ENERGY MODELING BEST PRACTICES AND APPLICATIONS: HVAC/THERMAL

ASHRAE Winter Conference 2012 Chicago, IL

Copyright 2010 IBPSA-USA. All rights reserved.

ASHRAE is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA AIA members b are available il bl on request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Modeling Fundamentals Performance Rating Method Modeling Applications

Introduction

Best Practices

INTRODUCTION
TRAINING
TEAM INTRODUCTION
Kendra Tupper, PE, BEMP, HPDP, LEED BD+C Senior Consultant, Rocky Mountain Institute Expertise: Energy modeling and existing building retrofits Erik Kolderup, PE, BEMP, LEED BD+C Principal, Kolderup Consulting Expertise: Energy modeling & analysis software

Introduction

Modeling Fundamentals

Best Practices

Performance Rating Method

Modeling Applications

INTRODUCTION
WORKSHOP APPROACH
Fill training need and expedite learning by sharing methods and project experience Concepts paired with examples and case studies Resources to support methods - open-source tools, white-papers, etc. IBPSA BEMBook Wiki

Introduction

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Performance Rating Method

Modeling Applications

INTRODUCTION
TRAINING OBJECTIVES
Improve modeling quality Clarify modeling procedures Effective use of modeling during the building life cycle
Indoor snow dome in New Jersey Model that!

Introduction

Modeling Fundamentals

Best Practices

Performance Rating Method

Modeling Applications

INTRODUCTION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Explain the IBPSA building energy modeling body of knowledge Apply the ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 Performance Rating Method to develop Baseline and Proposed Design energy models Identify best practices for providing high quality and consistent modeling services Inform building design through energy modeling Develop an effective business case for energy efficiency Implement measurement and verification procedures that use calibrated building energy simulation models to calculate savings
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Modeling Applications

INTRODUCTION
TRAINING OVERVIEW - SYLLABUS

9:00-9:15 9:15-10:45 10:45-11:00 11:00-12:00 12:00-1:00 1:00-2:15 2:15-2:30 2:30-4:00

Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Break Best Practices Lunch Performance Rating Method (PRM) Break Modeling to Inform Design

15 minutes 1.5 hours 15 minutes 1 hour 1 hour 1.25 hours 15 minutes 1.5 hours

Tupper Tupper

Tupper

Kolderup

Kolderup

Introduction Introduction

Modeling Modeling Fundamentals Fundamentals

Best Practices Practices Best

Performance Performance Rating Method Method Rating

Modeling Inform Design Applications

INTRODUCTION
HANDLING
OF

QUESTIONS

Please raise your hand and/or write down your questions as we go for the Q&A periods*

*Project-specific questions may be more appropriate for the BLDG-SIM, eQUEST-users, HAP-users, TRACE-users or Virtual-Sim mailing lists
Modeling Fundamentals Performance Rating Method Modeling Applications

Introduction

Best Practices

INTRODUCTION
SURVEY
Survey handout Feedback Impact Professional development credits with American Institute of Architects (AIA) and the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) Background questions Simulation software N Number b of f projects j t modeled d l d Project types Applications Modeling barriers
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Modeling Applications

INTRODUCTION
SOFTWARE
Whole Building Simulation Tools Energy Plus eQuest (DOE 2.2) Visual DOE (DOE 2.1) TRNSYS Trane TRACE Carrier HAP TAS IES (Apache) Bentley (Tas and Hevacomp) Autodesk GBS Useful Support Tools Window 6 ASHRAE Comfort Tool Climate Consultant Ecotect Energy Model Input Translator EMIT And more

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Modeling Applications

INTRODUCTION
SOFTWARE
Engine
DOE-2.1e DOE-2.2 Energy-10 EnergyPlus HAP IES-VE TRACE TRNSYS Bentley Hevacomp DesignBuilder OpenStudio HAP IES-VE TRACE TRNSYS

Interface
EnergyPro VisualDOE Autodesk GBS (i.e ecoTect) eQUEST

Publicly Funded

Free

http://www.rmi.org/Content/Files/Summit_PreRead_Apr-19-2011(2).pdf
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Modeling Applications

MODELING FUNDAMENTALS

Copyright 2010 IBPSA-USA. All rights reserved.

SHELL GEOMETRY
GENERAL CONCEPTS

Introduction

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Inform Design

SHELL GEOMETRY
USE OF ENERGY MODELING WIZARDS
In what cases are energy modeling wizards most useful?
After making edits in main program
Initial Model Creation Significant Rezoning or Major Geometric Changes Copy and paste into input files to retain what you have changed outside of the wizard Test or Copy Setups for Complicated Tasks Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) Skylights with plenums Slab insulation Breaking out fan power
Performance Rating Method

Geometry and zoning Define all system types that may be used

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SHELL GEOMETRY
RULES
OF

THUMB FOR SIMPLIFICATION

Simplify

REALITY Thermodynamically, only 3 things matter for modeling heat transfer surfaces: 1. Area 2. 2 Orientation 3. Tilt Total volume matters IF infiltration is specified in ACH
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals

ENERGY MODEL ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G

Table G3.1, #5 Building Envelope, Exceptions (a) and (b)
Uninsulated assemblies Exterior surfaces whose azimuth, orientation and tilt differ by <45

Best Practices

Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

SHELL GEOMETRY
RELATIVE PLACEMENT
OF

SURFACES

What Matters Area Orientation Tilt

Note: With daylighting, the building form is important.

Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

SHELL GEOMETRY
RELATIVE PLACEMENT
OF

SURFACES

Annual Energy by End-use

Annual Energy by End-use

Introduction

Modeling Fundamentals

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Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

SHELL GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY INTERFACES

SketchUp Plugins
Open Studio for EnergyPlus IES Virtual Environment

CAD (dwg files)

2-D CAD plans may be imported into energy modeling programs gbXML streamlines the transfer of building information to and from engineering models

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SHELL GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY INTERFACES
Building Information Modeling (BIM)
Generating and managing building data Well developed for architecture architecture, needs improvement on MEP side Early development phase for energy modeling

Automatic model generation from 3D renderings Architects/engineers will specify properties of materials and equipment for automatic modeling BIM needs work in some segments (i.e., electrical engineering) Danger of black box energy modeling

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SHELL GEOMETRY
ASHRAE 90.1 APPLICATIONS

The and

The baseline building shall be modeled so that shall be identical shall be identical.

Vertical fenestration areas for the baseline shall equal the smaller of: the proposed design, OR of gross wall area

shall be h face of the baseline on eac buil ding in the buil in the proposed design.

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EFFECTIVE ZONING
GENERAL CONCEPTS

Number of zones is proportional to complexity of energy model

Aggregation of rooms into zones: significant impact on energy use and overheat prediction
Especially with large multizone systems

Zoning in simulation models can differ from actual HVAC zoning

# of model zones < # of HVAC zones

Energy model zones are abstract

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EFFECTIVE ZONING
CRITERIA FOR ZONING AN ENERGY MODEL
Usage
All rooms should have similar internal loads and usage schedules

Temperature Control

All rooms should have the same thermostat schedules

Solar Gains

Perimeter zones with windows: Min. one zone for each compass direction Unglazed exterior zones can be combined Consider shading!

Perimeter or Interior Location

12-15 ft perimeter zones often require winter heating Core spaces can require year-round cooling

Distribution System Type

Combine rooms served by the same type of distribution system (i.e., fan coil units) Modeling Fundamentals Performance Rating Method

Introduction

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EFFECTIVE ZONING
SPACES
VERSUS

THERMAL ZONES
Thermal Zone = area controlled by a single thermostat

Energy Modeling: E M d li
Typical one zone for each space. Hourly loads are calculated based on an energy balance of the space. At the thermal zone level, the loads from the spaces are considered in conjunction with the temperature setpoint and HVAC operating schedules to determine the zone load.

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EFFECTIVE ZONING
ZONE TYPES WITHIN AN ENERGY MODEL

Unconditioned
Space is neither heated nor cooled Examples are false ceiling spaces not used as return air plenums, attics, crawl spaces and garages

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CONSTRUCTIONS
OVERVIEW

Types of Exterior Opaque Constructions (walls, roofs,

l b slabs, underground walls, etc.)

Interior (mass, air, layers, etc.)

Exterior E t i Glazed Gl d

Quick vs.
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals

Delayed
Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

CONSTRUCTIONS
EXTERIOR (DELAYED) CONSTRUCTIONS - OPAQUE

Material Properties
Conductivity Density Specific Heat Thickness

Layers
Materials are layered from outside to inside Outside and inside air films

Constructions
Layers determine U-value Surface Roughness Solar Reflectivity

What about construction assemblies with parallel heat transfer paths?

