The search pattern is determined to cover the entire bounding box. Therefore, the search pattern will span a larger area than that covered by the cumulative individual search areas. The magnitude of the difference depends on the change in size and orientation of the individual search areas.

Drag SRU Area on Map: Once the search area/pattern has been defined (click Apply), click this button to drag the search area to a new position on the map. The to a new location. Click Apply to recalculate the POD-POC-POS based on the new position. You may need to drag the deployment form to a new position in order to see the search area/pattern you wish to move. Take care to select the correct search area.

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POD-POC-POS: The goal of deploying an SRU is to maximize the Probability of Success (POS). Achieving a maximum POS indicates that search efforts are optimally allocated. The POS is the product of the Probability of Detection (POD) and the Probability of Containment (POC). The POC is the probability that the search object is contained within the search area. It can be maximized by adjusting the parameters (track spacing, on-scene endurance) of the search pattern so that it fills the probable location of the search object. The POD measures the predicted performance of an SRU during a search. The POD is calculated directly from the corrected sweep width and the track spacing through a regression curve derived from the IAMSAR manual (IAMSAR manual, Volume 2, Appendix N). The POD, POC and POS are calculated and displayed in the POD-POC-POS frame of the SRU deployment form. The POD (and POS) are updated in response to changes in the detection factors described below. The POC (and POS) are updated when the Apply button is clicked after changing search pattern parameters. o POD-POC-POS: These values are calculated based on the SRU deployment and are provided to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed search plan. Values for POD are updated in response to values entered in the fields in this section. Values for POC are updated in response to the selected search plan (endurance, area covered, etc.). The POS is the product of the POD and the POC.

Click Apply to deploy the SRU, draw the search pattern on the map and update the POS based on the specified search. If desired, change any values on the form and re-click Apply to view the effect of the changes. Click Close to exit the deployment form without saving changes (any changes already saved by clicking Apply must be manually undone). If the

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SRU is deployed this window will show an Undeploy SRU button. The Create Report button generates a report in either an ASCII file or a Word doc. See Reporting Search Plans for details. To view the search as it progresses over time, animate the model predictions using the Time Slider Toolbar. The applied search pattern(s) are displayed on the map. When the animation pattern completed by that time step.

The sequence of maps below shows the animation of the search pattern for model output at 20minute intervals. Note that initially (when the search begins) the search pattern and the modelpredicted search area are aligned. By the end of the search, the model-predicted search area is noticeably different than the area covered by the search pattern.

Initially at time of deployment: search has not begun.

20 minutes later: search is underway.

40 minutes later: search is farther along.

100 minutes later: search is completed.

MODIFYING SEARCH AREAS

The SAR model predicts a search area that changes with time based on the type of search object(s) and environmental conditions. This search area represents the best estimate of the it may be desirable to modify the predicted area, deploy multiple SRUs to search sub-areas of the predicted area, or search additional areas. SARMAP provides these capabilities, as described below.

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Modifying the Predicted Search Area

The model-predicted search area may be resized, reshaped, rotated and/or moved. This allows the search to focus on a larger or smaller area than predicted. Note that if the search area is moved or resized outside the bounds of the model predicted search area, the POC shown on the SRU deployment form will be 0.

To edit the search area: 1. Display the model predictions at the time of interest using the Time Slider Toolbar. 2. Deploy an SRU. On the SRU deployment form, select the Search Area to be the Current Model Search Area. The search parameters are not important at this point. Click Apply. (This step turns the search area into a GIS object of the SRU and the deployment time.) 3. On the Model Layers navigation pane, make Search Areas the active layer.

4. On the main toolbar select Edit Object,

, then click on the search area. The is displayed along one side.

vertices are marked with squares and a rotation symbol The mouse cursor changes to edit mode.

5. To rotate the search area, drag the rotation symbol to a new orientation. To resize the search area, drag one of the vertices until the desired shape is achieved. 6. To save the modified search area, double click on the map, or right click the mouse. You will be asked to verify that you want to save your changes. The search pattern from step 2 is fit to the new search area. 7. To modify the search pattern, Re-deploy the SRU and change the desired settings. On the SRU deployment form, the Search Area field should show the modified search area (SRU name and deployment time). Once a search area has been modified, it becomes an object in the GIS layer Search Areas. It can subsequently be further modified without repeating steps 1 and 2 above.

To move a search area to a different location, follow steps 1 and 2 above if the search area is not already a GIS object.
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1. On the Model Layers navigation pane, make Search Areas the active layer. 2. On the main toolbar select Move Object, then position the mouse over the search area and drag it to its new location.

Subdividing a Rectangular Search Area

Any rectangular search area (whether model-predicted or user-defined) can be subdivided into equally sized sub-areas. Subdividing a search area allows different SRUs to be deployed to the different areas, thereby eliminating redundancy in the search planning.

To subdivide a rectangular search area: 1. On the Model Layers navigation pane, make Search Areas the active layer.

2. Using the Info button from the main toolbar, , Click on the rectangular search area to be subdivided. If a model-predicted search area has not been converted to a GIS object, follow steps 1 and 2 under Modifying the Predicted Search Area.

3. On the GIS object edit form, go to the Geo tab. In the Sub-Divide section, select the number of rows and columns to divide the search area into, and click the Sub Divide button. Note that rows and columns are based on an area with 0 rotation. If the search area is rotated, the rows and columns may be swapped from what you expect. Exit the GIS object edit form.
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4. A new GIS object is created for each sub-divided area created. The GIS objects are given the name of the search area followed by a row-column designation. (Search areas based on model predictions are given the name of the SRU that was deployed to the area to create the GIS object.) For example a search area named Quick Search that is divided into 2 rows and 1 column creates GIS objects named Quick Search-11 and Quick Search-21. 5. A separate search pattern can be generated for each subdivided area. Deploy the SRU and select the desired subdivided area from the drop-down list in the Search Area field.

Creating User Defined Search Areas

Search areas can be created that are not tied to model predictions. This allows search patterns to be generated for other areas that may be based on different information or to generate a custom area that closely follows a shoreline or other feature. To create a user defined search area, select Add User Defined Search Area from the Model menu. Three options are available: Add Rectangle. The cursor changes to a cross hair. Move the cross hair to one corner of the rectangle and drag the cursor to the other corner to specify the rectangle. On the Search Areas form that appears, enter a name for the search area. The search area can be edited and SRUs can be deployed to it, as described above. Add Polygon. The cursor changes to a cross hair. Move the cross hair to a point on the polygon and click. Continue moving the cross hair and clicking to define all the points of the polygon. Double click to stop entering points. On the Search Areas form that appears, enter a name for the search area. The search area can be edited and SRUs can be deployed to it. Manual Entry. The Manual SAR Area form appears for manual data entry. Enter a name for the search area, and then select Add Point to enter each point defining the search area. Add Point brings up the Geo Point Editor form on which to enter the latitude and longitude coordinates of the
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points defining the search area. As each point is entered, it is listed on the Manual SAR Area form in the SAR Area Vertices field. Click OK to save the search area. The area can be edited and SRUs can be deployed to it.

SAVING SEARCH PLANS

Once a search pattern has been defined, it may be saved as a GIS object for future display. This feature allows multiple searches by the same SRU to be displayed on a common map. To save a search pattern, right click on the name of the deployed SRU in the SRUs navigation pane and select the option Save as Completed Search. The search pattern is saved in the Completed Patterns layer of the Model Layers navigation pane. The name of the SRU and the deployment time are saved with the search pattern. No other information, such as the PODPOC-POS, is saved. Edit the GIS search object to enter additional text information you may wish to save.

After a search pattern has been saved, the SRU can be redeployed for another search. It is not necessary to undeploy the SRU first.

REPORTING SEARCH PLANS

SARMAP includes the capability to automatically generate a report that summarizes the active SAR scenario and details the search patterns of the deployed SRUs. The report does not include completed searches that have been saved, once the SRU has been redeployed. The report can be created as either a simple text file or as a Microsoft Word document.

A report can be created in any of the following ways: From the File menu, select Create Microsoft Word Report or Create ASCII Text File Report
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On the SRUs navigation pane, right click on any SRU (it does not need to be deployed), select SRU Report, and then select Word Report or ASCII Report On the SRU deployment form, click the Create Report button at the bottom left corner of the form, then select Word Report or ASCII Report

The ASCII (text) report option creates a file named SRUreport.txt in the top-level SARMAP folder, and opens the file in Notepad. The Word report option creates an unnamed file (Document 1) in your My Documents folder, and opens the file in Word. To save the report with a scenario- or search-specific name or in a different location, use the File > Save As option in Notepad or Word.

Both types of report include: The scenario name, start time, and environmental data files used. Wind data at the center of the search area for the duration of the simulation The type of search object(s) and drift factors used to determine the trajectory The extent of the search area at the time the report was generated (based on the animation time shown on the map display) Information on all deployed SRUs: name, deployment time, speed, endurance, PODPOC-POS, search pattern type and vertices, etc.

The Word report offers additional features on the Export to Word Document form: The option to include the map display at the beginning of the report. Check the Include Map option ON and specify a figure caption to appear below the map. The option to edit the contents of the report before it is created. Click the Edit Report Content button to access the SAR Report Template. o The first column (Source) of the template lists all the data fields available for inclusion in the report.
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The second column (Display) lists the text that is displayed in the report to describe the associated Source data. Click on a field and enter new text to change the heading that will be included in the report. The third column (Visible) specifies whether the associated data is included in the report. Click on Yes/No in the column to switch between Yes and No.

Click on OK at the bottom of the template to save any changes and close the form. The option to specify the formatting of the report. In the Word Template field, enter the name of an existing template file (.DOT) to apply the defined format to the document. This allows the report to be customized by using a specific template such as a Fax

Click on OK to create the Word report.

In this chapter the steps required to create the environmental data files used by the models in SARMAP are described.

The models use several types of input data for a scenario.

