Engineering Mechanics (Dynamics) 19-1 Impulse - Momentum Theorem & Impact

IMPULSE MOMENTUM THEOREM AND IMPACT

Ex. 19.5 : The sphere of mass m
1
travels with initial velocity directed
as shown and strikes the sphere of mass m
2
. For given
co-efficient of restitution e determine the mass ratio
m
1
m
2
which results in m
1
being motionless after impact.
Refer Fig. Ex. 19.5. Fig. Ex. 19.5
Soln. : By law of conservation of momentum,
m
1
v
1
+ m
2
(0) = m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2

but after impact v
1
= 0 given . m
1
v
1
= m
2
v
2
(1)
Now, co-efficient of restitution. e =
v
2
v
1

v
1
0
=
v
2

v
1
(as v
1
= 0) . v
2
= e v
1
Substituting in Equation (1) m
1
v
1
= m
2
ev
1
.
m
1
m
2
= e Ans.
Ex. 19.7 : Two identical steel balls are connected by a rigid
bar of negligible mass and are dropped in
horizontal position from a height of 150 mm above
the heavy steel and brass base plates. If e = 0.4
between ball and brass plate and e = 0.6 between
other ball and steel base plate. Assuming that both
balls make the impacts simultaneously, find the
angular velocity of bar immediately after the
impact. Refer Fig. Ex. 19.7.
Fig. Ex. 19.7
Soln. : Consider impact between ball (1) and Brass plate.
Velocity of ball (1) when it strikes with brass plate.
u
1
= 2gh = 2 9.81 0.15 = 1.715 m/s ! [Assume
!
+
| ]
Velocity of brass plate before impact u
2
= 0 as well as velocity of plate after impact v
2
= 0.
Now, e =
v
2
v
1
u
1
u
2
[for ball (1) and brass plate]
0.4 =
0 v
1
1.715 0
. v
1
= 0.686 m/s (|)
. Velocity of ball after impact is 0.686 m/s |
Now, consider impact between ball (2) and steel plate
velocity of ball (2) just before impact is 1.71 m/s.
e =
v
2
v
1
u
1
u
2
[for ball (2) and steel plate]
0.6 =
0 v
1
1.715 0
. v
1
= 1.029 m/s
. Velocity of ball (2) after impact = 1.029 m/s |.
Engineering Mechanics (Dynamics) 19-2 Impulse - Momentum Theorem & Impact

For bar : The ends of the bar are having velocities as shown in Fig. Ex. 19.7(a) (after impact) by method of
location of ICR for a rigid body when velocities of two points are like parallel and unequal in magnitudes, we shall
locate the ICR I.
From geometry of two similar A
s
.
We have
1.029
0.6 + d
=
0.686
d

. d = 1.2 m
If c be the angular velocity of bar.
v
A
= r
AI
c Fig. Ex. 19.7(a)
1.029 = 1.8 c
. c = 0.57 rad/sec counterclockwise Ans.
Ex. 19.15 : A sphere A is released from rest at angle 0
A
and strikes an
identical sphere B suspended as shown in Fig. Ex. 19.15. If
maximum angle 0
B
formed by cord BD with vertical in
subsequent motion of B is equal to the angle 0
A
, show that the
ratio
l
B
l
A
=
(1 + e)
2
4
. Refer Fig. Ex. 19.15.
Soln. :
For sphere A For sphere B Fig. Ex. 19.15
m
A
= m m
B
= m
u
A
= 2gl
A
(1 cos 0
A
) u
B
= 0
v
A
= ? v
B
= 2gl
B
(1 cos 0
B
)
By law of conservation of momentum,
m
A
u
A
+ m
B
u
B
= m
A
v
A
+ m
B
v
B
m 2gl
A
(1 cos 0
A
) + 0 = m v
A
+ m 2gl
B
(1 cos 0
B
)
. v
A
= 2gl
A
(1 cos 0
A
) 2gl
B
(1 cos 0
A
) putting 0
A
= 0
B
(1)
Now, co-efficient of restitution,
e =
v
B
v
A
u
A
u
B

(u
A
u
B
) e = v
B
v
A
[ 2gl
A
(1 cos 0
A
) 0] e = 2gl
B
(1 cos 0
B
) [ 2gl
A
(1 cos 0
A
) 2gl
B
(1 cos 0
A
) ]
again 0
B
= 0
A
we get, 2gl
A
(1 cos 0
A
) e = 2gl
B
(1 cos 0
A
) 2gl
A
(1 cos 0
A
) + 2gl
B
(1 cos 0
A
)
. l
A
e = l
B
l
A
+ l
B