Modeling Fundamentals Performance Rating Method

Introduction

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CONSTRUCTIONS
PARALLEL PATH CALCS
FOR

WOOD STUD WALL

ORNL Online Calculator ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix A

Wall Section
R-Value of Insulated Section

Typical Stud Wall

R-Value (brick)

R-Value (Sheathing)

R-Value (Insulation)

R-Value (Gyp. Board)

R-Value (Inside Air Film)

R-Value of Stud Section

R-Value (brick)

R-Value (Sheathing)

R-Value (Insulation)

R-Value (Gyp. Board)

R-Value (Inside Air Film)

Overall Weighted R-Value of Wall Assembly

1/ [ (% area studs / Rinsulation) + (% area studs / Rstuds) ]

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CONSTRUCTIONS
SLAB HEAT TRANSFER
Do you need to perform outside calculations?
Underground Surfaces: How to get a better underground heat transfer calculation in DOE-2.1 2 1 by Fred Winkelman
1) Choose F-factor from a series of tables 2) Calculate the exposed perimeter and area of slab. Use equation Reffective = A / (F*Pexposed) 3) Set Ueffective = 1/Reffective. 4) Create a material with Reffective

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CONSTRUCTIONS
GLAZING CONSTRUCTIONS
Glazing Properties Center of Glass U-value Solar Gain (SHGC), S l Heat H G i Coefficient C ffi i (SHGC) OR Shading Coefficient (SC) Visible Light Transmission (VLT) Light to Solar Heat Gain Ratio (LSG) Common Pitfall: Outside Air Films

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CONSTRUCTIONS
GLAZING CONSTRUCTIONS
Includes Spectral Data: varies SHGC and Tvis with solar angles

3 Options for Modeling Glazing

Simplified

Library Glazing

Window 6 (LBNL)

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CONSTRUCTIONS
WINDOW FRAMING
2 Options for Modeling Framing
Include framing effects in glazing construction Model large bands of glass OR Model windows individually

Model framing explicitly Works well with Window 6 option Use window multipliers

Common Pitfall: Window 6 does not include framing when you export files o e po po t files iles
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices

Common Pitfall: Modeling large bands of glass

Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

LIGHTING OCCUPANCY & PLUG LOADS

GENERAL CONCEPTS
Peak Power and Occupancy Total watts of all connected power Peak number of occupants Can be input with density values

Fractional Schedules

Daily/Weekly/Annual Occupancy Schedules Hourly fractional multiplier for peak values Daylight Dimming or Occupancy Sensors

Fraction of Heat Gain to Space

Assign proportional amounts of heat to space vs. plenum

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LIGHTING OCCUPANCY & PLUG LOADS

PEAK POWER AND OCCUPANCY
PEAK values include all connected loads
Electric Lighting (total fixture wattage) Emergency Lighting Plug loads Kitchen Equipment, Elevators, Servers, etc.

Sources for Estimating Equipment Power Density and Peak Occupancy

ASHRAE Std 90.1 Users Manual Title 24 Alternative Calculation Method (ACM) Manual Commercial Energy Services Network (COMNET) ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals ASHRAE Std 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (Occupancy)
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

LIGHTING OCCUPANCY & PLUG LOADS

SCHEDULES
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Lighting

Just as important as peak values! Unregulated by Std .1

Wk Sat Sun

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Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

LIGHTING OCCUPANCY & PLUG LOADS

FRACTION OF HEAT GAIN TO SPACE
Radiative (time lag) vs. Convective

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Inform Design

LIGHTING OCCUPANCY & PLUG LOADS

DAYLIGHTING

Direct daylighting within energy model

Limited daylight simulation engine Know the limits on the number of light bounces and interreflectivity Carefully specify controls

Daylight Specific Tool

Generally more accurate, but requires parallel model SPOT and Radiance can generate hourly electric lighting reduction schedules for import into energy models

Introduction

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Best Practices

Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

LIGHTING OCCUPANCY & PLUG LOADS

EXTERIOR LIGHTING

Exterior lighting is modeled separately from interior lighting Can be controlled via photosensors or with schedules HID vs LED

Introduction

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Best Practices

Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

LIGHTING OCCUPANCY & PLUG LOADS

OVERESTIMATION OF PEAK EQUIPMENT POWER

Measured data vs. typical values used in industry

Implications for Mechanical Equipment Sizing

Name Plate Ratings vs. Heat Gains for HVAC sizing

Energy Models: Design Day Sizing Feature

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
OVERVIEW
Gain and Losses:
Lights People Internal equipment (e.g., computers) Building envelope (sun, outside temps) Ventilation/infiltration Q= gains + losses + ventilation load

Equipment Sizing
Q = (1.08)*cfm*(MAT-SAT) Q = 500 * T * GPM air water

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
COOLING AND HEATING LOADS
Mechanical HVAC systems move energy from one space to another Cooling systems Reject heat to the outdoors via condensers/cooling towers Heating systems Deliver heat to the internal space

k
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
PACKAGED AND CENTRAL PLANT SYSTEM DIAGRAMS
Central Plant
compressor supply fan
Water Side

condenser

Packaged System
Air Side
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
PACKAGED SYSTEMS
Ea n e M e in Tn ip o tgd ou eu c tz fo an,s P c kr ag gy ed so yd st el m sg ca s:eD rvo en si n le ob rl m lo tiu pn le compressor and power d condenser d

Air-Cooled Condensers
Split DX systems Package DX systems DX computer room air conditioners (CRACs)

WaterCooled Condensers
Dry D coolers l or closed-loop cooling towers Cooling towers

Evaporatively -Cooled Condensers

GroundSource
Air heat pumps Water heat pumps

Heating Systems
Electric baseboard heaters Oil and gas-fired furnaces

Direct evaporative package units Indirect/direct evaporative package units

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
CENTRAL PLANT SYSTEMS
Chilled Water Cooling Systems
Air-cooled chillers or closed-loop cooling towers serving chillers Water-cooled chillers served by open-loop cooling towers Evaporatively-cooled chillers

Heating Systems
Central boiler plant: Steam boilers St b il Hot water boilers

Energy Modeling Tip: Pay attention to pump power and part-load curves

Distribution Systems Di t ib ti S t
Air handlers with chilled water cooling coils and/or hot water heating coils Fan coils Radiators Chilled beams / radiant panels

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
TERMINAL UNITS
Standard VAV box with reheat coil Variable airflow Series fan-powered VAV box with reheat coil Constant airflow, fan always on

Important Inputs Min. airflow fraction

Fixed or scheduled

Thermostat type
Proportional vs. reverse acting

Terminal unit fan power

Parallel fan-powered VAV box Variable airflow, fan on when reheat needed
Reference: Advanced VAV Design Guideline, Appendix 8 How to Model Different VAV Zone Controls in DOE2 DOE2.2 www.energydesignresources.com
Performance Rating Method Inform Design

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
FAN CURVES
Fan power = f(airflow) for VAV systems Canned & custom curves
Fan Curve Issues: C Canned d VSD fan f curves are often f optimistic If creating a custom curve, plot it and check it, set appropriate minimum value ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix G specifies the curve to be used for VAV systems
Source: DOE2.2 Volume 2 Dictionary

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
FAN CURVES STD 90.1 APPENDIX G CURVE
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Fan Power PLR 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Std 90.1 App G VSD curve

DOE2.2 standard VSD curve

Airf low Part Load Ratio

Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
FAN CURVES STATIC PRESSURE RESET CONTROL
Static Pressure Reset
Continuously adjust pressure to lowest setting that provides adequate zone airflow Simulate using fan curve
Fan Power PLR 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20%

No SP Reset Good SP Reset

Reference: Advanced VAV Design Guideline, Appendix 5 Includes fan curve coefficients www.energydesignresources.com

10% 0% 0% 20% 40%

Perfect SP Reset
60% 80% 100%

Airf low Part Load Ratio

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
CHILLER CURVES
Chiller performance model
Capacity = f(temp) Efficiency = f(temp, part-load ratio)

Elecin CapFullLoad EIRFull Load

1.0 at full load and rated temp.