1. A wind time series. The wind time series provides the model with wind data measured and/or forecast in the vicinity of the incident. The wind data consists of wind speed and direction for a period covering the simulation.

2. A current field (optional). Although the model will run without current data, including the currents will a . Current data are entered on a grid similar to the land-water grid, but typically at coarser resolution.

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3. The land-water boundary. The land-water boundary can be defined by either a base map or a grid. Polyline and polygon base maps in BDM and SHP file formats are supported. Alternately a grid covering all or some part of the base map in the active location may be used to specify which areas are land and which are water. The grid should cover the LKP and the surrounding area of interest (objects that move outside the grid are not tracked).

4. The object characteristics. SARMAP contains a library defining the characteristics of multiple objects as they drift in water. Many types of watercraft are available, as well as a person in the water (PIW) or medical waste.

WINDS
The wind data required for a model simulation consists of a series of wind speeds and directions covering the time period being modeled. SARMAP contains a Wind Data Editor to facilitate the task of entering wind data.

Wind Data Editor

The Wind Data Editor contains tools to i direction can be manually entered. A time increment setting is available so that wind data do not need to be input at hourly intervals. To view the data in the wind file a listing of each wind speed and direction entered is provided, along with a stick plot showing.

The dart board is the quickest way to enter correspond to different wind speeds (in knots), The direction from which the wind is blowing is degrees) around the rings of the dart board.

wind data. The rings of the dart board increasing in speed away from the center. indicated by the clockwise angle (0 to 360 As you move the mouse around the dart

the text box above the dart board. Clicking the mouse on the dart board adds a wind record to the wind file.

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Wind data is assumed to follow the meteorological convention: the direction is the direction from which the wind is blowing. The stick plot which displays the wind data follows the oceanographic convention: the direction is the direction toward which the wind is blowing.

Entering Wind Data

The following steps describe the process of creating a new wind file.

1. Start the Wind Data Editor by selecting Enter/Edit Winds from the Data menu. 2. In the Wind Data Editor window, choose New File from the File menu. 3. Enter a name for the wind file and set the start date and time for the new file. Clicking in the box for the date/time entry brings up a calendar from which the date and time can be selected.

The default coordinates for the wind station will be the center of the map. However, wind stations are
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represented in a GIS layer (Wind Stations) and may be moved like any GIS object. If multiple winds will be used, it is important to enter the correct coordinates for each station.

4. Set the time Increment (in hours) at which data will be entered. At the lower right of the Wind Data Editor window is the Increment box with up/down arrows to increase/decrease the increment for new wind records. The time increment is the duration that each wind speed/direction entry will last. For example, a 6 means that each wind observation is valid for the next six hours. At any point while entering wind data, the time increment can be changed.

5. Enter wind speed and direction records by either clicking on the dart board, or selecting the Add Record button. This will allow manual entry of wind values. If the Add Record button is grayed out, ensure that you are at the end of the record if you wish to make it active.

To use the dart board, place the mouse on the dart board at the desired wind speed and direction, and click. Each click of the mouse on the dart board generates one entry in the time series. The wind data entry is added to the table to the left of the dart board and to the stick plot graph at the lower left of the Wind Data Editor window. The Add Record manual entry window allows the use of alternate units of wind data entry.

6. When all data have been entered, select Save File from the File menu to save the file. The table and the stick plot will clear.

7. Exit the Wind Data Editor by selecting Exit from the File menu.

Editing Wind Data

The following steps describe the process of changing an existing wind file. Existing wind data entries in the file can be changed and new wind records can be added to the end of the file.

1. Start the Wind Data Editor by selecting Enter/Edit Winds from the Data menu.
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2. Select Open File be edited. Click OK to continue.

File menu. Select the name of the wind file to

3. To change existing wind data entries:

Scroll through the wind record listing to the date and time for which wind data will be changed. Click on the data entry to be changed (it will be highlighted). To use the dart board to change the wind speed and direction, place the mouse on the dart board at the desired wind speed and direction, and click. The speed above the dart board.
To change data by typing the speed and direction, double-click on the entry to be edited or highlight the entry and select Edit Record.

4. To add more wind data to an existing wind record: Scroll to the end of the wind record listing. Add wind records by clicking on the dartboard or by using the Add Record button at the end of the data file.

5. When all changes have been made, select Save File from the File menu to save the file. The table and the stick plot will clear.

6. Exit the Wind Data Editor by selecting Close from the File menu.

Importing Wind Data

A wind data file can be created in the ASW format (see Appendix) using a text editor and imported into SARMAP for use in the models.
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To import an ASW wind file:

1. From the Data menu select Enter/Edit Winds.

2. Select Import External Wind File from the File menu of the Wind Data Editor.

3. Select the file to be imported.

Updating the Winds Layer

Each wind file created has coordinates so that it can be plotted in the GIS layer named Wind Files. If new wind files have been created, they can be added to the Wind Files layer by selecting Update Winds Layer from the Data menu.

CURRENTS
Current data are not required to run a simulation; the model will run without a current field. However, using current data will allow a more accurate representation of the movement. It is particularly important to include currents in the simulation in areas where currents are very strong or the wind is very light.

The optimal current input for a simulation is the output from a validated hydrodynamic model. Often such data are not available. SARMAP contains a current painting capability, which enables the user to input currents measured or estimated at discrete locations. These currents can then be spread over the area of interest to create a rough estimate of the current field. The current painting capability is designed as a temporary measure to pictorially represent general current features. It does not replace hydrodynamic model output, and can lead to the description of flow patterns which are clearly not mass conserving.

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Types of Currents
The SARMAP current painting utility allows two types of currents to be input:

stationary background currents tidal currents

Background currents are defined as steady currents which remain constant over time. Tidal currents are time-varying currents caused by the ebb and flood of the tide. They are assumed to be semi-diurnal (two high tides per day, M2) or diurnal (one high tide per day, K 1). Either or both types of currents can be stored in the currents grid. Each type of current is input and displayed separately, but their effect is cumulative in the model. Only one tidal constituent (M 2 or K1) may be sketched. Choose the dominant tidal frequency for the area and time of interest. Input from hydrodynamic models may contain multiple tidal components.

Viewing Current Data

The current vectors in any currents file can be displayed by checking the box next to the name of the current file in the Model Layers window. To display a current field, it must be specified as part of the active scenario. To change the selected current file for the active scenario, right-click on the current file name and select Change Current File. The Currents Scale will open in the Model Layers window.

To specify the current component to be viewed, select from the drop-down list of current components. Use the display buttons in the Time Toolbar to stop, step, or animate the current vectors in time. The time label will give the time in hours into the simulation. Some current file types may not able to display tidal components.

To change the scale of the vectors displayed, use the scale slider at the bottom of the Currents Scale menu box. Alternately, change the current speed on the form. The current vector on the form shows the size of a vector for the specified current speed. Scaling the vectors for display does not change the actual current values.

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To change the units in which the currents are displayed, click on the current units to cycle through the available options. The default setting depends on the Vector Units setting under the Display Settings option of the File menu.

Once the representative arrow is of the desired size, click on Apply to change the display scale of the currents on the base map. This does not change the value of the data, only its representation.

In the Layer Properties, options for displaying the currents can be set. The tidal components can be viewed, current speed can be displayed by colored vectors or speed contours, or the vectors can be filtered to provide a less cluttered look on the map.

Creating a Currents Grid

To create a current field, a currents grid must first be created to define water cells. The grid should cover the area of interest but does not need to be the same size or have the same resolution as the land-water grid. Objects which move beyond the currents grid will no longer be subject to the influence of currents, although as long as they remain within the land-water grid it will continue to be modeled.

The following sequence of steps is used to create a currents grid.

1. Select Create Hydrodynamic Grid from the Data menu.

2. While holding down the left mouse button, drag a box on the map defining the area to be covered by the grid.

3. Enter a name for the currents grid file and the number of grid cells in the X (east-west) and Y (north-south) directions, A maximum of 250 cells is allowed in each direction. A previously created grid (either land-water or currents) may be used to specify the window and number of cells. This is useful if you wish to make a grid that exactly matches the domain of an existing grid. To match your new grid to an existing grid select Use Dimensions of an Existing Grid and select from the list of available grids.
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4. Select the type of currents to be created. The No Tide option is used to enter a mean current (one that does not vary with time). To enter only a tidal current (either M 2 (semidiurnal) or K1 (diurnal)) check the Include Background Component box off. To enter both a tidal current and a mean background current, leave the box checked on.

6. Click OK to save the grid.

A currents grid will be created for the area selected. When the process is complete, you may automatically include this new current grid as part of your Active Scenario.

To display the currents grid that was just created, check the currents layer ON in the Model Layers window.

Examine your newly created grid closely to be sure the delineation of water cells is appropriate for entering currents. Note that, unlike the land-water grid, the currents grid does not contain
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subdivided cells along the shorelines. Make certain the grid is able to resolve such features as river mouths and narrow inlets as water cells. In such areas it is important that the grid contains cells which meet along at least one face (east-west or north-south). Water cannot move between cells which meet only at one diagonal corner. If the grid is not appropriate, remake it using a larger or smaller cell size or edit the grid to change the classification of individual cells, as explained in the next section.

Once the grid has been satisfactorily defined, the next step is to enter any available currents into the grid to represent the current field.

Editing a Current Grid

Any existing grid can be edited to change the designation of individual cells as land or water. Editing cannot be used to increase or decrease the area covered by the grid or the number of grid cells. To change either of these parameters requires creating a new grid.

To edit a current grid it must be specified as part of the active scenario and it must be displayed.

1. Select Edit Current Grid Cell from the Data menu or select the Grid Cell Edit Tool from the main toolbar.

2. Click in any cell of the grid to toggle its designation from water to land or from land to water. Continue to toggle grid cells until the grid has been adjusted to your satisfaction.

3. Once all editing is complete, select Save Scenario from the File menu. You will be prompted to save your changes to the grid. To view the grid, check that the currents layer is checked ON in the GIS Layers window.