. l
A
e + l
A
= 2 l
B

. l
A
(1 + e) = 2 l
B

Squaring both sides, (1 + e)
2
l
A
= 4 l
B
.
l
B
l
A
=
(1 + e)
2
4
...Proved.
Engineering Mechanics (Dynamics) 19-3 Impulse - Momentum Theorem & Impact

Ex. 19.16 : A 1.5 kg block B is attached to an undeformed spring of
constant 80 N/m. It is resting on a horizontal surface. An
identical block A moving at 5 m/s strikes B. If e = 1
for this impact and
s
= 0.5,
k
= 0.3 between blocks and
surface, determine the final positions of blocks A and B.
Refer Fig. Ex. 19.16. Fig. Ex. 19.16
Soln. :
Key concept : Here impact is elastic and two blocks are identical so velocities (also KEs) are
exchanged during impact.
Part I : . After impact velocity of B is 5 m/s to the left and velocity of A after impact is zero.
The above concept can be summarised as below :
m
1
u
1
+ m
2
u
2
= m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2

if m
1
= m
2
u
1
+ u
2
= v
1
+ v
2
(1)
Also e = 1 =
v
2
v
1
u
1
u
2
. v
2
v
1
= u
1
u
2
(2)
Adding Equations (1) and (2),
2 v
2
= 2 u
1

. v
2
= u
1
and v
1
= u
2

. For two identical masses and for elastic impact the velocities are exchanged.
Now, for block B, by work energy principle,
U
1 2
= KE
2
KE
1

W.D. calculations :
1) W.D. by frictional force =
k
R S =
k
mg S
= 0.3 1.5 9.81 x = 4.4145 x Joules Fig. Ex. 19.16(a)
2) W.D. by spring force =
1
2
k (x
1
2
x
2
2
) =
1
2
80 (0 x
2
) = 40 x
2
Joules
where x = distance moved by block which is equal to the maximum compression of spring.
KE
1
=
1
2
1.5 (5)
2
= 18.75 J KE
2
= 0
. by work-energy principle, U
1 2
= KE
2
KE
1

4.4145 x 40 x
2
= 0 18.75
40 x
2
+ 4.4145 x 18.75 = 0
Solving above quadratic equation for x.
We get x = 0.632 m (This is maximum compression of spring)
Part II : Now, when compressed spring expands it will push the block B to the right through a distance of 0.632 m.
Again by work energy principle,
1) W.D. by spring force =
1
2
80 (0.632
2
0) = 15.98 J (work is done by the spring)
2) W.D. by frictional force =
k
mg S = 0.3 1.5 9.81 0.632 = 2.789 J
KE
1
= 0 KE
2
=
1
2
mv
2
= 0.75 v
2

. by work-energy principle, U
1 2
= KE
2
KE
1
Engineering Mechanics (Dynamics) 19-4 Impulse - Momentum Theorem & Impact

15.98 2.789 = 0.75 v
2
0
. v = 4.193 m/s
This is velocity of B just before impact with A which is at rest.
. After impact of B with stationary block A, velocities are exchanged.
. Velocity of B after impact = 0
and velocity of A after impact = 4.193 m/s . Fig. Ex. 19.16(b)
Now, apply work-energy principle for block A between the two positions as shown in Fig. Ex. 19.16(b).
. U
1 2
= KE
2
KE
1

k
mg S = 0
1
2
m (4.193)
2

. 0.3 9.81 S =
1
2
(4.193)
2
. S = 2.987 m
. Final position of A after impact is 2.987 m from place of impact.
Final position of B after impact is the place of impact only. (As B moves to the left by 0.632 m due to
first impact but again when spring expands it shifted to the right by same amount of 0.632 m) Ans.
Ex. 19.17 : The pendulum A is released from rest in the position
and swing down to strike a pendulum B at rest. B is
twice as heavy as A and O
1
A = O
2
B. For elastic
impact, find
1) Angle 0 defining the total rebound of A.
2) Angle o where axial force in bar changes from
compression to tension. Refer Fig. Ex. 19.17.