Represent chiller types

Centrifugal, rotary, reciprocating Variable speed, multi-compressor

CAPf(T) EIRf(T) EIRf(PLR,dT)

Default vs. custom coefficients

Reference CoolTools Chilled Water Design Guide Chiller Bid and Performance Tool, (Excel spreadsheet). www.energydesignresources.com www energydesignresources com

Issues Part-load efficiency curve typically includes PLR:

EIRf(PLR, dT) PLR

(EIR = energy input ratio = 1/COP)

EIRPart Load EIRFull Load

Inform Design

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Performance Rating Method

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
OUTSIDE AIR REQUIREMENTS
Significant implications for annual energy consumption Energy Models: cfm/person OR cfm/ft2 OR cfm PRM: same OA in Proposed and Baseline
E Exception: demand ti d d control t l ventilation til ti

Healthcare ventilation: Standard 170 Exhaust requirements mandatory (section 6.5)

ASHRAE STANDARD 62.1

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
ASHRAE STD 62.1: VENTILATION RATE PROCEDURE

Vbz = Rp*Pz + Ra*Az

Vbz = cfm of outside air required in breathing zones Rp Pz Ra Az = outdoor airflow rate per person from ASHRAE 62.1 Table 6-1 1 [cfm/person] [cfm/person] = the largest number of people expected to occupy the zone during typical usage [people] = outdoor airflow rate per unit area from Table 6-1 [cfm/ft2] = occupied floor area of zone [ft2]

Used to determine design OA for energy models Calculating OA for multi-zone VAVs: huge energy implications At part-load/occupancy, the minimum OA intake flow Ra*Az.
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
ASHRAE STD 62.1: INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) PROCEDURE

Design approach: Allows OA rates to vary if contaminant levels are below recommended levels

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
ASHRAE STD 62.1: NATURAL VENTILATION PROCEDURE
62.1-2010 requires mechanical ventilation UNLESS
OA passages are permanently open, OR NO heating or cooling system is installed

C Controls l required i d for f coordination di i with i h mechanical h i l ventilation systems

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
DEMAND CONTROL VENTILATION (DCV)
Ventilation airflow resets based on occupancy using
CO2 sensors, timers, occupancy sensors or schedules

Higher energy savings for buildings with large occupancy swings

Movie theaters, conference rooms

10%-30% load reduction and 2-3 year payback

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
ASHRAE STANDARD 55
Clothing Insulation

Humidity

Metabolic Rate

ersonal ctors
Air Temp

Air Speed

Possible to assess within energy models that accurately simulate radiative heat transfer

Radiant Temp

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
SPECIFIC ENERGY MODELING NOTES

Common Energy Modeling Mistakes

EER: break-out fan power and compressor power Part-load curves Altitude effects Auto-sizing Rated vs. design conditions
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

UTILITY RATES
TYPES
OF

CHARGES AND RATE STRUCTURES

Fixed fee for providing energy services Unit cost for total quantity of energy consumed Fee for highest or peak amount of energy used Penalty for lower than optimum power factor Unit charge based on different blocks of energy use or demand Prices change during peak and offpeak times $35 per month

Monthly Charge Energy Charge Demand Charge

$0.06 per kWh

$7.53 per kW

Power Factor Charge

$0.40 per KVAR

0350 kWh $0.06 per kWh $0.04 $0 04 per kWh $0.02 per kWh $0.24 per kWh $0.06 per kWh

Block Charge Time-of-Use Rate

350700 kWh 700+ kWh Peak Time Off-Peak Time

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UTILITY RATES
TYPES
OF

CHARGES AND RATE STRUCTURES

Demand Charge Block Charge

Energy Charge

Block 3

Block 2

Block 1

Summer (June-Sept)

Peak Mid Off-Peak

1pm6pm (M-F) 11am1 pm and 6pm8 pm (M-F) All other hours, and holidays All Hours

$0.16 per kWh $0.06 per kWh $0.02 per kWh $0.03 per kWh

Time-of-Use Rate
Winter (Oct-May)

All days

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UTILITY RATES
ENERGY MODELING IMPLICATIONS
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G Applications
Same energy rates must be used for Proposed and Baseline Use either actual utility rates or EIA state averages, except:
Actual utility rates must be used for purchased hot water, steam and chilled water

On-site renewables and site-recovered energy are NOT included with purchased energy
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Introduction

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WEATHER DATA
ANNUAL WEATHER FILES
Necessary for annual energy and economic analysis Useful for developing HVAC design strategies Must include 8760 hours Generally from sets of averaged data

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WEATHER DATA
ANNUAL WEATHER FILES

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WEATHER DATA
SOURCES
FOR

WEATHER DATA
TEMPERATURES AND DEW POINTS
0 0

Design Conditions
ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals

Weather Statistics & Observations

National Climactic Data Center (U.S.) Mesowest (Southwest U.S.) Weather Bank (International)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 MONTH 7 8 9 10 11 1

Annual Weather Data

DOE-2 Website (TMY, WYEC, etc.) EnergyPlus Website (EPW, (EPW CSV)
45 60 75

N
360 15 30 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 285 ` 270 300 345 330 315

International Weather Data

EnergyPlus Weather Source Data

90

105

255

120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225

240

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QUESTIONS? UP NEXT IS BEST PRACTICES

BEST PRACTICES
B S M

Copyright 2010 IBPSA-USA. All rights reserved.

Modeling best practices are methods incorporated into everyday practice that support:
Consistency in methods Reduction in input errors Generation of reasonable performance values

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The art in energy modeling is to create a d l that th t is i as simple model as possible while still providing reasonably accurate results. This requires good judgment and experience.

Chinese yin yang symbol of balance of opposing forces

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SETTING EXPECTATIONS
BLACK BELT ENERGY MODELING
Belt
White Whi Yellow Orange Green Blue Purple Brown Trainee

Capabilities
Collect modeling input data Perform input data calculations Develop building geometry and zoning Create building input file using software wizard Build minimally-code compliant building model Review results for reasonableness Complete calibrations Perform complex modeling Complete detailed QC Complete system level calibration Understand the algorithms Use supplemental U l t l analysis l i Balance modeling level of detail against accuracy of results needed to support decision making

Core Analyst

Technician

Red Master Black

Concept created and developed by Ellen Franconi, Franconi Rocky Mountain Institute, Institute See http://www.ibpsa.us/workshop/ for expanded table

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Challenges
Model preparation time limits

Strategies
Education of industry Robust scope of work Example modeling Statement of Requirements Experience Sensitivity studies Published case studies

No clear guidance as to the important features of a building that should be modeled well

Minimum QC systems to help Available metrics Systems for making comparisons ensure relevance of results/recommendations

Lack of quality assurance tools in the simulation

Reduce input errors Model represents design Library of similar project results

From Michael Donn. Quality Assurance Simulation and the Real World. 1999 IBPSA Proceedings. See: www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS1999/BS99_P-05.pdf

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1. Be knowledgeable of the inner workings of the simulation tool 2. Be knowledgeable of the technologies being modeled 3. Prioritize efforts 4. Follow modeling procedures that facilitate quality assurance

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
KNOWLEDGE OF INNER WORKINGS LOAD CALCS

DOE2
Envelope RF WF WF WF WF Solar Lights People/ Equip

EnergyPlus
Envelope gain

Transfer function

Space loads

Space Load

Surface/air heat balance Iterative calc

Benefits Calculates surface temperatures, allowing comfort calculations and control Radiant heating/cooling model
Performance Rating Method

Benefits Proven accurate for most cases Fast calculations

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
KNOWLEDGE
OF INNER

WORKINGS
EnergyPlus Simultaneous Calculations Temperature can vary each hour per t-stat setpoint
Loads
Each timestep

DOE2.2 Sequential Calculations

Full-year loads, then systems

Load calc at constant temperature

Loads

Systems
Benefits Proven accurate for most cases Fast calculations

Systems
Benefits Output reports show breakdown of loads by source

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
KNOWLEDGE
OF INNER

WORKINGS

Perform test runs Check standard reports Create and compare hourly output data Review documentation

Documentation included with engine

InputOutputReference.pdf EngineeringReference.pdf

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
KNOWLEDGE
Colleagues

OF

TECHNOLOGIES

Manufacturers / Distributors Technical Journals and Conference Proceedings DOE Building Technologies Program website
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/technologies.html http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/information_resources.html

Energy Design Resources website

Design Guidelines: HVAC Simulation Guidelines Design Guidelines: Advanced Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems Design Guidelines: CoolTools Chilled Water Plant

Li List buildingone.org t Serve: S

Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
PRIORITIZING EFFORTS
Climate impact Building size, massing, process loads, ventilation

Focus on inputs that will affect the evaluation Minimize number of spaces/zones / Minimize interior walls Properly characterize HVAC and controls
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals

Characterize in detail components that change between runs

Aggregate HVAC zones Zones may be Z b discontinuous di ti

Relevant for daylighting, thermal mass, heat transfer between zones of different temperatures

SAT, CHW, HW resets Outside air flow control occupied/unoccupied P Part-load curves t

Best Practices

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
PRIORITIZING EFFORTS Climate analysis and climate-based design d i strategies
See EERE tool directory http://apps1.eere.energy. gov/buildings/tools_ /b ildi / l directory

http://www.aud.ucla.edu/energy-design-tools
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
PRIORITIZING EFFORTS
Parameter Envelope-toVolume Ratio Low Lighting Process Loads Mechanical Systems Internal Gains Insulation Windows Passive Systems Ventilation High Insulation Windows Passive Systems Lighting Process Loads Mechanical Systems Mechanical Systems

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
PRIORITIZING EFFORTS Resources for Gaining Insights
ASHRAE High Performing Buildings Magazine
http://www.hpbmagazine.org/