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Adding/Editing Current Vectors

Currents are entered into the current grid as vectors, which are displayed as arrows whose length represents the speed of the current. The vectors point in the direction the current is moving.

To add current vectors to a current grid follow the steps below:

1. Select the type of current to be added (tidal or background). Display both the current component and grid to be turned on in the GIS layers window. The current grid itself does not have to be on, but this is often helpful when editing vectors. See Viewing Current Data for more details on displaying current vectors and current grids.

2. It is often helpful to zoom in on the current grid or some portion of the grid before entering current.

3. Go to Data Current Vector Add Current Vector Select Current Vector from the Data menu, then select Add Current Vector; or click on the Add Current Vector icon on the toolbar.

4. Tidal currents are specified at maximum flood. The tide is assumed to be rectilinear, i.e., ebb tide is the opposite of flood tide.

5. There are two methods of adding currents: Position the cross-hair cursor in any grid cell to anchor the current vector in that cell. Depress the mouse button and drag the cursor away from the anchor point to draw a vector defining the current speed and direction. The speed and direction (in degrees clockwise from North) of the vector are displayed at the bottom left of the map window. Release the mouse button to set the end of the vector when the desired speed and direction are displayed.

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Note that as you move the mouse over grid cells that contain vectors, the exact speed and direction of each vector is displayed in the status bar on the bottom of the screen. Right-click on any current grid cell to enter the current vector values exactly.

6. To edit an existing vector, click on the existing vector position and draw in a new vector. This will replace the previous vector.

7. Repeat step 5 to enter as much data as you have available. Optimally the data will establish the basic flow pattern.

When done, save your changes. Select Save Scenario from the File menu to save changes.

If the grid is only partially filled with currents and not suitable for use by the model, the final step is to fill the empty grid cells based on the vectors just entered.

Filling the Current Field

Two utilities are provided to fill the current field with the user-input current vectors. Each is accessible by going to Data Current Vector. The Spread option interpolates/extrapolates
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your input currents to empty cells; the Smooth option spatially smoothes the differences between the current vectors. Additionally, the Smooth operation constrains the flow so that no flow occurs across a closed boundary (i.e., land). Thus, after smoothing, a current grid cell with two closed boundaries will not have any associated current.

The Spread option should always be selected to fill empty cells. It should be done first. The Smooth option is generally done once to create a more uniform current field.

It is often helpful to display your input currents and the Spread/Smooth currents in different colors. Use Display Options in the File menu to change the vector colors.

To Spread current vectors over a grid: 1. Select Current Vector from the Data menu, and then select Spread Vectors. 2. The user-defined vectors will be used to interpolate/extrapolate current vectors into empty grid cells.

To Smooth current vectors in a grid: 1. Select Current Vector from the Data menu, and then select Smooth Vectors. 2. To smooth only the interpolated/extrapolated vectors and leave the user-defined vectors unchanged, select Only Interpolated Vectors . To smooth all the current vectors in the grid, select All Vectors.

When done, select Save Scenario from the File menu. The completed grid contains background and/or tidal currents saved in a file with a DIR extension. This file can now be used in a simulation.

Currents Display Options

To change the speed units, either:
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select Display Settings from the File menu, and select the desired units from the dropdown list to the right of Vector Units, or Click on the current units located on the Currents Display form .

To change the color or type of arrow used to display currents either Select Display Settings from the File menu, and click on the color box to the right of Current Vector Color or User Defined Vector Color to select the desired color. Select the type of arrow used in the display from the three options. Or Click on the arrow on the Current Scale form to toggle through available options for the type of arrow displayed. The color cannot be changed using this form.

Scaling Current Data

Once a current field has been entered, the magnitude of all the current vectors in the field can be increased or decreased by a constant scale factor.

To scale a current field it must be specified as part of the active scenario and the current component to be scaled must be selected in the Model Layers window.

From the Data menu select Current Vector and then Scale Vectors. In the Vector Scaling window, enter the scaling factor to be applied to all current vectors. For example, a factor of 1.20 will increase the magnitude of all current vectors in the selected current component by 20%. To decrease the magnitude of the vectors, enter a number less than 1.0.

LAND-WATER GRID
In order to run a simulation, you must have a land-water grid to define the shoreline features. The grid is a rectangular mesh of individual cells covering the area of interest. Each cell in the
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land-water grid is classified as either land or water. Along the shoreline each cell is further subdivided for increased resolution and each subdivided cell is classified as land or water. You specify the extent of the grid and the number/size of grid cells. The maximum grid size is 1000 by 1000 cells.

Displaying a Land-Water Grid

The name of the active land-water grid is displayed in the GIS Layers window. Use Edit Scenario in the File menu to change the selected land-water grid. Use Layer Properties (rightclick on layer) to change the grid display options.

Creating a Land-Water Grid

The land-water grid is created by the following sequence of steps:

1. Ensure that your base map is an ASA Map File (*.bdm), an ASA GIS Layer (*.gdw), or an ESRI shapefile (*.shp). SARMAP can distinguish between land and water using one of these formats only.

2. Select Create Land-Water Grid from the Data menu.

3. While holding down the left mouse button, drag a box on the map defining the area to be covered by the grid.

4. Enter a name for the grid file and the number of grid cells in the X (east-west) and Y (north-south) directions. There can be a maximum of 1000 grid cells in each direction; the minimum is 1 cell.

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5. A previously created grid (either land-water or currents) may be used to specify the window and number of cells. This is useful if you wish to make a grid that precisely matches the dimensions of an existing grid, yet increases, decreases or moves the area of interest. To match your new grid to an existing grid select Use Dimensions of an Existing Grid and select from the list of available grids.

6. Select the default depth for the new grid. These values may be edited later.

7. Select Fast Method or Slow Method for Grid Generation.

8. Click OK to save the grid.

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A land-water grid will automatically be created for the area selected. When the process is complete, choose whether or not to include this grid as part of the active scenario in the confirmation window:

Examine your newly created grid closely to be sure that the delineation of land and water is appropriate for your model simulation. The cell size should be small enough to resolve narrow inlets as water cells and flag small islands as land, if such features are important in the area of interest. If the grid is not appropriate, edit the grid to change the classification of individual cells, or remake the grid using a smaller cell size or a larger number of cells.

Editing a Land-Water Grid

Any existing grid can be edited to change the designation of individual cells as land or water.

Editing cannot be used to increase or decrease the area covered by the grid or the number of grid cells. To change either of these parameters requires creating a new grid.

1. With the grid visible, select Edit Land-Water Grid Cell from the Data menu or select the Grid Cell Edit tool on the toolbar.

2. Click on any cell of the grid to toggle its designation from water to land or from land to water. Continue to toggle grid cells until the grid has been adjusted to your satisfaction. Note that along shorelines each grid cell is actually composed of 16 smaller cells to increase resolution. Each of the smaller cells may be toggled between land and water in the same manner as the larger cells.
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3. Any full-size grid cell can be changed to a matrix of small cells if increased resolution is required. To change a grid cell from full-size to 16 small cells, hold the SHIFT key down while clicking on the cell to be changed. The reverse action cannot be taken, however; a grid cell of 16 small cells cannot be changed into a single large cell. However, all 16 cells can be specified as either land or water to achieve the same effect.

4. Once all editing is complete, select Save Scenario under the File menu. The Save Grid Changes window will open. Click Yes to save grid changes.

DELETING SCENARIO FILES

To delete unwanted files created by SARMAP, select Delete Scenario Files from the Tools menu to access the File Maintenance window. Select the type of file(s) to be deleted (scenario, wind, grid, or current) and all existing files of that type will be listed for the active geographic location. From the list of files, select those to be deleted. For scenarios being deleted, the associated wind file can be automatically deleted with the scenario by checking the Delete Associated Wind File(s) option. Note that multiple scenarios can use the same wind file, so exercise caution when using this option to avoid deleting wind files inadvertently.

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Click the Delete button after selecting the desired files. Files that have been deleted cannot be recovered.

SCENARIO COMPRESSION AND EXTRACTION TOOLS

Compression
To save a scenario in a ZIP file, select Scenario Compression/Zip Tool from the Tools menu to access the Scenario Compression form. This tool allows any SAR scenario to be compressed into a single ZIP file. It is useful for archiving scenarios and for transferring scenarios to other SARMAP users. The ZIP file includes all files required to recreate the scenario as well as model output if the simulation has been run. Wind files are automatically included in the ZIP file; grid and current files and the SRU database must be specifically requested.

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Type o Search and Rescue Scenarios: Select this option to compress a single scenario. A list of all existing scenarios in the active location will be displayed on the left. Select the scenario to be compressed. Entire Geographic Location: Select this option to compress all SAR scenarios in the active location.

Options (not available for Entire Geographic Location) o Include Grid Files: Check this option if a grid file was used to represent the land-water boundary and you wish to save it with the scenario. This option does not save a BDM or SHP file used to specify the land-water boundary. Include Current Files: Check this option to include the currents file used in the scenario.
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o o

Include SRU database: Check this option to include the database of SRUs used in the scenario. Delete Files After Compression: Check this option to delete all input and output files associated with the scenario.

Compress: At the bottom of the form, specify the location and name of the ZIP file to be created. The default location is the ZIP folder in the active location and the default name is the scenario name.

Extraction
To extract a scenario from a previously created ZIP file, select Scenario Uncompression/Extract Tool from the Tools menu. On the Scenario Extraction form, navigate to the location of the ZIP file (typically the ZIP folder in the active location). A list of available files is displayed in the window on the right. Select the desired file and click the Extract button.

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If grid or current files were saved with the scenario, they will be available for selection in the Options box. Check them on to extract them with the rest of the scenario data.

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Each SARMAP application is specific to a particular geographic location. All data, scenarios, and model output are stored within this location. The location consists of an area defined by its outermost longitude/latitude coordinates. The location is given a name and contains a base map depicting land and water. The name of the active location is displayed at the top of the map screen.