Soln. :
For A For B
m
A
= m m
B
= 2m
u
A
= 2gh = 2gl u
B
= 0
v
A
= ? v
B
= ? Fig. Ex. 19.17
by law of conservation of momentum,
m
A
u
A
+ m
B
u
B
= m
A
v
A
+ m
B
v
B

m 2gl + 0 = m v
A
+ 2m v
B
2gl = v
A
+ 2 v
B
(1)
Now, for elastic impact, co-efficient of restitution.
e =
v
B
v
A
u
A
u
B
1 =
v
B
v
A
2gl 0

. v
B
v
A
= 2gl (2)
Solving Equations (1) and (2) we get,
v
B
=
2
3
2gl and v
A
=
1
3
2gl
. v
B
=
2
3
2gl and v
A
=
1
3
2gl
Engineering Mechanics (Dynamics) 19-5 Impulse - Momentum Theorem & Impact

So, after impact rebounding velocity of A, v
A
is
1
3
2gl
. v
A
= 2gl (1 cos 0) =
1
3
2gl
. 2gl (1 cos 0) =
1
9
(2gl) .cos 0 = 1
1
9
=
8
9

. 0 = 27.26 This is rebounding angle turned by A after impact. Ans. (1)
To find angle o
Consider Dynamic equilibrium of B at position B
1
.
Note : In the position when axial force in bar is changing from compression to tension, force in bar is
zero at that instant.
Now, Z F
n
= 0
.m a
N
mg cos o = 0
. a
N
= g cos o

v
B1
2
p
= g cos o
. v
B1
2
= gl cos o [

Radius of curvature p = l] (3)

Now, apply work-energy principle between two positions B B
1
.
W.D. calculations :
1) W.D. by gravity = (2m) gl (1 cos o)
K.E. calculations : KE
B
=
1
2
m v
B
2
=
1
2
(2m)
[ ]
2
3
2gl
2

=
1
2
(2m)
[ ]
4
9
2gl =
4
9
(2m)gl
KE
B1
=
1
2
m v
B1
2

From Equation (3) substitutev
B
1
2
= gl cos o
. KE
B1
=
1
2
(2m) gl cos o =
cos o
2
(2m) gl Fig. Ex. 19.17(a)
By work-energy principle,
U
B B
1
= KE
B
1
KE
B

(2m) gl (1 cos o) =
cos o
2
(2m) gl
4
9
(2m) gl
. 1 cos o =
cos o
2

4
9

13
9
=
3
2
cos o
. cos o = 0.962
. o = 15.84 Ans.




Engineering Mechanics (Dynamics) 19-6 Impulse - Momentum Theorem & Impact

Ex. 19.19 : A steel pile of mass m
p
is driven into the ground by successive impacts
of the hammer of mass m
h
which falls freely through a distance h
before striking the head of pile. A single impact which may be
assumed to be elastic, drives the pile into the ground by a distance
d. Derive a formula for total soil resistance R in terms of m
p
, m
h
,
d and h. Refer Fig. Ex. 19.19.
Soln. :
Pile Hammer
m
1
= m
p
m
2
= m
h

u
1
= 0 u
2
= 2gh Fig. Ex. 19.19
v
1
= ? v
2
= ?
By law of conservation of momentum,
m
1
u
1
+ m
2
u
2
= m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2

m
p
(0) + m
h
2gh = m
p
v
1
+ m
h
v
2
(1)
Now, co-efficient of restitution (For elastic impact)
e =
v
2
v
1
u
1
u
2
. 1 =
v
2
v
1
0 2gh

. v
2
v
1
= 2gh . v
2
= [v
1
2gh ]
substituting this value of v
2
in Equation (1)
we have, m
h
2gh = m
p
v
1
+ m
h
[v
1
2gh ]
. 2 m
h
2gh = (m
p
+ m
h
) v
1
. v
1
=
2 m
h
2gh
m
p
+ m
h
(2)
Now, using work-energy principle for pile only.
KE
2
KE
1
= U
1 2
0
1
2
m
p
v
1
2
= m
p
g d R d
. R d = m
p
g d +
1
2
m
p
v
1
2

Substituting value of v
1
from Equation (2),
. R d = m
p
g d +
1
2
m
p

2 m
h
2gh
m
p
+ m
h

2

. R = m
p
g +
mp
2d

4 m
h
2
2gh
(m
p
+ m
h
)
2 = m
p
g

1 + 4

m
h
m
p
+ m
h

2

h
d
Ans.
Impact with infinite mass [Impact of small mass with very large mass]
Ex. 19.22 : A ball of mass 70 gm is dropped from a height h
0
= 1.5 m reaches a height h
2
= 0.25 m after bouncing
twice from identical 210 gm plates. Plate A rests directly on hard surface while plate B rests on foam
rubber mat. Determine (1) e between plates and ball. (2) the height h
1
of the balls first bounce. Refer
Fig. Ex. 19.22.
Engineering Mechanics (Dynamics) 19-7 Impulse - Momentum Theorem & Impact