ASHRAE 30% Advanced Energy Design Guides

30% Better than 90.1-1999 Small offices, retail, K-12, warehouse, lodging, healthcare http://www.ashrae.org/technology/page/938

ASHRAE 50% Advanced Design Guides Ad d Energy E D i G id

50% Better than 90.1-2004 Medium box retail, small office, medium office, grocery stores, lodging http://www.ashrae.org/technology/page/1402

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
PRIORITIZING EFFORTS Resources for Gaining Insights
CIBSE AM11
http://www.cibse.org/index.cfm?go=publications.view&item=29

USGBC
Advanced Energy Modeling for LEED Technical Manual, v 1.0 August 2010 Edition http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=7795

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
FACILITATE QUALITY ASSURANCE Checking model input:
Document assumptions and input values Use pre-processing tools/spreadsheets to convert component descriptions into modeling input values Import input file segments for complex components modeled often in projects Make design changes incrementally in the model
RMI Tool

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
FACILITATE QUALITY ASSURANCE
Example Input File Snippets for DOE-2.2

http://www.rmi.org/rmi/ModelingTools

$ EXTERIOR WALL "R-eff wall" = MATERIAL TYPE = RESISTANCE RESISTANCE = 7.2 $ASHRAE 4A - 7.2 eff R-value R-13 batt in 4", 24"o.c. steel frame $ Specify with parameter value - {#pa("R Stud Wall")} .. "R-ci wall" = MATERIAL TYPE = RESISTANCE RESISTANCE = 7.5 $ASHRAE 4A - 7.5 continuous insulation outside stud wall $ Specify with parameter value - {#pa("R CI Wall")} .. "ASHRAE EWall Cons Layers" = LAYERS MATERIAL = ( "GypBd 1/2in (GP01)", "Bldg Paper Felt (BP01)", "R-ci wall", "R-eff wall", "GypBd 1/2in (GP01)" ) THICKNESS = ( 0.042 ) .. "E1 EWall Construction" = CONSTRUCTION TYPE = LAYERS ABSORPTANCE = 0.6 ROUGHNESS =1 LAYERS = "ASHRAE EWall Cons Layers" $ substitute value with parameter name - e.g. ext_wall_layers[] $ {SymIndex(#pa("Exterior Wall Layers"),"CONSTRUCTION","LAYERS")}

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
FACILITATE QUALITY ASSURANCE
Checking model output:
Develop a review check list Extract data for evaluating reasonableness of results
Key output values Metrics, back-of-the-envelope of envelope calculations, calculations hourly data

Extract results from output files and report sideby-side RMI

Tool Evaluate against rules-of-thumb metrics Evaluate against performance of actual buildings Evaluate E l t against i t each h run is the change as expected?
Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

Introduction

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
FACILITATE QUALITY ASSURANCE PARTIAL CHECKLIST
Input ASHRAE climate zone Weather data file Effective underground R-value Overall window U-value Plug loads System type, plant type Baseline fan per PRM VAV - min box turn down, central heating coil Outside air - fixed, % supply or cfm/person, DCV; off at night Controls C t l SAT reset, t humidity, h idit loop l temp resets
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals

Output Zone and plant loads met Building EUI Building plugs - W/ft2 Building lighting - W/ft2 Building occupant density Cooling - design ft2/ton, kW/ton, loading Cooling loop GPM/ton Heating - Btu/ft2, average efficiency, loading Supply air - design CFM/ft2 Ventilation air - % design d i flow, fl CFM/ft2
Performance Rating Method

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
FACILITATE QUALITY ASSURANCE KEY METRICS*
Metric Building EUI Cooling Design Cooling Design Cooling Loop Heating Design Fans Supply Air Ventilation Air Lighting Plugs Units kBtu/ft2 yr ft2/ton kW/ton GPM/ton Btu/ft2 kW/CFM CFM/ft2 CFM/ft2 W/ft2 W/ft2 Low 25 600 0.6 2.5 15 08 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.5 Medium 60 400 0.9 2.5 20 1.00 1.00 0.2 1.0 1.0 High 95 250 1.2 2.5 30 12 1.2 1.4 0.3 1.8 1.5

*Typical low *T i l of f office ffi buildings: b ildi l very energy efficient, mediumcode, d high hi hexisting buildings
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
FACILITATE QUALITY ASSURANCE Reconciliation
Look for careless errors in input
RMI Tool

Examine simulation output for explanation Make sure you understand simulation algorithms Make sure the model captures actual process/systems Increase model detail if needed Tweak uncertain inputs within a reasonable range of values Peer review
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MODELING BEST PRACTICES

PRESENTING RESULTS
Documenting Assumptions, EEMs, Packages
Baseline & Proposed Design Activity Space Areas Area Lobby Retail Corridor/Storage Exhibit* Classroom Dining Computer Lab Office Restrooms TOTAL 115,556 100 6,642 1,902 38,318 16,321 14,679 5,707 13,600 13,315 5,072 % 6 2 33 14 13 5 12 12 4 Outside Ventilation (Ft2/PER) 40 67 1000 25 28 10 40 200 150 (OA CFM/PER) 11 16 0 9 12 9 15 17 50 Baseline LPD (W/ft2) 1.6 1.6 1. 8.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 EPD (W/ft2) 0.25 0.25 0. 0 4.00 0.50 0.10 5.00 0.75 0.10 Proposed Design LPD (W/ft2) 1.0 1.0 1. 4.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 EPD (W/ft2) 0.25 0.25 0. 0 4.00 0.50 0.10 5.00 0.75 0.10

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MODELING BEST PRACTICES

PRESENTING RESULTS
Documenting Assumptions, EEMs, Packages
ECM Envelope Strategies Description 90.1-2004 As-Design 30% Below Description

BASE

Envelope and Windows

Walls: 4" batts in 4" studs 16" o.c. + R-3.8 c.i. (effective R-7 clear wall + R-3.8) Roof: R-15 c.i. above deck Glazing: Thermally broken alum. alum frames, frames clear uninsulated (GHs) (GHs), U U0.57 Btu/hr-ft2-F and SHGC-0.39 (all other) X
X X

1 2 3 Lighting BASE AD 4

Roof Insulation Exterior Wall Insulation Window Performance

X X X

Roof: R-30 batts between steel joists Walls: 6" batts in 8" studs 16" o.c. + R-3.8 c.i. Glazing: Thermally broken alum. frames, Low-e IGU w/gray exterior lite, U-0.4 Btu/hr-ft2-F and SHGC-0.32 (all other)

ASHRAE 2004 LPDs As Designed LPDs 15% Lower than ASHRAE 90.1-2004

X X X

Maximum allowable LPDs per ASHRAE 90.1-2004, corresponds with LEED Baseline lighting LPDs as designed LPDs are 15% lower than those allowable per ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Packaged VAV with hot Water Reheat VAV with Hot Water Reheat + DirectEvaporative Add blow-through Indirect/Direct Evaporative cooling section to AHU Hot Water Boilers (Forced draft, sealed combustion) 93% (Std Rating @ 80F HWRT). Terminal boxes set to 10% and baseboard used for perimeter heating Premium efficiency motors on fans. Evaporative section in AHU may increase static pressure and required fan BHP.

Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation BASE Baseline HVAC Systems AD As-Designed HVAC Systems 5 6 Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling Condensing Boiler

X X X

High-Efficiency Fans

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MODELING BEST PRACTICES

PRESENTING RESULTS
Cooling Load Reduction

Evaluate heating and cooling load breakdowns to identify impactful load reduction measures this is how you can downsize HVAC systems! ** Use Design Day Feature
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MODELING BEST PRACTICES

PRESENTING RESULTS

Show a path to a desired goal communicate to the owner/architect early on that this is important!
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MODELING BEST PRACTICES

PRESENTING RESULTS
Include all cash flows Identify business as usual baseline Packages of measures Downsize HVAC equipment Identify packages that meet various goals

15-Year NPV of Package versus Cumulative CO2 Savings

$40,000,000

Net Present Value of Measures Package

$30,000,000 $20,000,000 $10,000,000 $0 0 ($10,000,000) ($20,000,000) 20,000 40,000 60,000

NPV Max NPV Mid

NPV Neutral l
80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000

Cumulative Metric Tons of CO2 Saved over 15 Years

Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method

Max CO2 Reduction

Inform Design

Introduction

QUESTIONS? UP NEXT IS SUPPORT TOOLS

BEST PRACTICES
MODELING SUPPORT TOOLS

Copyright 2010 IBPSA-USA. All rights reserved.

