NAME:

SIGNATURE:
STUDENT NO:

The University of New South Wales
School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications




FINAL EXAMINATION


June 2008



ELEC3115 - ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING


Time allowed: 3 hours


Answer FOUR questions only; Any TWO questions from Part A and any
TWO questions from Part B.

Answer each question in a separate answerbook. Write the question
number at the top of the front page of each answerbook.




- Questions carry marks as indicated within the questions.

- The Examinations Unit will provide the following:

Transmission Line (Smith) Chart, mm graph paper and approved electronic
calculator

- Candidates may bring only drawing instruments into the examination room.

- Answers must be written in ink. Except where they are expressly required, pencils
may only be used for drawing, sketching or graphical work.

- This question paper may NOT be retained by the candidate.

- See back page for some constants and formulae.
2/9
PART A

Answer any TWO questions from this part.


QUESTION 1 (15 marks)

A two-wire overhead power transmission line has two identical copper conductors
separated by air as the dielectric material, as indicated in Figure 1. Each conductor has a
circular cross-section of radius a = 2.5 mm and the separation between the conductors is D
= 7 mm.

a
a
d
i
d
i
d
D


Figure 1


Given: Relative permittivity of air, c
r
1


(i) Using Gausss law, derive an expression for the capacitance per meter of the two
conductors in terms of radius a of each conductor and their separation, D. Find
the capacitance C of the cable-pair per meter using the dimensions given above.

[5 marks]


(ii) What are the limitations, or possible errors, of applying Gausss law in this case
where the separation D is not large compared to the radius of the conductors?
Explain why the method of images could be used to find the capacitance
between the conductors with higher accuracy. To aid your explanation, sketch
the electric field distribution in and around the space between the conductors and
the charge distribution.

[3 marks]


Question 1 continues in the next page
3/9
(iii) Using the method of images, show that the image charges of the conductors are
displaced by:
2
i
a
d
d
= from their respective conductor centres in order to make
the conductor surfaces equi-potential. Here d is the separation of the image
charge of a conductor from the centre of the other conductor.

[3 marks]

(iv) Noting that d = D d
i
, use the method of images to derive an expression for
the capacitance C per meter between the two conductors in terms of the radius a
of each conductor and the separation D between the centres of the two
conductors. Hence find the capacitance of the cable-pair per meter using the
dimensions given. Compare the capacitance values found from the Method of
Images with the value found by using Gausss Law


[4 marks]

QUESTION 2 (15 marks)

A toroidal core, as indicated in figure 2(a), has a mean diameter D = 800 mm (at the dotted
circle), width w = 200 mm and height h = 200 mm. It has an air gap of length 2 mm cut in
it. The core material is silicon sheet steel whose magnetization characteristic is given in
figure 2(b). Assume that there is no fringing of flux around the air gap.

















Figure 2(a)


(i) Find the current I required in a coil of 2500 turns around the toroidal core to
produce a flux density B of 1.1 T in the air gap.

[4 marks]

(ii) Find the inductance of the coil for the current found in part (i).
[3 marks]

Question 2 continues in the next page
I
I
w
h
N

4/9
(iii) Find the energy stored in the air gap and in the steel core material for the coil
current of (i) using the formula:
2
m
v'
1 B
W dv'
2
=
}
Joules. What fractions of the
total energy stored in the magnetic field is in the air gap and in the iron core?

[4 marks]


(iv) Find the total stored energy using
2
m
1
W LI
2
= where L is the inductance of the
coil in Henry. Compare and comment on the values of W
m
found using this
equation with the W
m
found in (iii).

[4 marks]


Figure 2(b)
Please see over for Question 3
5/9
QUESTION 3 (15 marks)

A. What is meant by hysteresis and eddy-current losses in a magnetic core? How do these
relate to the frequency and maximum flux density in the core of a magnetic material?

[2 marks]

B. In order to find the hysteresis and eddy-current loss characteristics (coefficients) of a
laminated iron material, a ring specimen of the laminated iron, as indicated in figure 3,
is made with a cross section of 15 cm
2
. It is wound with a coil of 500 turns.




Figure 3

(i) Determine the RMS value of 50Hz sinusoidal input voltage that must be applied
to the coil so that the maximum flux density in the core of the ring specimen
becomes 1T.
[3 marks]

(ii) With this input voltage applied, the input power to the coil is measured to be
12W. Where is this power absorbed and in what form? You may neglect the I
2
R
(copper) loss in the conductor of the coil.
[3 marks]

(iii) The applied voltage to the coil is then changed to half of the value found in (i)
and its input frequency is also halved (i.e., to 25Hz). The input power is now
measured to be 5.5W. Find the hysteresis and eddy-current loss coefficients k
1

and k
2
.
[4 marks]

(iv) Obtain the hysteresis and eddy-current losses of the iron specimen at the voltage
and frequency of (i).
[3 marks]


Please see over for question 4.
6/9
PART B

Answer any TWO questions from this part.



QUESTION 4 (15 marks)

A 30 m long lossless transmission line with
o
Z 50O =
operating at 2 MHz is terminated
with a load
L
Z ( 60 j40 )O = +
. If the phase velocity is
0 6
p
v . c =
(c is the speed of light
=
8
3 10 m/sec) on the line find:

(a) The reflection coefficient I
L
at the load.
(b) The standing wave ratio S.
(c) The input impedance, Z
in
.
(d) The reflection coefficient I
in
at the input.