Fig. Ex. 19.22
Soln. : Consider impact with plate A placed directly on hard ground.
Co-efficient of restitution at A,
e =
2g h
1
2g h
0
. e
2
=
h
1
h
0

. h
1
= e
2
h
0
(1)
Now at plate B which is placed on foam rubber.
Using, m
1
u
1
+ m
2
u
2
= m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2
(for impact at B) | ! +
0.07 u
1
+ 0 = 0.07 v
1
+ 0.21 v
2

here after impact at B, h
2
= 0.25 m
. velocity of ball after impact v
1
= 2 9.81 0.25 = 2.215 m/s
. 0.07 u
1
= 0.07 ( 2.215) + 0.21 v
2

Velocity of ball at B before impact.
. u
1
= 2.215 + 3 v
2
...(2)
Now, At B, co-efficient of restitution
e =
v
2
v
1
u
1
u
2
=
v
2
( 2.215)
u
1
0
. e u
1
= v
2
+ 2.215 (3)
Now, from Equation (1) h
1
= 1.5 e
2
. u
1
= 2g h
1

. u
1
= 2g 1.5 e
2
u
1
2
= 29.43 e
2

. u
1
= 5.42 e ...(4)
substituting this value in Equation (3),
. e (5.42) e = v
2
+ 2.215 . 5.42 e
2
= v
2
+ 2.215
. v
2
= (5.42 e
2
2.215)
Substituting this value in Equation (2),
. u
1
= 2.215 + 3 (5.42 e
2
2.215)
again putting u
1
= 5.42 e
we get, 5.42 e = 2.215 + 16.26 e
2
6.645
. 16.26 e
2
5.42 e 8.86 = 0
Engineering Mechanics (Dynamics) 19-8 Impulse - Momentum Theorem & Impact

Solving above quadratic equation,
We have e = 0.92 and e = 0.59
But e is positive number so discarded e = 0.59.
Substituting this value in Equation (4),
. u
1
= 5.42 e = 5.42 0.92 = 4.986 m/s
but u
1
= 2gh
1
. (4.986)
2
= 2 9.81 h
1

. h
1
= 1.267 m
. 1) Co-efficient of restitution between ball and plates is 0.92 and
2) The height of balls second bounce is 1.267 m. Ans.
Ex. 19.30 : The winch delivers a horizontal force F which varies as shown in Fig. Ex. 19.30, to the cable at A.
The pulley carries a 70 kg block B. If B is originally moving up at 3 m/s, determine its speed at
t = 18 sec.



Fig. Ex. 19.30
Soln. : Impulse developed due to force F from 0 18 sec.
I = Area under F t diagram (from 0 18 sec) = (360 12) +
( )
360 + 480
2
6 = 6840 N.sec.
For block B, upward force acting is 2F.
. Impulse due to this force = 2 6840 = 13680 N.sec.
Impulse due to gravity force = mg time ! = 70 9.81 18 = 12360.6 N.sec.
Now by Impulse-momentum theorem,
Impulse
(0 18 sec)
= M
t = 18
M
0
13680 12360.6 = m (v
18
3)
. 1319.4 = 70 (v
18
3)
. v
18
= 21.85 m/s | This is velocity of B after 18 sec. Ans.
Ex. 19.34 : Two men each of 70 kg stand on a 100 kg cart
which is at rest. One of the men runs at a speed of 3 m/s
relative to the cart and jumps off the cart at one end. Then
the other man jumps at the same speed at the same end.
Determine final velocity of cart. Refer Fig. Ex. 19.34.
Soln. : When man A jumps, increase in velocity of trolley Fig. Ex. 19.34
A V
1
=
m v
M + m
=
70 3
(100 + 70) + 70
= 0.875 m/s
where, m = mass of jumping quantity
Engineering Mechanics (Dynamics) 19-9 Impulse - Momentum Theorem & Impact

M = mass of remaining assembly
v = Relative velocity of jumping
Now, when man B jumps, increase in velocity of trolley.
A V
2
=
m v
M + m
=
70 3
100 + 70
= 1.235 m/s
. Rise in velocity of trolley.
A V = A V
1
+ A V
2
= 0.875 + 1.235 = 2.11 m/sec to the right.