SUPPORT TOOLS
FOR MODELING BEST PRACTICES

Bembook tools

These tools have been developed by RMI and are available for download at: www.rmi.org/rmi/ModelingTools
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

SUPPORT TOOLS FOR MODELING

ENERGY MODEL INPUT TRANSLATOR

Purpose: Translate typical design data to energy model input data

Components: Lighting, Receptacle, Occupant Density Domestic Hot Water Calculator Cooling Tower Fan Efficiency Calculator
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Proposed System Fan Power & EER Baseline System Fan Power & EER Schedule Exporter

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SUPPORT TOOLS FOR MODELING

RMI EMIT: ENERGY MODEL INPUT TRANSLATOR
Form-based inputs clearly show the user what data are required. Example: ASHRAE 90.1 Baseline HVAC system form

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SUPPORT TOOLS FOR MODELING

RMI EMIT: ENERGY MODEL INPUT TRANSLATOR

Spreadsheet output for 90.1 Baseline:

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SUPPORT TOOLS FOR MODELING

RMI EMIT: ENERGY MODEL INPUT TRANSLATOR
Helpful calculators for estimating design values during early stages of modeling have been provided. Example: Domestic Hot Water Heater Input Power and Storage Capacity Estimator

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SUPPORT TOOLS FOR MODELING

RMI EMIT: ENERGY MODEL INPUT TRANSLATOR

Domestic Hot Water Calculator:

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SUPPORT TOOLS FOR MODELING

RMI MODEL MANAGER TOOL

Features:
Use of common input file Presents input and output values side-by-side Facilitates making input/output comparisons

Click on button to perform function

Create eQUEST Batch Files

Do All Batch Processes

Exit to eQUEST

Extract Results Batch Files

Extract Results from Select Output Files

Model Manager Macro Buttons

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SUPPORT TOOLS FOR MODELING

RMI MODEL MANAGER TOOL

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SUPPORT TOOLS FOR MODELING

RMI MODEL MANAGER TOOL

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SUPPORT TOOLS FOR MODELING

RMI MODEL MANAGER TOOL

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SUPPORT TOOLS FOR MODELING

RMI MODEL MANAGER TOOL

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SUPPORT TOOLS FOR MODELING

RMI MODEL MANAGER TOOL

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RMI MODEL MANAGER TOOL

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RMI LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS TOOL

Features Excel based Transparent Source) T t (Open (O S ) Flexible Step through analysis

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SUPPORT TOOLS FOR MODELING

RMI LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS TOOL

Start with the easy stuff:

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RMI LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS TOOL

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RMI LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS TOOL

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SUPPORT TOOLS FOR MODELING

DOWNLOAD
THE

TOOLS

Download the tools at: http://www.rmi.org/rmi/ModelingTools

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and

ASHRAE STD 90.1-2007 PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

Copyright 2010 IBPSA-USA. All rights reserved.

PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

APPENDIX G OVERVIEW
Purpose
Intended to show relative performance compared against a minimally compliant ASHRAE 90.1 building that represents standard practice

Not Code Compliance

Not intended to show minimum code compliance, compliance but some state energy efficiency programs accept it

Function
Credits or penalizes many measures that are held constant for minimum code compliance

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

STD 90.1-2007 STANDARD SECTIONS & APPENDIX G
Mandatory Provisions d
Must be included in the project Should be reflected in the Baseline and Proposed Case energy models

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BUILDING ENVELOPE PROPOSED DESIGN (TABLE G3.1#5)
General Principles
Modeled to reflect actual building design

Orientation of Exterior Surfaces

Less than 45 differences may be modeled as single surface

Self-shading

Exterior surfaces shall be modeled as self-shading

Shades or Blinds

Automated shades or blinds may be modeled Manual shades or blinds are not modeled

Fenestration

Use assembly U-factors that account for the frames effects

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BUILDING
ENVELOPE

BASELINE

DESIGN

(TABLE G3.1#5)

Walls: modeled as steel-framed Roofs: modeled with continuous insulation above deck Raised floors exposed to the environment or above unconditioned spaces: modeled as steeljoist Windows: modeled with same window-to-wall ratio as proposed case up to 40%. Performance parameters modeled based on Building Envelope Requirements table for the appropriate climate zone (5.5-1 5.5-8) Existing envelope: modeled with existing conditions prior to renovation
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BUILDING ENVELOPE : BASELINE DESIGN RESIDENTIAL & SEMI-HEATED

(e.g., dwelling units, hospital rooms, etc.) Exterior surfaces for residential spaces are modeled using criteria from Table 5.5-1 to 5.5-8 Exterior surfaces adjacent to other space functions in a residential building may be modeled using the nonresidential values.

Residential

Semi-heated; Semi-exterior
Exterior surfaces for semiconditioned spaces may be modeled using the semiheated criteria from Table 5.5-1 to 5.5-8 Semi-Exterior: Should be modeled semi-heated d l d using i i criteria from Tables 5.5-1 to 5.5-8

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

Building form identical in Baseline & Proposed Case

BUILDING ENVELOPE BASELINE DESIGN (TABLE G3.1#5)

Windows distributed per faade in same proportion as Proposed Case

Average of four rotations: 0, 90, 180 and 270 Building B ilding surfaces s faces modeled without itho t self-shading self Infiltration modeled the same in Baseline & Proposed Case Roof modeled with reflectivity of 0.3

(
Introduction

+
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+
4
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+
Performance Rating Method

)
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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BUILDING ENVELOPE METHODS
FOR

DOCUMENTING CREDIT

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

ENVELOPE ERROR CHECKING
When using wizards - verify that interior surfaces are not modeled with exterior surfaces Compare proposed case properties to Appendix A (account for thermal bridging) Verify that baseline properties use appropriate construction assembly type Verify that proposed windows use framed-assembly U-factors In results data: Verify equal distribution of l d North-to-South loads N th S th and d East-to-West exterior walls, or justify differences Verify total window area (including window frames) Verify peak load components to known values or hand calculations

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

INTERIOR LIGHTING POWER DENSITY (TABLE G3.1#6)
Building Area Method (9.5)
One lighting power density per major building function (e.g. office / parking garage /retail) Average LPD across entire building function modeled for for both both baseline baseline and proposed case No additional lighting power allowed

Space-by-Space Space Space Method (9.6)

One LPD per space function Separate LPD modeled for each space or space function in both Baseline and Proposed cases Additional lighting power allowed (9.6.2)

A single method (9.5 or 9.6) must be used for the entire building For either method, exempt lighting is equal for Baseline and Proposed Case Task lighting is exempted when furniture mounted and shutoff automatically
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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

RESIDENTIAL INTERIOR LIGHTING
General principle: If an LPD is listed for the residential space under the Space-by-Space Method (Table 9.6.1), the interior lighting is regulated.

Portable Lighting: All portable lighting shown in design should be included in Proposed LPD
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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

INTERIOR LIGHTING SCHEDULES (TABLE G3.1 # 4 & #6)
Mandatory Provisions
9.4.1.1 Automated Shutoff

Anticipated Operation
Operating hours: Account for anticipated hours of operation

Differing Space / Building Function

Spaces / Building categories with differing schedules (corridor, storage, parking )

9.4.1.2 Occupant sensor controls

After hours: Account for after-hours O&M and emergency lighting

Decorative or Display Lighting (9.6.2)

Schedules should be modeled identically in the Baseline and Proposed Cases

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

INTERIOR LIGHTING CONTROLS (TABLE G3.1 # 6)
Occupant Sensor Controls
LPD adjustment allowed for spaces not regulated by 9.4.1.2 (Table G3.2 generally 10% credit) Schedule adjustments may be used in lieu of LPD adjustment if a strong case is made for the savings

Daylighting Controls D li hti C t l

Credit is allowed if modeled directly in simulation software (care is required if Building Area Method is used for lighting power density analysis) Credit may be allowed by Authority Having Jurisdiction for schedule adjustments associated with daylighting study performed outside of the simulation software

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

EXTERIOR LIGHTING

Faade lighting modeled in both ( dit only l cases (credit allowed for tradable surfaces)

Parking garage lighting - modeled as interior lighting (credit allowed)

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QUESTIONS? NEXT UPHVAC

PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE HVAC SYSTEM TYPE HEATING SOURCE (TABLE G3.1.1A)
Electric and other Fossil Fuel, H b id Hybrid, Purchased Heat
Examples: VAV w/ fossil fuel furnace, electric reheat Water source heat pump with fossil-fuel boiler

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE HVAC SYSTEM TYPE NON-RESIDENTIAL (TABLE G3.1.1A)
Based on total building conditioned area, number of floors, and heating source
Fossil fuel/Hybrid*:

#3: Packaged AC with fossil fuel furnace

Electric /Other:

#4: Packaged heat pump

Fossil Fuel / Hybrid*:

VAV Boxes w/ Hot Water Heating

Electric /Other:

#5 #6

#7 #8

PFP Boxes w/Electric Resistance Heating

* Purchased heat should be modeled as purchased heat in Baseline and Proposed Cases
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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE HVAC SYSTEM TYPE RESIDENTIAL (TABLE G3.1.1A)

Most Residential Buildings

System Type #1: Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners with hot water heating*

Heating = Electric / Unheated / Other:

