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Crystal Structures of Solid State

Crystal structures are periodic arrangements of atoms or molecules in solids. There are several common crystal structures: - Face-centered cubic (FCC) has atoms at the corners and centers of each cube face, with 4 atoms per unit cell. - Body-centered cubic (BCC) has atoms at the corners and center of the unit cube, with 2 atoms per unit cell. - Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) has a hexagonal unit cell with 6 atoms and two lattice parameters, a and c. FCC and HCP have the highest atomic packing efficiency of around 74%. BCC has a slightly lower efficiency of 68%.

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204 views

Crystal Structures of Solid State

Crystal structures are periodic arrangements of atoms or molecules in solids. There are several common crystal structures: - Face-centered cubic (FCC) has atoms at the corners and centers of each cube face, with 4 atoms per unit cell. - Body-centered cubic (BCC) has atoms at the corners and center of the unit cube, with 2 atoms per unit cell. - Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) has a hexagonal unit cell with 6 atoms and two lattice parameters, a and c. FCC and HCP have the highest atomic packing efficiency of around 74%. BCC has a slightly lower efficiency of 68%.

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Crystal Structures

Academic Resource Center

Crystallinity: Repeating or periodic array over large atomic distances. 3-D pattern in which each atom is bonded to its nearest neighbors

Crystal structure: the manner in which atoms, ions, or molecules are spatially arranged.

Unit cell: small repeating entity of the atomic structure. The basic building block of the crystal structure. It defines the entire crystal structure with the atom positions within.

Lattice: 3D array of points coinciding with atom positions (center of spheres)

Metallic Crystal Structures


FCC (face centered cubic): Atoms are arranged at the corners and center of each cube face of the cell.

FCC continued
Close packed Plane: On each face of the cube
Atoms are assumed to touch along face diagonals. 4 atoms in one unit cell.

a 2R 2

BCC: Body Centered Cubic


Atoms are arranged at the corners of the cube with another atom at the cube center.

BCC continued
Close Packed Plane cuts the unit cube in half diagonally 2 atoms in one unit cell
a 4R 3

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)


Cell of an HCP lattice is visualized as a top and bottom plane of 7 atoms, forming a regular hexagon around a central atom. In between these planes is a halfhexagon of 3 atoms. There are two lattice parameters in HCP, a and c, representing the basal and height parameters respectively.

Volume

6 atoms per unit cell

Coordination number the number of nearest neighbor atoms or ions surrounding an atom or ion.

For FCC and HCP systems, the coordination number is 12. For BCC its 8.

Close Packed Structures


HCP FCC

Atomic Packing Factor


The ratio of atomic sphere volume to unit cell volume, assuming a hard sphere model.

FCC = HCP = 74% (26% void space in unit cell)

BCC = 68%

Problem 1
If the atomic radius for Pb= 0.175nm, find the volume of the unit cell. Solution: Pb is fcc, hence a 2R 2

R = 0.175nm a = 0.495 nm Volume for cubic = a^3 = 1.21e-28 m^3

Problem 2
Magnesium is hcp with c/a =1.624, density = 1.74g/cm^3. Find the atomic radius of magnesium. Solution: density = n*MW / (Vc*NA) For hcp n = 6 Vc = = 2.6*(1.624)a^3 = 4.22a^3

c = 1.624a NA = 6.02*10^23 atoms/mol MW magnesium = 24.3 g/mol

Problem 2 continued
4.22a^3 = (6*24.3g/mol)/(1.74g/cm^3*6.02e23atom/mo l) a= 320 pm For hcp a = 2R R (atomic radius) magnesium = 160 pm

Crystallographic Points, Directions and Planes


Directions

Directions Continued

Directions Continued

Crystal Planes

Indexing Planes

Indexing Planes

Problem 3: Indexing a negative plane

Draw your own lattice planes


Very useful website: http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/miller_indices /lattice_draw.php

References
Callister, William D., and David G. Rethwisch. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: an Integrated Approach. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Print. Gonczy, Steve. MMAE 468 Lecture Notes. Lesson 3: Crystals. Fall 2010.

"DoITPoMS TLP - Lattice Planes and Miller Indices - How to Index a Lattice
Plane." Dissemination of IT for the Promotion of Materials Science (DoITPoMS). Web. 17 Nov. 2010. <http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/miller_indices/lattice_index.php>. Wikipedia.com

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