SARMAP can have any number of locations. To move between locations, select Geographic Location from the File menu. The available locations in the current directory are displayed. To select a location from a different directory, use the fields on the right side of the form to navigate to the LOC_DATA folder in the desired directory. Click on the desired location on the left side of the form to make it active, and then click on OK.

A geographic location can have multiple base maps. The base map displayed for the active geographic location can be changed by selecting Base Map from the File menu, then selecting the desired file for the new base map. Base maps can be either a vector map drawn from a set of longitude, latitude coordinates, or a raster image which has been registered to longitude, latitude coordinates.

CREATING NEW BASE MAPS

The base map in SARMAP displays the land and water features for the active geographic location. Base maps can be created from MapInfo (mif/mid) files or ESRI ArcView (.shp) files. Additionally, a number of Web Mapping Services (WMS) and ArcIMS Services can be used to render a base map.

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*Note: Using a WMS or ArcIMS base map to initialize a scenario or build a land-water grid is not recommended due to required shoreline definition.

Each geographic location can have multiple base maps, but only one base map is displayed at any time. The base map files can be stored on a local hard disk or network disk drive, or on CD-ROM.

Vector base maps consist of polygons depicting the land features within an area. When drawn in the map window, the land polygons are drawn in one color (e.g., green) on a background of a different color (e.g., blue). To create a new vector base map file, generate land polylines or polygons using geographic coordinates in one of the base map formats.

Raster base maps are bitmaps created by scanning a paper map into digital form. A raster base map captures all the features on the paper map and creates a fixed image of the map. Two raster base map formats (BSB Electronic Charts, and Resolution Mapping/Maptech) are commercially available on diskette for single charts or on CD-ROM for all charts within an entire region. These charts are available at most nautical supply stores.

SELECTING A BASE MAP

Change the base map displayed in the current geographic location by choosing Base Map from the File menu. In the Map Files dialog, select a file type by clicking the button next to one of the available types. Next, select the disk drive and directory where the file exists, and then highlight the file to be used. Click OK. The selected base map will be active in the current geographic location until a different file is selected.

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SELECTING ENC (S57) AS A BASE MAP

1. Right-click on the map, and select the Base Map menu option. 2. The following dialogue will appear:

3. 4. Select the S57 file(s) you want to display. 5. The ECDIS kernel will convert the S57 chart (*.000) to an ECDIS chart (*.7CB) and display it on the map.

ECDIS CHART UPDATE INSTRUCTIONS

1. Load an ECDIS (*.7CB) chart. 2. \usr\local\updates directory.

3. Right-click on the map, and choose the Base Map menu option. 4. The following dialogue will appear:

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5. 6. A message box will appear, telling you how many updates were available, and how many were successful. 7. \loc_data\LOCATION\Coast folder. This file contains the history of any updates you have made.

Keep in mind the following rules: The file set you are trying to update must have the *.7CB file already created. (For example, if your update file is called SG5SSNSA.001, then the SG5SSNSA.7CB file must exist in your Coast directory. See the above directions to create this file.) Updates must be made consecutively or concurrently. You must apply updates from the *.001 file before you apply the updates from the *.002 file. You can also put both files in \usr\local\updates directory and update the chart at one time.

SELECTING C-MAP CHARTS AS A BASE MAP

C-Map is an add-on software that displays high-detail nautical charts. If you have purchased CMap, you will be provided with an installation disk, a database DVD, a license file and a USB key. Once you have installed C-Map, you can activate the software from within SARMAP.

COPYING THE DATABASE

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1. Right-click on the map, and select the Base Map menu option. 2. C-Map

3. Click DB Admin. 4. Insert the CM-93/3 professional+ Global Chart Database DVD. 5. 6. Browse to C:\Program Files\c-map\databases. 7. Click Yes when asked to create folder. Copying the database map files may take several minutes.

ACTIVATING C-MAP
Once the database is copied, you will need the license file provided with your C-Map install. 1. Click License Admin.

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2. 3. Browse to the license file. 4. Click OK.

C-MAP CHART UPDATES

1. Right-click on the map, and select the Base Map menu option. 2. option. 3. Click the Chart Updates button. 4. Click the Get Updates button and the utility will download and register the latest chart updates over the internet from C-Map. C-Map

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SELECTING A WMS SERVICE AS A BASE MAP

A WMS (Web Map Service) map is a map created on a map server and accessed via the internet. There are a variety of freely available map servers that provide these maps that can be used in SARMAP. In general, these maps do not use a Mercator projection commonly used in marine applications so the maps may appear stretched at northern and southern latitudes. A list of map servers is provided with the SARMAP installation. 1. Right-click on the map, and select the Base Map menu option. 2. 3. Select the WMS service you would like to use and click Get Layers. 4. Check the desired layers and click OK.

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Example using the DEMIS Map Server

SELECTING AN ARCIMS SERVICE AS A BASE MAP

ESRI also provide a map service which is similar to a WMS map; a map created on a map server and accessed via the internet. There are a variety of ESRI map servers that are freely available and these maps that can be used in SARMAP. A list of ESRI map servers is provided with the SARMAP installation. 1. Right-click on the map, and select the Base Map menu option. 2. 3. Select an ArcIMS service and click Get Layers. 4. Check the desired layers and click OK.

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Example using ESRI World Map Service

NEW LOCATION
To create a new geographic location in SARMAP you must first create a new base map. There are two options for creating a new geographic location: Import data from an SARMAP CD-ROM containing digital coastline data. Import a new vector or raster base map.

Both of these options are available under the File > New Location menu.
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CREATING A NEW LOCATION FROM THE SARMAP CD-ROM

SARMAP may be supplied with CD-ROM databases. These databases generally contain vector-based coastline data from a variety of sources (i.e., Digital Chart of the World, World Vector Shoreline, Digital NOS charts). They may contain additional data such as place names, wind stations, depth data, and/or other environmental or geographic information.

The CD-ROM may be used to make a new location for SARMAP. To do so, place the CD in the CD-ROM drive. From the File menu, select New Location and then select World Database. A form will appear on which to specify the name for the new location, the geographic extent of the new location, and the type of data to be used to create the new shoreline.

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Enter a name for the new location, and select the source data type. Zoom in or pan to the desired region on the world map in the World Database window, then click on Create Location. A new location will be created from the database. The new location will automatically create a large grid for the region.

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CREATING A NEW LOCATION FROM AN EXTERNAL FILE

Creating a new location from an external file involves selecting a base map file of one of the available base map file types. (See the discussion under Base Maps in this chapter).

In the Location Import window, enter a name for the new location and then click on Browse to select the base map file to import. In the Map Files dialog, select a file type and select the disk drive and directory where the file exists, and then highlight the file to be used. Click OK. You will be returned to the Location Import dialog where you click Create Location. The selected base map will be used in the new geographic location.

DISPLAY SETTINGS
Several options are available to adjust the SARMAP map display. These options include the colors and measurement units used, and the map projection.

Many of the settings that affect the map display can be changed. Use the Display Settings option of the File menu, or right-click on the map window and select Map Display Settings.

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Viewing Options: Select the colors used for land, water, land outline, and the longitude/latitude grid. To change colors, click on the color box to bring up a color selection window.

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Specify whether the Land Outline Color and the Longitude/Latitude Grid Color are shown on the map. Check the box to the right of these fields to display them.

Check Display Distance Scale Window to show the distance scale on the map. Use the Distance Units option in the Units box to choose between kilometers (KM) and nautical miles (NM) for distance displays.

The distance scale can be adjusted by clicking on it and using the handles to stretch or shrink the box. The scale will change according to the size of the box. To move the distance scale box to a different spot on the map, place the cursor over an edge of the box to get a

Use the Save Zoom Windows to Disk option to be able to cycle through previous zoom windows using the Zoom In Previous and Zoom Out Previous options of the Zoom menu (see Chapter 4).

Choose Mercator or Geographic as a Projection type from the dropdown menu. Units: Specify the units used for longitude and latitude. Select the desired representation from a drop-down list. Available options are decimal degrees (DD.DD), degrees and decimal minutes (DD MM.MM), and degrees-minutes-seconds (DD MM SS).

Specify the units used for current vectors. Use the dropdown list to select from mm/s, cm/s, m/s, and knots.

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Specify the units for Distance on the map. kilometers or NM for nautical miles.

Use the dropdown list to select KM for

Vectors: Click on the color box next to Current Vector Color to choose a color from the color selection window.

The User Defined Vector Color is used for current vectors entered by the user using the Data menu > Current Vector > Add Current Vector option. To change colors, click on the color box to bring up a color menu.

Select the style of the current vectors by selecting Line Arrow, Thick Arrow (shadow), Thick Arrow (no shadow), Fixed Size Arrow, or Fixed Head.

MEASURING DISTANCES
To get the distance between two points, select the Distance Measure icon on the toolbar. Click on the point from which to measure distance. This sets one end of the measurement line. As the cursor moves on the map, the distance between the set point and the cu . Click the mouse again to start another line segment. The total cumulative distance of all the line segments, as well as the distance of the current line segment is displayed on the top tool bar. Double-click to terminate the distance line.

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The distance tool can also be used to determine the travel time to cover the length of distance by entering the speed.

PRINTING
A printing utility is available to print the map display to the active Windows printer or save it to a file. Select File > Print to access this option.

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Select the capture option: Whole screen to print the entire SARMAP window including toolbars. Map Window to print only the map display. Prints any floating keys positioned over map.

Select the output option: To print to the printer, the Print to File option should not be checked ON. To print to a file, the Print to File option should be checked ON. Specify a location and name for the file, using the Browse button. Select the format in which to save the data (Bitmap (*.bmp), JPEG (*.jpg), Windows Metafile (*.wmf), GIF (*.gif), PNG (*.png) or TIFF (*tif)). Printing to a file allows a map to be brought into other applications for annotation and for inclusion in reports.