System Type #2: Packaged Terminal Heat Pumps

* Purchased heat should be modeled as purchased heat in Baseline and Proposed Cases Cooling capacities to calculate cooling and heating efficiency should range between 7,000 and 15,000 Btu/h
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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE HVAC SYSTEM TYPE EXCEPTIONS (G3.1.1)

(a) (c)

Non-predominant predominant conditions: Residential space versus non-residential space Portion of the building all-electric; another portion is not

Use system type # 3 or #4 for spaces that vary from other spaces served by the same VAV system: Varying peak thermal loads (more than 10 Btu/hft2) Varying schedules (more than 40 EFLH per week) Use system type #3 or #4 for spaces where VAV is not feasible: Special pressurization relationships Code-required minimum circulation rates Cross-contaminant requirements

Laboratory spaces with at least 5,000 cfm of exhaust: Use system type 5 or 7 that reduce exhaust and make-up air to 50% of design values during unoccupied periods

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

HVAC BOTH HEATING & COOLING
BOTH heating and cooling must be modeled for all conditioned spaces (for Baseline and Proposed Cases) Space is conditioned IF it is cooled to more than 5 Btuh/ft2 or heated above the values in Table 3.1
Baseline cooling type, efficiencies and capacity ratio are modeled in Proposed case if no cooling is installed. Baseline heating type, efficiencies and capacity ratio are modeled in Proposed case if no heating is installed.

Fan Operation

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE HVAC SYSTEM TYPE GREY AREAS
Semi-heated spaces
Not regarded as conditioned space. Heating system type, heating capacity ratios, fan power and fan volume should be modeled the same in the Baseline and Proposed Cases Heating efficiencies for the Baseline should reflect the values for the installed equipment type from Tables 6.8.1E and 6.8.1F

Make-up air units

Baseline case systems should be modeled with outside air supplied directly to the units. No make-up air should be modeled.

Unenclosed spaces
Systems should be modeled identically in the Baseline and Proposed Cases, except when varying equipment efficiencies consistent with prescriptive baseline requirements. requirements

Any fans not interlocked with the HVAC system operation (for Baseline system types #1 through #8) should be modeled identically in the Baseline and Proposed Case except for motor efficiencies
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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

NON-RESIDENTIAL THERMAL BLOCKS (TABLE G3.1.1#7 AND #8)
HVAC Zones Not Designed:
Grouped based on similar internal loads

HVAC Zones Designed:

Separate perimeter versus interior zones where perimeter zones end 15 feet from exterior wall Separate blocks for glazed exterior walls with different orientations (more than 45) Separate blocks for spaces with exterior floors or roofs

1 thermal h l block bl k per zone except - Group zones into one thermal block, if following conditions are met: Space use classification is the same for entire thermal block All zones adjacent to glazed exterior walls face the same orientation (within 45) All zones are served by the same proposed case HVAC system or the same kind of HVAC system
Performance Rating Method

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

RESIDENTIAL THERMAL BLOCKS (TABLE G3.1.1#7 AND #8)
Separate zones for non-residential spaces

Group dwelling units facing same direction Units with roof or floor loads may not be grouped with i h units i from f middle floors

Corner units shall only be combined bi d with ith units sharing the same features

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE HVAC SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT (G3.1.1)

One system modeled per thermal block

One system modeled per floor**

*Floors with identical thermal blocks can be grouped ** 90.1-2007 only, not 2004
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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE HVAC SYSTEM CAPACITIES
Cooling Capacity Ratio: Oversized by 1.15
Use Auto-size function when possible (design day schedules are critical) Fan volume sized for 20oF supply-air-toroom air T Oversizing should generally be done at the cooling coils; but never both at the cooling coils and chiller plant Check output files to verify: (a) cooling operates at least a few hours in 7080% range (b) heating operates at least a few hours in 6070% range

Heating Capacity Ratio: Oversized by 1.25 1 25

Introduction

Oversizing should generally be done at the heating coils; but never both at the heating coils and boiler plant

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Inform Design

PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

HVAC SYSTEM EFFICIENCIES
Table 6.8.1 Baseline Efficiency References 6.8.1A: DX AC Cooling (#3 & #5) 6.8.1B: Heat Pump (#4) 6.8.1D: PTACs and PTHPs (#1 & #2) 6.8.1C: chillers (#6 and #8) 6.8.1E: furnaces (#3) 6.8.1F: boilers (#5 & #7) 6.8.1G: axial cooling towers (#7 and #8) Packaged DX (System Types #1 - #6) Generally input at ARI conditions (Baseline should always be l b at t ARI) Cooling descriptor broken out from fans Part-load conditions should be representative across all operating conditions Baseline efficiency determined for each Baseline System based on each systems capacity Chilled Water (System Types #7 & #8) Generally input at ARI conditions (Baseline should always be l b at t ARI) Axial fan cooling tower efficiency for Baseline Case is 38.2 gpm/hp, twospeed fan controls Part-load: Baseline should be representative of the equipment type and IPLV. Proposed Case should be representative of actual operating conditions Hot Water (System Types #5 & #7) Part-load should be representative of equipment type. Average Baseline A B li efficiency should not drop much below 75%. Justification should be provided for varying equipment curves Proposed case condensing boiler curves should account for anticipated operating temperatures

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE SYSTEM FAN POWER (G3.1.2.9)

Baseline Fan Power = sum of peak supply + return + exhaust + relief fans, where CFMs refers to Supply cfm for each Baseline system, Pfan is in units of Watts, and m refers to motor efficiency

Non-residential i bl volume l t variable systems (System Types #5 through #8):

Pfan = (CFMs * 0.0013 + A) x 746 /m

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE SYSTEM FAN POWER PRESSURE ADJUSTMENT (TABLE 6.5.3.1.1B)

Credits
Fume hood exhaust exception (if fume hoods excluded from Baseline fan power allowance) Filters: MERV 9+ Return/exhaust airflow devices Gas-phase air cleaners Ducted return / exhaust
* Credits for Heat recovery and Evaporative humidifier only taken if modeled in Baseline

Sound attenuation Heat recovery* Evaporative humidifier*

Performance Rating Method

Sum of (PD x CFMD / 4131)

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

OUTSIDE AIR VENTILATION
Minimum Outside O t id air i volume (G3.1.2.5) Night-time ventilation (6.4.3.4.3) (6 4 3 4 3) Demand Control Ventilation for Credit (G3.1.2.5)
Same in Baseline and Proposed Case Exception: DCV modeled for credit

Minimum outside air rates modeled with zero flow or minimum required health safety ventilation for unoccupied periods Exception: night purge Method for taking credit must be approved by Authority Having Jurisdiction GBCI (LEED) requires ASHRAE 62.1 rates for Baseline if DCV is modeled in Proposed

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QUESTIONS? UP NEXT ARE CONTROLS

PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

CONTROLS FAN SYSTEM OPERATION (G3.1.2.4)
Fans continuous for all fans providing outside air for ventilation

Fans cycling in Proposed / continuous in Baseline ti i B li

Unoccupied Periods

Fans cycle on to meet load unless health regulations require continuous fans

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE CONTROLS ECONOMIZERS (G3.1.2.6-7)
System Types #3 - #8
Not Required Not required in warm humid climates 75F db shutoff in mild or warm marine or warm dry climates 70F db shutoff in mild humid h d climates l 65F db shutoff in other climate li t zones
Performance Rating Method

Exceptions: Economizer operation would interfere with refrigerated casework (exclusion only allowed if there are no proposed case economizers modeled) Gas-phase air cleaning is used to meet ASHRAE 62.1, Section 6.1.2

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE CONTROLS ENERGY RECOVERY
Based on baseline system supply air volume and minimum outdoor air supply for each Baseline HVAC system

REQUIRED WHEN: System supply air volume > 5,000 cfm System OA % > 70%

50% recovery efficiency

EXCEPTIONS:

Heated-only spaces heated to < 60F Toxic, corrosive or flammable exhaust* Commercial kitchen grease hoods* Heating mode for climate zones 1 through 3 Cooling mode for climate zones 3c, 4c, 5b, 5c, 6b, 7, 8 Largest source of exhaust less than 75% design outdoor airflow* Systems requiring dehumidification that use energy recovery in series with cooling coil Systems serving labs with exhaust rates > 5,000 cfm (which requires VAV in Baseline)

* Exception only applies if energy recovery is not included in proposed design

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE CONTROLS HEAT PUMPS (G3.1.3.1)

Heat Pump Auxiliary Heat

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE SYSTEM AIR-SIDE VAV CONTROLS
Supply Air Temperature Reset (G3.1.3.12) VAV Terminal Units (Systems #5 and #7) PFP VAV Terminal Units (Systems #6 and #8)
PFPBs fans only on during heating mode Sized for 50% of peak load Minimum volume = larger of: 30% of design flow OR Minimum ventilation requirement