QUESTION 5 (15 marks)

An air filled 5cm2cm waveguide has
z j
z
e y 50 sin x 40 sin 20 E
|
t t

=
V/m at
15GHz.

(a) What mode is being propagated?
(b) Find phase constant .
(c) Determine E
y
/E
x
.




QUESTION 6 (15 marks)

The radiation intensity of a certain antenna is

s s s s
=
elsewhere
for
U
0
0 ; 0 sin sin 2
) , (
3
t | t u | u
| u


Determine

(a) The direction of maximum radiation.
(b) The directivity.

7/9
Formulae Sheet

Maxwell`s Equations in Integral Form (Time Domain):


}
c
Edl = -
}
s
dt
d
Bds ;
}
s
Dds =
}
v
dv


}
c
Hdl =
}
s
Jds +
}
s
dt
d
Dds ;
}
s
Bds = 0

Note that, boldface characters represent vector quantities and indicates scalar product.
Also note that for simple media: D = cE and B = H

Stokes` Theorem: Divergence Theorem:


}
c
Fdl =
}
s
(VxF)ds
}
s
Fds =
}
v
(VF) dv

Input Impedance of a Lossless TL of Characteristic Impedance Z
0
, length , and
terminated in a load impedance of Z
L
:

|
|
tan
tan
0
0
0
L
L
in
jZ Z
jZ Z
Z Z
+
+
= where t | / 2 =

Flux of a Vector Function F Intrinsic Impedance of a Lossless Medium:
Through a Surface S:

}
=
s
| Fds
c

q =

Boundary Conditions at Interface Between Perfect (Lossless) Dielectrics:

t t
E E
1 2
= ;
t t
H H
1 2
= ;
n n
D D
1 2
= ;
n n
B B
1 2
=

Some Constants That may be Useful: ) / ( 10
36
1
9
0
m F

=
t
c ; ) / ( 10 4
7
0
m H

= t

Snell`s Laws of Reflection & Refraction: (For non-magnetic media;
1
=
2
=
0
)

i r
u u sin sin = ;
i t
u
c
c
u sin sin
2
1
=

Wavenumber for a Lossless Medium: c e = k

Reluctance of a magnetic circuit:
l
S
9 = Inductance of a coil:
N
L
i i

= =
Transformer equation:
max c
V 4.44 fB NS =

8/9
Hysteresis Loss equation:
n
h 2 m
P k B f =

Eddy-current Loss equation:
2 2
e 1 m
P k B f =
Cut off wave number:
2 2
| = k k
c
,
2 2
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
=
b
n
a
m
k
c
t t
Phase velocity:
p
v
e
|
=

Parameter
mn
TE
Mode
mn
TM Mode
E
z
(x,y,z) 0
j z
mn
m x n y
B sin sin e
a b
|
t t

| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

H
z
(x,y,z)
j z
mn
m x n y
A cos cos e
a b
|
t t

| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

0
E
x

2
j z
mn
c
j n m x n y
A cos sin e
a b
k b
|
e t t t

| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

2
j z
mn
c
j m m x n y
B cos sin e
a b
ak
|
| t t t

| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

E
y

2
j
mn
c
j m m x n y
A sin cos e
a b
k a
|
e t t t

| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

2
j z
mn
c
j n m x n y
B sin cos e
a b
bk
|
| t t t

| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

H
x

2
j
mn
c
j m m x n y
A sin cos e
a b
k a
|
| t t t

| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

2
j z
mn
c
j n m x n y
B sin cos e
a b
bk
|
ec t t t

| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

H
y

2
j z
mn
c
j n m x n y
A cos sin e
a b
k b
|
| t t t

| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

2
j z
mn
c
j .m m x n y
B cos sin e
a b
ak
|
ec t t t

| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
Z
TE
k
Z
q
|
=

TM
Z
k
|q
=



( )
'
'
jkR
V
0
dV
R
Je
4
R A
'
'

}
=
t

max
) , ( E
) , ( E
) , ( F
| u
| u
| u =










3
4
0
3
2
0
2 2
rad
d sin
16
I dl k
P
}
=
t
u u
t
q
2
2
2
0
rad
rad
dl
80
I
P 2
R
|
.
|

\
|
= =

t
9/9



}}
= O | u d ) , ( U P
rad


O | u u d R d d sin . R dA
2 2
= =


( )
( ) ( )
av av
S
, S
U
, U
, D
| u | u
| u = =


( )
( )
( )
} }
=
u |
O | u
t
| u
| u
d , U
4
1
, U
, D


O | u O d ) , ( F
2
A
}}
=


av
max
av
max
S
S
U
U
D = =
A


( ) ( ) O | u
t
| u
u |
d , U
4
1
, U
av } }
=

= =
} }
u |
O
t
d .
U
U
4
D
max
A
4
O
t

t
rad
P
P
=


( )
t
max
P
, U 4
) , ( G
| u t
| u =

D G =

2
2
2
0
sin
2
kl
cos cos
2
kl
cos
R
I 15
) ( S
(
(
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
u
u
t
u

i
int
e
S
P
A =

t

8
3
A
2
e
=

t

4
D
A
2
e
=


2
r t
2 2
r t r t
t
rec
R 4
G G
R
A A
P
P
|
.
|

\
|
= =
t

;
1
r t
= =


End of Paper