Click the Setup button to set the printer to use and the number of copies. The form to enter this data is also available through File > Print Setup. Click the Print button to send the map to the printer or file.

CREATE AVI FILE

SARMAP can be used to create AVI files of trajectory simulations. AVI files are videos that show the trajectory of the object in the water.

To create one, select Create AVI File from the File menu once the simulation has finished running. The AVI Generation form displays the entire list of time steps for the model output. Check off those time steps to be included in the animation. The buttons on the right can be

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used to select the interval of steps to include in the AVI. Enter a file name for the AVI file. Press Browse to create a new path for this file.

AVI files can be viewed using media viewing tools such as Windows Media Player.

There are several options available under the Zoom menu for changing the map view. These options are used to change the scale of the map display (increase or decrease), and to shift the center of the map display. You can also use the mouse wheel to zoom in and out on the map.

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Create Zoom Window

To zoom in on an area of the map display: 1. Select Create Zoom Window from the Zoom menu - OR - click on the Create Zoom Window icon the SARMAP toolbar. on

2. Move the zoom pointer to one corner of the area to zoom into. 3. Hold down the mouse button and drag a box around the area to zoom into. 4. Release the mouse button, and the new zoom window will be created.

Optionally, when the mouse cursor changes to the zoom icon, click the mouse in the center of the area to be enlarged. The display will zoom in a pre-set amount with each click.

To zoom out around an area of the map display: 1. Click on the Zoom Out icon on the SARMAP toolbar. 2. Position the zoom pointer over the area to zoom out, and click. A larger view of the map will be displayed; the location where the mouse was clicked will be in the center of the map window.

Zoom In Previous
To return to a previous zoom window at a larger scale: 1. Select Zoom In Previous from the Zoom menu. 2. Each time you select Zoom In Previous, the zoom window previously created at a larger scale (smaller area covered) than the current window will be displayed.
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Zoom Out Previous

To return to a previous zoom window at a smaller scale: 1. Select Zoom Out Previous from the Zoom menu. 2. Each time you select Zoom Out Previous, the zoom window created at a smaller scale (larger area covered) than the current window will be displayed.

Unzoom All
To return to the original map scale, select Unzoom All from the Zoom menu.

Pan Map
To re-orient the zoom window: 2. Select Pan Map from the Zoom menu or click on the Pan Map icon on the SARMAP toolbar. 3. Position the mouse pointer on the map and drag the hand-shaped cursor to move the map display on the screen. For example, if an island appears at the lower left of the map display and you want to re-orient the display so the island is in the center, position the cursor on the island, drag it to the center of the display, and then release. The window will be redrawn at the same scale with the island in the center.

Saving Zoom Windows

It is possible to save the current set of zoom window views. This might be useful, for example, when you wish to print standard views of a location while still being able to zoom in and out of other parts of that location. This utility saves both the zoom views and the current map window size and shape.

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To save a set of views: 1. Select Save Current Zoom Windows from the Zoom menu 2. Give the file an appropriate name (it will be given a ZSV extension), and click on Save.

To recover a set of views 1. Select Open Previous Zoom Windows from the Zoom menu 2. Select the desired file (ZSV extension ) and click on Open.

Zoom to Layer
Right-click on a layer in the GIS Layers Window and select Zoom to Layer to zoom to the location of that particular layer.

UNDERSTANDING GIS OBJECTS AND LAYERS

SARMAP contains an embedded Geographic Information System (GIS). The GIS is a system for storing, retrieving, and displaying geographically referenced data. The primary use of the GIS is to complement the display of model predictions by showing the position of the object in the water in relation to sites and items of interest. With a few exceptions (see Incorporating Response Activities in Model Predictions in Chapter 7), GIS data have no influence on the simulation.

Any type of data with a specific geographic location can be stored as a GIS object. A GIS object can be one of four distinct types:

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A point is an object with a single location.

A line is an object stored with two locations defining its end points.

A polyline is a line with more than two points.

A polygon is a closed polyline. It may be filled with different color/pattern combinations and is used to represent map features having area.

Each object in the GIS database, as well as having a geographic position, may also have text, number, and/or picture information attached to it. This is called attribute data and is stored in Microsoft Access database tables.

GIS objects are grouped in layers, and layers are then grouped into a GIS database. The layers available for the current GIS database are listed in the GIS Layers window. Layers typically contain objects with similar characteristics, such as a layer of place names, or a layer of shellfish beds. A layer can contain all four types of objects. Any number of layers can be contained in a single GIS database. Additional GIS databases may be created to organize data, but only layers from a single geographic database may be displayed on the map at one time.

The Active Layer

Only one layer of the GIS can be active at a time. The active layer is the layer to which all data are added when new objects are entered into the GIS. The active layer also controls the availability of different editing functions.

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The active layer is designated with a yellow highlight in the GIS Layers window or the Model Layers navigation pane. To change the active layer, click once on the name of the layer that you would like to make active. The new active layer will be marked with the yellow highlight.

A listing of all objects in the active layer can be obtained by selecting Active Layer Table from the GIS menu. This displays an Access table showing each object and its stored attributes. This feature is available only for GIS data in ASA GIS Layer format.

Displaying GIS Layers

Not all layers in the GIS database need to be displayed at once. The GIS Layers window controls which layers are displayed on the map and which layer is the active layer. This window is opened by clicking the GIS tab in the left navigation pane. Use the window to toggle on and off the GIS layers to be shown on the map, and to set the active layer. When you have checked the layers that you wish to be displayed or turned off, the map will automatically redraw. There is also an icon on the toolbar to manually Redraw.

EDITING GIS LAYER CHARACTERISTICS

To set the display characteristics of objects by layer, select Layer Tools from the GIS menu, or double-click on the name of the layer that you wish to edit, or right-click and select Layer Properties. This brings up a form that allows you to specify: the layer whose characteristics are to be set, the icon style and size used to represent point objects. Click on the icon box to
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bring up the font/size menu. the line color, style and width used to represent line and polyline objects. Click on the line box to bring up the color menu. the color, pattern and style used to represent polygon objects. Click on the polygon box to bring up the color/pattern menu. whether or not labels are to be displayed with point objects, the layer attribute to use as a label, and the font characteristics of the labels.

This form is also used to Rename, Add, and Delete layers to the active GIS database (see Renaming, Adding and Deleting GIS Layers later in this chapter).

New layers can be created within the Layer Properties window by using the Layer menu > New Layer option. Existing layers can be attached or removed in the Layer menu as well.

Compact Layer will compact the database file containing the layer information and save this newer version.

ADDING GIS OBJECTS

Objects are added to GIS layers using the mouse to set the position of the objects. All objects are added to the active layer.

To add objects to the GIS: 1. In the GIS Layers Window, set the active layer by highlighting the desired layer. 2. Check that the active layer is checked on. Otherwise the objects entered will not be visible until the layer is turned on.

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3. Select Add Object from the GIS menu, then select the object type from the Add Object drop-down menu, or click on the appropriate icon on the toolbar. 4. To add: Points - Click the mouse cross-hair at the location for the point. The longitude/latitude position of the cross-hair is displayed at the bottom right of the screen. Lines - Click the mouse cross-hair at the location for the first point in the line, then move the cross-hair to position the end point of the line and click to place the end point. The longitude/latitude position of the cross-hair is displayed at the bottom right of the screen. Polylines - Click the mouse cross-hair at the location for the first point. The longitude/latitude position of the cross-hair is displayed at the bottom right of the screen. Then move the cross-hair to position the next point in the polyline and click. Repeat this for all vertices in the polyline. Double-click the left mouse button to end the polyline. The point set by this final click is not part of the polyline. Polygons - Click the mouse cross-hair at the location for the first point. The longitude/latitude position of the cross-hair is displayed at the bottom right of the screen. Then move the cross-hair to position the next point in the polygon and click the mouse button. Repeat this for all vertices in the polygon. Double-click the left mouse button to close the polygon. The point set by this final click is not part of the polygon. Circles Circles are special cases of polygons. Click the mouse crosshair at the center of the circle and while holding down the mouse button, drag the circle to the size desired. Rectangles Rectangles are special cases of polygons. Click the mouse crosshair on the corner of the rectangle and while holding down the mouse button, drag the rectangle to the desired size. 5. An attribute form will appear with the layer name in the header. Enter any desired information on the attribute form. If a link file field (discussed below) is available, attach text or graphic files to the object by clicking on the Link button at the bottom of the attribute form.

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Click OK to add the object to the GIS database active layer.

INTERROGATING GIS OBJECTS

Any object shown on the map can be interrogated to display its attributes. In the GIS Layers window, verify that the layer containing the objects to be interrogated is visible. Objects do not need to be in the active layer in order to be interrogated. If the mouse cursor is not an arrow (indicating interrogate mode), select the interrogate mode by clicking on the Info icon on the main toolbar. Click on the object to be interrogated. The Object Properties window will appear, containing an Attributes tab, a Geo(graphical) Data tab, and a Drawing tab.

The Attributes tab lists the attribute data associated with the object and any link files. To list the attribute data in Notepad format, click on the List button at the top of the window. To view any link files associated with the interrogated object, double-click on the field labeled Link File. This will display the link file.

The Geo tab provides the longitude and latitude position of point objects or the length or area of line or polygon objects.

The Drawing tab allows th

If interrogating multiple objects that occupy the same geographic location, the Next and Prev buttons of the Object Attributes window are used to move between them.

LINK FILES
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Link Files are external files such as text files or picture files that are attached to a map object. Multiple link files may be attached to each map object. When the map object is interrogated, the Link File(s) attached to the object may also be viewed.

Microsoft Access tables attached to GIS layers are used to store the names of the link files. The names of link files are stored in a standard text field in the Access table. The SARMAP GIS recognizes the first four letters of the text field (e.g., LinkFile) and classifies the field as a Link File field. Any text field whose name begins with the letters LINK LinkFile be classified as a Link File field.