Reset up to 5F higher based on worst case zone

Minimum volume = larger of: 0.4 cfm/ft2 OR Minimum ventilation requirement

VAV Fan part-load performance curves: See Table G3.1.3.15

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE CONTROLS CIRCULATION LOOP TEMPERATURE RESET
Hot Water Loop (G3.1.3.4: System Types #1, # 5, #7)
Outside air drybulb temperature reset 180F at 20F OSA temperature ramped linearly 150F at 50F OSA

Chilled Water Loop (G3.1.3.11: System Types #7 and #8)

Outside air drybulb temperature reset 54F at 60F OSA temperature ramped linearly 44F at 80F OSA

Condenser Water Loop (G3.1.3.11: System Types #7 and #8)

Outside air wetbulb temperature reset 85F leaving water temperature to 70F leaving water temperature
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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE CASE PLANT COOLING EQUIPMENT QUANTITIES & TYPES
Building Peak Cooling Load 300 tons: 1 water-cooled t screw chiller, 1 constant speed primary CHW pump, 1 constant speed secondary CHW pump, 1 constant speed CW pump. Constant primary / variable secondary CHW flow with secondary pump riding the curve. Building Peak Cooling Load: > 300, < 600 tons 2 equally sized water-cooled screw chillers, 2 constant speed primary CHW pumps, 1 variable speed secondary CHW pump, 2 constant speed CW pumps. Constant primary / variable secondary CHW flow Building Peak Cooling Load: 600 tons 2 or more equally sized water-cooled centrifugal chillers with no chiller > 800 tons. 1 variable speed secondary CHW pump. Number of constant speed primary CHW pumps = Number of constant speed CW pumps = Number of chillers. Constant primary / variable secondary CHW flow

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

BASELINE CASE PLANT HHW EQUIPMENT QUANTITIES & TYPES
< 15,000 ft2 1 Natural Draft Boiler 1 constant speed pump Variable primary flow with pump riding the curve

15,000 ft2, < 120,000 ft2 2 Natural Draft Boilers 1 constant speed pump Variable primary flow with pump riding the curve
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120,000 120 000 ft2 2 Natural Draft Boilers 1 variable speed pump Variable primary flow
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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

TYPICAL HVAC EFFICIENCY MEASURES

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

SERVICE WATER HEATING
Reflect designed system using actual system type, capacities & efficiencies ff for Proposed Case Model combined DHW/HHW systems as separate systems in the Baseline Model District Steam / Hot Water identically in baseline & proposed cases (using purchased energy rates) Service water loads & usage should be equal to proposed design except:
o Loads reduced by low flow SHW fixtures, or greywater heat recovery may be modeled in the Proposed case. Assumptions must be justified.

Condenser heat recovery must b be modeled d l d in the h baseline for large 24-hr facilities:
o If total installed heat rejection capacity > 6,000,000 Btu/h o If design service water heating load > 1,000,000 Btu/h o Model the system as preheating service hot water draw to 85oF, or model directly in software

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

UNREGULATED ENERGY
ALL process loads must be included in the model. Baseline and Proposed should be identical except where minimum equipment efficiencies are regulated (e.g., motor efficiencies)
Receptacles

Process Loads

Transport

Other

Computers

Server rooms

Elevators

Swimming Pools

Monitors

Refrigeration Escalators Parking ventilation fans

Copy Machines

Cooking

Etc.

Manufacturing

Moving Walkways

Snow melt

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

COMNET INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDES
Energy savings modeling and inspection guidelines for commercial building federal tax deductions COMNET commercial buildings energy modeling guidelines and procedures

h // http://www.comnet.org

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QUESTIONS? U N IS

PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

LEED: DEMAND CONTROL VENTILATION
Baseline: Use ASHRAE Std 62.1-2007 Minimum Rates for spaces where DCV credit is taken Schedule S h d l unoccupied i d periods i d with ith zero Outside air or Minimum Health/Safety rates required when unoccupied Proposed: Generally modelable within energy software Maintain minimum floor air volumes during occupied periods even when space is unoccupied

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

LEED & ASHRAE STD 90.1 APPENDIX G
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G Performance Improvements

Requires Explanation of R i E l ti f Process Energy Inputs if less than 25% of Baseline Energy Cost Allows Credit for Process Efficiency Measures using the Exceptional Calculation Method Includes all Exterior lighting, and allows credit for tradable exterior lighting surfaces
Modeling Fundamentals

New Buildings
10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% 22% 24% 26% 28% 30% 32% 34% 36% 38% 40% 42% 44% 46% 48%

Major Renovations
5% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% 22% 24% 26% 28% 30% 32% 34% 36% 38% 40% 42% 44%

Points (NC & Schools)

Prerequisite 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Points (CS)
Prerequisite 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

LEED: SYSTEMS
WITHOUT

ARI EFFICIENCY RATINGS

Provide extra documentation showing that the model appropriately accounts for the anticipated full-load and part-load operation of the system, and accounts for the systems thermodynamic performance

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

LEED: MAJOR RENOVATIONS

Envelope

Baseline: Existing conditions prior to renovation Proposed: Includes renovations

Lighting

Baseline: ASHRAE 90.1 Building Area Method or Space-by-Space Method Proposed: Actual lighting power (including unrenovated spaces)

Baseline: Appendix G System types and requirements Proposed: Actual HVAC system types and controls

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

LEED: CORE & SHELL
Envelope: Model as designed

Lighting: Model core spaces as designed with Baseline modeled using space-by-space method; model tenant spaces identically in the Baseline and Proposed Case unless tenant requirements are provided.

HVAC: Model all HVAC components included in the design. For HVAC components not yet included in the design, model the proposed case identically to the Baseline Case. Case
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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

LEED: EXTERIOR LIGHTING
Non-tradable Surfaces: Modeled Identically in Baseline and Proposed Case up to Baseline Allowance. Tradable Surfaces: Can be modeled for Credit. Baseline allowance based on ASHRAE Std 90.1 allowance. Consistency with SSc8: The li lighting Th hti kW reported t d for f Baseline and Proposed should be consistent with SSc8.

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PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD

LEED: PROCESS (UNREGULATED) LOADS
The savings should be calculated separately from the main Baseline/Proposed models Calculations should be provided Narrative Na ati e should sho ld explain e plain calculation calc lation and justify j stif ass assumptions mptions

Should be consistent with standard practice for a similar, newly constructed facility where the project is located Should be justified with published data or monitoring Referenced equipment should show consistent function and performance as designed equipment Proposed Assumptions Should reflect the actual designed equipment

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Modeling to Inform Design

INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS MODELING PROCEDURES MODELING EXISTING BUILDINGS M&V

Copyright 2010 IBPSA-USA. All rights reserved.

MODELING AND THE BUILDING LIFE CYCLE

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EARLY DECISIONS ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT

HIGH Level of Effort
Typical energy modeling timeframe

LOW Project Start

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Time
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Project Finish
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INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS

TIME COMPARISON
Construction Admin Project Closeout Construction Documents Pre-design Construction Documents Construction Admin Project Closeout

Schematic Design Design Development Design Development

Pre-design
Schematic Design

Typical
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Integrated
Performance Rating Method Inform Design

INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS

OVERVIEW
Activities
Goal Setting Technical Potential Right Steps Energy Modeling

Modeling Objectives

Align team around energy-related goals Make design recommendations EARLY to increase potential for impact Identify where efforts should be focused to maximize energy savings and equipment downsizing Maximize opportunity for energy efficiency
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INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS

GOAL SETTING
Use Energy Modeling to Quantify Targets
% reduction below ASHRAE 90.1 No mechanical cooling

kBTU/sf/yr

Goal Setting Charrette

Types
Overall Target Values Comparative 55% better than EISA 2007 ASHRAE 90.1-2007 2 EUI <35 kBtu/ft /yr Lowest EUI of any U.S. museum Net Zero operating carbon 80% water 2 reduction from Demand <3 W/ft current use

Goals
Certifications LEED Platinum Energy Star score ASHRAE Building Energy Quotient Living Building Challenge End Use Specific 80% reduction in lighting energy from natural daylight 100% of heating from waste heat and solar thermal

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INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS

TECHNICAL POTENTIAL
WHAT IS IT?? The Th minimum level l l of f energy consumption ti possible for a building, given todays technology (excluding renewables) WHY DO WE CARE? Challenges conventional ways of thinking Not limited by industry benchmarks/norms Leads to more aggressive design targets Explicitly determines where ground has been lost

HOW DO WE DETERMINE THIS? Start with a baseline or current design Removes the losses and inefficiencies with best available technology

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INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS

THE RIGHT STEPS
IN THE

RIGHT ORDER

(1) Define Needs (2) Identify Appropriate Measures (3) Reduce Loads (4) Select Appropriate & Efficient Technology Most people start here! (5) Plan System Layouts (6) Optimize Operation (7) Seek S k Synergies S i (8) Explore Alternative Power

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INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS

ITERATIVE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

Resize and Reselect Mechanical Equipment E i t

Compare Metrics to Benchmarks and Goals

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INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS

SUPPORTING
THE

BUSINESS CASE
Packages of measures Downsize HVAC equipment Identify packages that meet various goals

Include all cash flows Identify business as usual baseline

15-Year NPV of Package versus Cumulative CO2 Savings

$40,000,000

Net Present Value of Measures Package

$30,000,000 $20,000,000 $10,000,000 $0 0 ($10,000,000) ($20,000,000) 20,000 40,000 60,000

NPV Max NPV Mid

NPV Neutral l
80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000

Cumulative Metric Tons of CO2 Saved over 15 Years

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Max CO2 Reduction

Inform Design

Introduction

to

Design

SUPPORTING THE BUSINESS CASE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING

Copyright 2010 IBPSA-USA. All rights reserved.