If multiple link files are attached to one field, all of the names of these link files are stored in the text field. The length of this text field is set to the maximum (255 characters) so that as many link files as possible may be attached. If you add Link File fields to the Access table, you should ensure that these text fields are also set to 255 characters.

To attach a link file to a map object, see Editing the Attribute Data of GIS Objects later in this chapter.

To view attached link files, double-click on the object in the map window or on the link file field with the camera icon in the Object Attributes window. If there is more than one link file attached, select which link file to view.

SARMAP recognizes TXT, BMP, PCX, and AVI files automatically. Other file extensions will be viewed based on how they are associated in File Manager. You may associate file extensions with applications in File Manager or Windows Explorer, and SARMAP will use these relationships to view link files (i.e., if DOC files are associated with Microsoft Word, then SARMAP will open Microsoft Word to view a DOC link file).

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EDITING THE ATTRIBUTE DATA OF GIS OBJECTS

The attributes of any object shown on the map can be edited. In the GIS Layers Window, check that the layer containing the objects to be edited is checked on. The objects do not need to be in the active layer. If the mouse cursor is not an arrow (indicating interrogate mode), select the interrogate mode by clicking on the interrogate icon on the SARMAP toolbar.

Click on the object to be edited. To edit any of the attribute data, click on the Edit button at the top of the window. This will bring up the editing window containing all the attribute data. New data can be entered in any of the fields.

If link file fields are available, link files can be added or deleted. Click on the Link button to the right of the Link File field in the editing window. Alternately, double-click on the Link File field in the Object Attributes window where the Open File icon appears. This will bring up a window showing the files currently linked with the object and allowing two options: Add Link File and Remove Link File. To remove a link file, first highlight the file to be removed and then click the Remove Link File button.

e and latitude, open the Geo Data tab and enter the desired longitude and latitude coordinates for the point. Click on the Apply button to save the object at the new position. Alternatively, select Move by Mouse, and move the mouse cursor/box that appears to the new location and click. The object will appear at the new location when the screen is redrawn.

MOVING AND COPYING GIS OBJECTS

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Only objects on the active layer may be moved.

Any type of GIS object can be moved from one location to another. Lines, polylines, and polygons are moved with all their vertices stationary (i.e., their shape and orientation is unchanged).

To move an object:

1. Use the GIS Layers Window to make the layer in which the object is stored the active layer.

2. Select Move Object from the GIS menu, or click on the Move Object icon on the toolbar.

3. Position the mouse cross-hair over the object and drag the object to its new location while holding down the left mouse button. Release the mouse button to leave the object in the new location.

4. To Copy an object, hold down the SHIFT key while moving the object with the mouse.

You may also move point objects by interrogating them and selecting the Geo tab in the Object Attributes window. The Geo tab provides the longitude and latitude position of point objects and provides a Move by Mouse option for all object types.

pen the Geo tab and enter the desired longitude and latitude coordinates for the point. Click on the Apply button to save the object at the new position. For any object type, select Move by Mouse and the object will automatically be selected on the map and the cursor may be used to move the object to a new location.

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MOVING POLYLINE AND POLYGON VERTICES

The vertices of polyline and polygon objects can be moved individually to reshape an object.

To move the vertices of a polyline or polygon:

1. Use the GIS Layers Window to make the layer in which the object is stored the active layer.

2. Select Edit Vertices from the GIS menu, or click on the Edit Poly Vertices icon on the toolbar.

3. Position the mouse cross-hair over the polyline or polygon object. Click to select the object. The vertices will be highlighted.

4. Position the mouse cross-hair over the vertex to be moved and drag the vertex to its new location while holding down the mouse button. Release the mouse button to leave the vertex in the new location.

5. Repeat step 4 to move all desired vertices on the object.

6. Double-click the left mouse button to stop moving vertices. You will be asked whether you want to save your changes.

DELETING GIS OBJECTS

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To delete an object from the GIS database:

1. Use the GIS Layers Window to turn on the display of the layer the object is in. The layer does not have to be the active layer.

2. In Interrogate mode, click on the object to be deleted. This brings up the Object Attributes window.

3. Click on the Del button at the top of the Object Attributes window to delete the object. You will be asked to verify that you want to delete the object.

RENAMING, ADDING, AND DELETING GIS LAYERS

Layers can be added and deleted from the active GIS database. The names of existing layers can also be changed. These capabilities are accessed through the Layer Tools option of the GIS menu, which brings up the Layer Tools window.

To change the name of a layer:

1. Select the layer to be renamed from the list of layers on the right side of the Layer Tools Window. It will be highlighted and its name will appear in the box at the top of the window.

2. Enter the new name for the layer in the box at the top of the window.

3. Press ENTER or click on the OK button at the bottom of the window to save the new layer name.
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To add a new layer to the database:

1. Click on the New Layer button at the bottom right of the window or select Create New Layer from the GIS menu. This will bring up a window in which to enter the name of the

Click on Add Field to define the data name and type of the first field and continue to add as many fields as required. Alternatively, select Defaults to use the SARMAP default data fields. The default structure of this table is shown below:

Field Name Name Description Text 1 Text 2 Text 3 Text 4 Text 5 Text 6 LinkFile

Field Type Text[20] Text[20] Text[40] Text[40] Text[40] Text[40] Text[40] Text[40] Text[255]

Select OK to add the new layer to the end of the list of layers. The new layer will have the name you entered and will already be selected (highlighted).

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The position of the layer in the layer list can be changed. In the GIS Layers Window position the mouse cursor over the layer to be moved. Drag the layer name to the desired position in the list.

To remove a layer from the database:

1. Select the layer to be deleted from the list of layers on the right side of the Layer Tools window.

2. Click on the Remove Layer button at the bottom right of the window.

To add a layer from another database:

1.

If the file name of the layer to be attached is not known, verify it by selecting that layer in the Layer Tools window and selecting Layer Info. The file name will be given under Geo File.

2.

Open the new database to which the layer will be added by selecting GIS Database in the GIS menu.

3. Select Attach New Layer under the GIS menu, and choose ASA GIS layer. You will be able to choose the file you want to attach.

EDITING THE ATTRIBUTE TABLE STRUCTURE

Each GIS object has attribute information stored in a Microsoft Access table. This structure may be made up of text fields, number fields, Boolean fields, memo fields, or date fields. The
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table may have as many or as few fields as desired. The only requirement is that the table must contain one counter field that is indexed.

The attribute table structure of existing layers may be edited by opening the appropriate MDB file using MS Access. To get the name of the MDB file for a layer:

Select Layer Tools from the GIS menu, or double-click on the layer name in the GIS Layers window.

In the Layer Tools window, select the desired layer (if not already highlighted).

Click on the Layer Info button to access the Layer Information window.

The Database field in the Layer Information window gives the full path name of the MDB file for the layer.

For more information on Access Databases and Table structures, please consult the Microsoft Access documentation.

EDITING GIS OBJECT DRAWING FEATURES

Objects (points, lines, polygons) are all drawn by default with the drawing attributes of their layer. However, objects may also be interrogated individually and the drawing attributes changed individually.

Click on the object that you wish to edit. When the Attributes window appears, select the Drawing tab to change the drawing settings.

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APPLY TO ALL OBJECTS OF THIS TYPE

This button will change any object of the same drawing definition on this layer to a new definition. E.g. if you select an object with the boat icon on layer 1, you may change all objects that are the boat icon on layer 1 to a new object definition.

The user may change the following drawing features: Point Objects Icon Icon Size Label Justification

Having set the drawing characteristics of individual objects, you may reset them to the layer drawing characteristics by using the Layer Tools option in the GIS menu section. Click the Reset All Objects to Layer Properties button to reset any individually changed objects on this layer back to the Layer Settings.

Line/Polyline Objects Line Style Line Color

Polygon Objects Polygon Style Polygon Color

SELECT SETS
Select sets are groups of map objects you create so that certain operations can be performed on the entire group. Objects in a select set may be from different layers. Not all select set functions will work on objects in attached shape files. To interrogate several objects without selecting them individually, use the Select Set option of the GIS menu.

You may create a select set in a number of ways.

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Individually You may select objects individually by simply clicking on them while holding down the CTRL key.

By Rectangle You may select objects by drawing a rectangle on the screen and any objects inside that rectangle will be put into a select set.

By Region You may select objects by drawing a polygon on the screen and any objects inside that polygon will be put into a select set.

By Radius You may select objects by drawing a circle of particular radius on the screen and any objects inside that circle will be put into a select set.

By Query You may create a Select Set by performing a database query on the underlying Access table for each layer. Any objects shown on the screen that satisfy the query will be put into the select set.

The example to the right will select any objects in the Place (not case sensitive) anywhere in the Name field. You may perform queries that check for numeric values or string values.

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Click on List Possible Values to see a list of unique values in the selected field. This will give a list of all the possible values in that field for the whole layer. The actual select set will include only those objects visible on the screen.

If you use the Like operator for strings, you should note the following:

Lik

A Select Set Listing table is displayed. Each layer represented in the select set is displayed in a separate table, selected from the drop-down menu. Clicking on Settings in this window will bring up the Select Set Drawing Features window in which the drawing features of all the objects included in the select set may be modified. Clicking on Apply in this drawing features window will then apply the selected drawing features to all of the objects in the current select set.

Color Coding GIS Objects in a Layer

The Select Set by Query function may be used to color code layer objects according to numeric or text values in any field. This works for polyline or polygon objects, and, as for other queries, only works for those objects within the present zoom view on the screen. To apply this function, open the layer query window, select the layer and field name to be encoded, and click on List Possible Values. Then click on Color Code by Unique Value . After a brief interval, each polyline or polygon object in the layer with a unique value in the selected field will be given a different color.

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GIS DATABASES
Each geographic location in SARMAP can have multiple GIS databases to assist in organizing map data. Only one database can be active and displayed at any one time.

Adding Databases
To create a new GIS database, select New GIS Database from the GIS menu. In the GIS Database Name window, enter a name to identify the new database or use the default name. Click on OK to complete the creation of a new database.

a (objects). Data can be added to this layer and new layers can be added (see Displaying GIS Data and Adding and Deleting GIS Layers earlier in this chapter).

Changing Databases
To switch to another database, select GIS Database from the GIS menu. From the list of available GIS databases select a new active GIS database.

FIND A LOCATION
The Position/GIS Locator tool is available in the GIS m . A window appears, listing the existing GIS objects for each GIS layer.

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By selecting an object, its coordinates are shown and the object is highlighted in the map.

For polygon and other non-point objects, the center latitude/longitude location of the object is shown.

Using the Locator tool to add a new GIS Object

When locating a new GIS point object, the following window appears. By GIS locator tool is deployed, allowing the user to define the position in relation with other existing objects/layers.

Using the Locator tool to Define an Accident site

When defining a new scenario, the user is asked for an accident site. This may be done by clicking on the map or typing in the location.

Alternatively, the user can specify the new accident location by means of the GIS Locator available by clicking t Description Window.

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In the GIS locator window, the user can locate the last known position of accident site in relation to any other known objects available in the GIS layers.

The user defines the SAR position by entering the Distance (in NM) and Direction (360degrees from North) from the selected Object of Reference (here

The position is shown on the map interactively while editing the parameters in the Position Tool window.

ATTACHING EXTERNAL FILES TO GIS LAYERS

The SARMAP GIS can use certain external files as GIS layers. Attaching a file as a layer involves selecting the file and adding it to the layer list. ASA GIS Layers, ArcView Shape files, Microsoft Access / dBase Database Tables that have Longitude/Latitude information, and ArcView FLT Grid files, ASC ArcView Grid files, NetCDF files, Map Service and Geo Tiff files may be attached.

To attach a file, select Attach New Layer from the GIS menu. Select the file type that you wish to attach, and then select the file that you wish to attach. You may attach files that are stored on a network drive, or on another PC's hard disk if peer to peer networking is available, and in some instances (NetCDF files, Map Services), external files accessed via the Internet..

ASA GIS Files

Attaching GDW files is most commonly used to re-attach a layer that was previously removed from the layer list. This brings the layer back into the layer list.

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You may attach files that are stored under another location so that different locations may share common layers, or files that are on a network drive, or on another PC's hard disk if peer to peer networking is available.

ArcView Shape files

When Shape files are attached, no conversion or import is performed; SARMAP simply draws the shape file in its native format. Drawing attributes such as color and icon may be specified as for any other layer.

Microsoft Access and dBase Tables

SARMAP provides an easy way for point data stored in Microsoft Access (Version 2.0) or dBase IV tables to be displayed on a map. Any Access or dBase table containing numeric fields with longitude and latitude coordinates in decimal degrees can be attached as a GIS layer. For example, a table of marine petroleum terminals can be mapped if the table includes a longitude and latitude field.

Once the database table is attached, any edits made in the table or new records added via Access will be updated in the SARMAP GIS each time SARMAP is started. In addition, any editing or new records added within the SARMAP GIS will update the Access or dBase table.

Attaching an Access or dBase Table

To attach a Microsoft Access or dBase table, select Attach New Layer in the GIS menu. Select Access/dBase Database from the layer attachment options.

Select the database that holds the table you want to attach. For Access the database file extension is .mdb, for dBase the tables are in files with a .dbf extension. In addition, you must specify the fields that store the longitude and latitude information.

Click on the Attach button to make the attachment and create the new layer. This layer is said to be "geolinked". Geolinked means that any changes made in this layer within SARMAP are

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automatically reflected in the Access or dBase table. In addition, if GIS objects are added to this layer, records will also be added to the table that contains the objects.

ArcView FLT Grid Files

Gridded data created in ArcView Spatial Analyst may be attached in order to overlay spatially interpreted data such as habitat maps or shoreline types on the base map of the model location.

NetCDF Files
Gridded NetCDF data may be attached in order to overlay spatially interpreted data on the base map of the model location. Clicking on the Attach New Layer NetCDF File option will bring up the dialog below. Locate the NetCDF file on your local machine or enter the URL of an OPeNDAP server that will provide access to suitable data. The application will intelligently parse the data file and attempt to load the form with as many variables as it is able. The user can customize these choices before submission. Note: Time varying data that is not in synchronization with the time frame of the model run will adjust the Time Slider Tool accordingly to accommodate all sources.

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Map Services
Map Services that are hosted by third party providers may be accessed and loaded into the viewable window if they meet the appropriate parameters in geographic space (and in some instances temporal space). Clicking on the Attach New Layer Map Services option will bring up the dialog below. Identify the type of service you are interested in by clicking the appropriate item in the Map Sources box. Then choose, from the list provided, the service that you are interested in. Click Get Layers to query the service for available data layers. Subsequently elect the layers that you are interested in and click OK.

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GeoTiff Files
GeoTIFF files may be accessed and loaded into the viewable window if they meet the appropriate geographic parameters. Clicking on the Attach New Layer Geo Tiff option will bring a browse dialog to navigate to the desired Geo Tiff.

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The SARMAP Search and Rescue model (SARMAP) is based on the search planning methodology set forth in the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual (IAMSAR as corrected by the June 2000 errata and as supplemented by the US national Search and Rescue Plan of May 2000). It is intended for use in marine Scenarios.

The model determines the most probable location of the search object, also known as datum, and a search area around the datum. The position of the datum changes with time due to winds and currents acting on the object. The search area increases with time and is related to the drift of the datum.

TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
In the SARMAP user interface the search object is selected from a list of approximately fifty possible objects. Each search object has default values for determining the associated leeway speed and divergence, and these values may be changed by the user. There is also an option to input a second leeway speed factor. Depending on the values selected for the leeway speed factor and divergence, the model will run with 1, 2, 3, or 6 datum points.

In the simplest case of one datum point, a single leeway speed factor is specified and the divergence angle is zero. This solution will track a single datum which moves directly downwind.

If a single leeway speed factor is specified with a non-zero divergence angle, the solution will track three separate datums. One datum will move directly downwind while the other two datums will move to the left and right, respectively, of downwind at the divergence angle. The search area will then be computed to encompass all the datums.

When two separate leeway speed factors are specified, the model will compute a minimax solution. The two leeway speed factors should be selected to encompass the range of probable transport of the missing object. Thus one factor would represent the slowest the
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datum could be expected to travel, and the other factor the fastest. If the divergence angle is zero, the solution will track two datums moving directly downwind, one at the fast speed and one at the slow speed. With a non-zero divergence angle the solution is based on six datums. Three move at the fast speed, with one each to the left, right and straight downwind, while the other three move at the slow speed, again to the left, right and straight downwind. The search area is computed to encompass all the datums.

DATUM TRANSPORT
Transport is the vector sum of three forces acting on the datum: sea currents, wind currents and leeway. Each is described in more detail below.

Sea currents are due to the large-scale movement of ocean waters. The model uses spatially and temporally varying currents stored in data files and specified by the user. These files typically include tidal currents and/or mean background (over time scales of a season or more) currents.

Wind currents are wind-driven currents generated by winds acting on the water surface over a period of time. Wind currents are not important in nearshore areas, but should be calculated for water depths greater than 30 m and distances greater than 30 km from shore. The user selects whether or not to include wind currents as a forcing parameter. SARMAP calculates the wind current based on the wind history for the previous 48 hours. Using the average wind speed over 6 hour blocks, the resulting wind current is computed by applying time- and latitudedependent speed and direction corrections to the wind speed. The contributions from each 6 hour subperiod are added vectorially to give the local wind current. Tables of the speed and direction corrections are given in both the IAMSAR manual and its US supplement.

Leeway is the drift resulting from winds blowing against the exposed (above water) surfaces of the search object. The leeway is dependent on the type of search object. Objects with more exposed area above the water line are more strongly affected by leeway, while completely submerged objects are assumed to have no leeway. Leeway is specified as a fraction of the wind speed. The SARMAP interface includes the standard search objects listed in the IAMSAR manual. This list has been supplemented to include approximately fifty other search objects with their associated leeway factors (Allen and Plourde, 1999).
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In addition to traveling straight downwind, search objects may also be transported to the left or right of downwind. This divergence angle also varies with type of object and a default value is stored for each search object.

SEARCH AREA
The search area is calculated by first defining a search radius centered on each datum. The search radius includes the probable errors inher position. The total probable error, E, is defined as the sum of the drift error, DE, and the initial position error, X. The drift error is calculated as a fraction (typically 0.3) of the total drift. The initial position error depends on the navigation method used by the search object. Default values for the fix errors resulting from various means of navigation, including dead reckoning errors.

Once a search radius has been calculated for each datum, a rectangle circumscribing all the search radii is determined. This represents the total search area. The search area may also be increased by a safety factor specified by the user. Recommended safety factors increase with the number of searches done, from a value of 1.1 for the first search to a value of 2.3 for the fourth and successive searches.

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The International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual (IAMSAR), IMO, London/Montreal, Version 1.0, June 1999.

Errata for the IAMSAR Version 1.0, IMO, London/Montreal, June 2000.

The United States National Search and Rescue Supplement to the IAMSAR, National Search and Rescue Committee, Washington DC, May 2000.

Arthur A. Allen and Jeffery V. Plourde, Review of Leeway: Field Experiments and Implementation, United States Coast Guard, April 1999

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.ASW IMPORT WIND FILE FORMAT

line 1: line 2: line 3: line 4: line 5: line 6:

station latitude N or S station longitude E or W description of data year, month, day, hour wind record start

(decimal degrees) (is latitude North or South) (decimal degrees) (is longitude East or West) (optional, can be blank) (leave a space between each)

Real *4 Character *1 Real *4 Character *1 Character *80 Integer *2

line 7:

year, month, day, hour wind record ends

(leave a space between each)

Integer *2

line 8:

station height, units

(height at which measurements made in meters, and units of wind file, supports KNOTS & M/S)

Integer *2, character

line 9:

year, month, day, hour, direction, speed (Direction, 0o-360o, Speed in m/sec)

Integer *2

end A- 1

Example

53.4144134521484 N 5.50178252160549E-03 W DEMONST.WNE 96 3 9 7 96 3 11 15 10 KNOTS 96 3 9 7 22 15 96 3 9 8 22 15 96 3 9 9 68 15 96 3 9 10 68 15 96 3 9 11 112 15 96 3 9 12 112 15

TIE FORMAT FOR GIS DATA IMPORT/EXPORT

The TIE file is an ASCII format used for exporting and importing map information contained in SARMAP GIS layers. To import map data to a layer, assemble the data in an ASCII file using A- 2

the TIE format and import using the IMPORT/EXPORT FILES command found in the TOOLS menu.

Data definition for TIE file.

line no. content format comments

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 2 3 4

ID number name description POINT LINE POLYLINE POLYGON

(I*2) (c20) (c20)

unique identifier object name description data field object type " " "

color width height color width height color width height pcolor bcolor pattern

(3i3) (3i3) (3i3) (3i3)

if point object if line object if polyline object if polygon object

6 7 8 9 10 11

icon name (i.e. RECTANGLE) layer number attribute(1) attribute(2) attribute(3) attribute(4) (i*2) (c40) " " " values 1-50 (any text information attached to object)

A- 3

12 13 14 15 16

attribute(5) attribute(6) link file name real number number of vertices

" " (c40) (real*4) (i*2) PCX, GRF, TXT (any real number associated with object) (i.e., 1 for points 2 for lines, 1-x for polylines/polygons)

17

(2f14.6)

longitude, latitude Positive East & North Negative West & South

A- 4

PDW FILE FORMAT FOR WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION PROBABILITY

Purpose: Generalized wind speed/direction probability table format.

PURPOSE: Holds Speed and Direction Probabilities by month for an entire year. Data can be used to generate wind time series, or to run the models.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Probability data does not have to be entered for each month of the year, but the models will stop if data are not available for the month the simulation is running.

FILENAME : \SARMAP\LOC_DATA\{location}\WINDS\{station}.PDW, where {station} is either the CD ROM station ID or a user-entered station name

FILE_OPEN : open(nunit, file=probfile, status='old')

READ FORMAT: read(probfile,'(a)') id read(probfile,*) lonposition, latposition, sta_hgt read(probfile,'(a)') descript read(probfile,*) nspd, ndir, hrint read(probfile,*) (spdmx(i),i=1,nspd) do month = 1,12 read(probfile,*) imon do n=1,ndir read(probfile,*) (prob(ispd),ispd=1,nspd) A- 5

end do end do

VARIABLE DESCRIPTION:

Line 1 : id - station identifier Line 2 : longitude, latitude of station (in decimal degrees) (west longitude negative, south latitude negative) sta_hgt - height of wind measurement above ground surface (in meters) Line 3 : descript - data file description (can be blank) Line 4 : nspd - number of speed bins in probability matrix (maximum 11) ndir - number of direction bins in probability matrix (maximum 16) hrint - frequency of raw wind data observations used to create probability matrix (in hours), default to 1 hour if unknown Line 5 : spdmx - maximum speed of each speed bin (in m/s) Line 6 : imon - month of probability data (as a number; for example, January = 1). Monthly data must be entered sequentially (i.e., month 1,2...12). Lines 7->(7+ndir) : for each direction (on a separate line, starting with the north direction bin), enter the wind probability for nspd speed bins

VARIABLE DEFINITION: Line 1 : id - CHARACTER*7 Line 2 : lonposition, latpostion - REAL *4 sta_hgt - INTEGER*2 Line 3 : description - CHARACTER*80 Line 4 : nspd, ndir, hrint - INTEGER*2 Line 5 : spdmx - REAL*4 A- 6

Line 6 : imon - INTEGER*2 Lines 7->(7+ndir) : prob - REAL*4

------------------------------------------------------------------------{ A listing of an example data file as described above... Only January and February data are shown. Probability distribution described by 11 speed bins and 16 directions. The 'MONTH' which appears after months 1 and 2 (lines 6 and 23 of the file) is optional, and can be input to simplify reading the file.}

722221 -87.20000 30.46667 10 PENSACOLA FAA AP 11 16 1 US FL HOURLY 1980-1989

1.54 3.09 5.15 8.24 10.81 13.90 16.99 20.59 24.19 28.31 31.92 1 MONTH .40 5.50 6.80 5.20 .10 2.40 2.40 .20 2.90 2.20 .02 2.70 1.90 .50 .40 .40 .40 .00 .02 .02 .20 .10 .02 .20 .10 .02 .10 .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00

.00 2.20 3.20 1.80 .00 1.20 1.60 1.50 .10 .00 .02 .02 .20 .70 1.20 .40 1.20 .70 .70

.80 1.90 1.20 .70 .70 .40 .30 .50

.90 1.20

.10 1.30 1.10

A- 7

.02 1.90 1.80 1.00 .10 1.90 1.80 1.10 .20 2.40 2.10 2.20 .20 3.30 4.00 4.80 2 MONTH .20 4.40 7.30 4.30 .10 1.80 2.50 .02 1.60 2.50 .02 1.90 2.10 .60 .90 .40

.10 .10 .40 .20

.00 .00 .00 .00

.00 .00 .00 .00

.00 .00 .00 .00

.00 .00 .00 .00

.00 .00 .00 .00

.00 .00 .00 .00

.60 .00 .02 .00 .20 .50 .10 .00 .20 .00 .30 .20 .10 .30 .40 .20

.00 .00 .00 .00 .02 .00 .02 .00 .00 .10 .02 .00 .10 .10 .02 .02

.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00

.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00

.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00

.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00

.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00

.10 2.00 3.30 2.70 .10 1.10 2.90 1.80 .00 .60 1.50 1.10 .70

.00 1.10 1.20

.10 1.30 2.40 1.50 .00 .80 .70 .40 .80

.10 1.10 1.70

.02 1.70 1.70 1.20 .02 1.70 1.90 .10 .90 .80

.70 1.60

.20 1.70 2.00 1.70 .20 2.80 3.60 3.50

CURRENT LATITUDE, LONGITUDE, U, V, FILE FORMAT (.LLU)

A- 8

filename : \SARMAP\LOC_DATA\location\CURRENTS\???????.LLU

howToOpen : OPEN(,FORM='FORMATTED',ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL')

purpose : provides an intermediate ASCII based transfer file for multiple time step hydrodynamic data produced by a third party. Velocity locations are not organized in gridded fashion (as ??????.TGC) so each line needs longitude and latitude coordinate.

written by: external

general : Each file corresponds to a certain time step. -----------------------------------------------------First line : unit information xxx = conversion factor for U, V values to m/s

Second line: time info. yr, mo, day can be zero but must be typed yr mo day hour ! free format read (hour can be real*4)

Third line: first of data line, longitude latitude in decimal degrees. Longitude must be negative if in western hemisphere, latitude negative in southern hemisphere.

longitude latitude U V

****************** sample data ****************************** 1.00 = to meter/sec A- 9

0 0 0 1.00 = time -121.680020 48.141997 0.017881 0.000226 -121.820685 48.148991 0.017881 0.000226 -121.855850 48.150389 0.094032 -0.965583 -121.891015 48.151787 0.017881 -0.185502 -121.927783 48.153190 -0.020194 0.148821 -123.040303 48.230811 0.055957 -0.111210

CANADIAN CURRENT FILE FORMAT

Canadian current files are ASCII files with the extension .dat. They specify each of eight tidal current components, as well as background currents at each of an unlimited number of nodes, whose coordinates they also specify.

The form for a Canadian current file is the following:

first node: mean current: q1 current: o1 current: p1 current: k1 current: n2 current: m2 current: s2 current: k2 current:

[node number] [longitude at this site] [latitude at this site] E-W amplitude] [E-W phase lag degrees] [N-S amplitude] [N-S phase lag degrees] [E-W amplitude] [E-W phase lag degrees] [N-S amplitude] [N-S phase lag degrees] [E-W amplitude] [E-W phase lag degrees] [N-S amplitude] [N-S phase lag degrees] [E-W amplitude] [E-W phase lag degrees] [N-S amplitude] [N-S phase lag degrees] [E-W amplitude] [E-W phase lag degrees] [N-S amplitude] [N-S phase lag degrees] [E-W amplitude] [E-W phase lag degrees] [N-S amplitude] [N-S phase lag degrees] [E-W amplitude] [E-W phase lag degrees] [N-S amplitude] [N-S phase lag degrees] [E-W amplitude] [E-W phase lag degrees] [N-S amplitude] [N-S phase lag degrees] [E-W amplitude] [E-W phase lag degrees] [N-S amplitude] [N-S phase lag degrees]

A- 10

next node: mean current:

[node number] [longitude at this site] [latitude at this site] current definitions...

Eight tidal currents and mean background currents must be specified. When there is no current due to a certain tidal component, that line should be left zeros.

An example of a two-node Canadian current file is presented below:

1 -43.33240 47.44467 -0.00322 0.00000 0.00216 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 2.67000 0.00000 0.12920 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

0.00393 26.80000 0.00000 0.00000

0.00528 11.70000 0.00075 -31.50358 0.02427 22.74642 0.00583 -7.24658 0.00000 0.00000

0.00791 59.60000 0.00278 -61.05413 0.00834 -174.59113 0.00425 -176.19613 0.00000 0.00000

2 -43.31180 47.31782 -0.01847 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.13299 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

0.00859 360.00000 0.00000 0.00000

0.00783 37.60000 0.00000 0.00000

0.00777 355.00000 0.00050 -302.53694 0.02401 24.32206

0.00822 73.40000 0.00254 -70.55138 0.00749 -175.22138 A- 11

0.00649 -2.52894 0.00000 0.00000

0.00388 -178.52138 0.00000 0.00000

A- 12