EMPIRE STATE BUILDING (ESB)

APPLICATION
OF

TECHNICAL POTENTIAL

www.esbsustainability.com

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ESB RE

ETROFIT

Prior to 2008, the Empire State Buildings performance was average compared to most U.S. office buildings.
Annual utility costs: $11 million ($4/ft2) Annual CO2 emissions: 25,000 metric tons (22 lbs/ft2) Annual energy use: 88 kBtu/ft2 Peak electric demand: 9.5 MW (3.8 W/ft2 inc. HVAC)
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P
Motivation of ESB Ownership: To demonstrate how to costeffectively retrofit a large multi-tenant office building to inspire others to embark on whole-building retrofits

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ESB: TECHNICAL POTENTIAL EXERCISE

What is the maximum level of energy savings for this building given todays technology?
90 kBtu/ft kBt 2/yr

Current Energy Use

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ESB: TECHNICAL POTENTIAL EXERCISE

What is the maximum level of energy savings for this building given todays technology?
90 kBtu/ft2/yr
Cooling Energy Use
65% Savings

Raise Cooling Setpoint Envelope & OA Reduce Savings Internal Gains Cooling Efficiency Cooling TMin

Existing Cooling

Current Energy Use

Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

Introduction

ESB: TECHNICAL POTENTIAL EXERCISE

What is the maximum level of energy savings for this building given todays technology?
90 kBtu/ft2/yr

Annual Energy Use

2 4

1
Current Energy Use
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals

3
Technical Potential
Best Practices

5
Implementable Minimum
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ESB: TECHNICAL POTENTIAL EXERCISE

Baseline: 90 kBtu/ft2/y 67% Savings Technical Potential: 30 kBtu/ft2/yr
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Implementable I l t bl Minimum: 57 kBtu/ft2/yr

Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

I
300,000

M
Annual Energy Savings by Measure

9%

Annual Energy Use (kBtu)

200,000

6%

5%

5%

38% Reduction
5% 3% 3% 2%

100,000

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QUESTIONS? UP NEXT IS PROCEDURES

Modeling to Inform Design

M P

Copyright 2010 IBPSA-USA. All rights reserved.

 How is energy modeling best utilized during each phase? What are the key steps to be followed during each phase?

Design Development

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MODELING PROCEDURES
PRE-DESIGN

Use energy modeling technical potential analysis to drive goal setting

Perform modeling to inform early design decisions regarding: building siting and orientation, geometry, massing and program layout, passive strategies, glazing size and location, shading and daylighting strategies
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MODELING PROCEDURES
PRE-DESIGN
Confirm critical assumptions and big picture analysis:

Take what you know (footprint, building type, etc.) and construct a Std 90.1-2007 model Document all assumptions, note values to be validated Evaluate the end-use breakdown to identify major savings opportunities Evaluate peak heating and cooling load contributions to identify ways to downsize mechanical systems Analyze certain measures that are early design decisions and will be difficult to change later Determine the technical potential for reduced energy consumption to challenge the actual design.
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MODELING PROCEDURES
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
Be timely
Decision-making can happen quickly. If modeling is time constrained, consider simplifying schedules, spaces/HVAC zones and window geometry. Recommendations made based on a targeted, simplified analysis are better than no recommendations.

Address design components that are laid-out and decided-upon in SDs

Low pressure-drop system design with energy recovery L Floor-to-floor height and space layout to maximize daylight-use potential Integrated systems UFAD, natural ventilation, mixed-mode ventilation

Respond to and leverage the project specifics

Client motivations Design team need for information The Th project j t story t

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MODELING PROCEDURES
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
Review all available documents (Owner s Requirements, Narratives, Drawings). Extract known data, document assumptions. Compile schedules, LPD, EPD design data for team to review, get info for ASHRAE fan power calculation (filters, sound attenuation, etc.) Evaluate those things that cant be modeled with alternative methods (e.g., thermodynamic equivalent, spreadsheet, 8760 schedule, etc.) Evaluate from re technical ial E l t impact i t of f change h f ference to t t h i l potent t ti l Define several HVAC alternatives Expand EEMs to include synergistic elements Make series of runs that include one EEM at a time to facilitate QC Define packages to cover range of targets Check results against metrics (site, plant, end-use) and targets
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MODELING PROCEDURES
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Right-sizing of systems
Size most systems to just meet design loads Over-sizing (typically systems with VFDs): allow room for expansion, and benefit from improved efficiencies at part load

Inform value engineering decisions

Convey the cumulative impact of efficiency measures Analyze the impact of value engineering options

Inform the design relative to fine-tuning of efficiency strategies

Controls: Staging / delta T / resets / VAV minimums / etc.

Shading characteristics width of overhangs / fins, etc.

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MODELING PROCEDURES
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Update model input with latest design info, document assumptions Identify any gaps in the plans & specifications (e.g., fenestration properties, fan bhp, sequence of operations, etc.) and request clarifications For lifecycle cost analysis or value engineering, identify efficiency measures already incorporated into the design, and use parametrics to show performance without these measures Identify and analyze efficiency measures not analyzed in earlier phases Fine-tune efficiency measures in design
Control parameters Exterior shade depths Chiller selection (using part-load curves)

Verify equipment capacities will meet comfort conditions without jeopardizing energy efficiency
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MODELING PROCEDURES
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS

Finalize Performance and Savings Estimates

Document savings for LEED / EPACT / other

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MODELING PROCEDURES
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS
Check for changes to building form, orientation or thermal zones Verify envelope input parameters Identify any changes to LPD, EPD or schedules Identify any changes to fan bhp, air flow and other HVAC equipment Identify any changes to controls Revise model to reflect current design Check results against DD results, metrics, targets Ensure that documentation appropriately responds to information requested by Authority Having Jurisdiction Provide full justification for all savings claimed Provide a narrative justifying any non-standard inputs or outputs
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CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS
LEED SUBMITTAL REQUIREMENTS
Input Summary
Identify each major Baseline and Proposed Case Input. Examples: R-13+R3.8ci steelframed walls, U0.064 Supply temperature reset based on worst case zone between 55oF & 60oF Identify where exceptions have been taken (e.g. system type exceptions, no Energy recovery modeled for 100% OSA system, etc.)

Output Summary
Enter energy consumption by enduse Enter peak demand by end-use (for month with highest peak demand) Enter energy cost by energy type

Renewable / Exceptional Calculations

Renewable Calculations: EAc2: full explanation of calcs Explain variations between virtual energy cost for energy model and average energy cost offset by renewables Exceptional Calculations: Provide detailed narrative with justification for all assumptions made Provide a copy of studies used Provide calculations

Backup documents
Simulation output summary reports: Energy consumption by end-use Energy cost by energy type Unmet load hours Envelope summary E l Simulation input summary reports: Envelope Sample system Sample thermal zone Mechanical Schedule

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Modeling to Inform Design

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS CASE STUDY UH C-MORE LAB

UH C-MORE CASE STUDY

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION REVIEWS
ASHRAE Std 90.1-2004

52% energy savings

31% energy cost savings

Pursuing LEED Gold

Goal of CD Reviews: To ensure inclusion of all sustainability measures and LEED points CD Energy Modeling: Completion of Exceptional Calculation Measures
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UH C-MORE CASE STUDY

CD REVIEW
Error in Lab ACH Turndown Recommended SAT reset with humidity controls No OA measuring devices shown on drawings

4% energy cost savings

5% energy cost savings

IEQ c1

1-2 LEED EAc1 points

1-2 LEED EAc1 points

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Modeling to Inform Design

M E B

Copyright 2010 IBPSA-USA. All rights reserved.

MODELING EXISTING BUILDINGS

APPLICATIONS
Energy Efficiency Retrofit
Verify expected savings Evaluate efficiency measured

~1 year old building

Any vintage

Energy Model Calibration

Start with design-phase model

Develop model from scratch

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Performance Rating Method

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Under-Constrained Problem

Model Calibration Process

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Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

 Identify and classify known and unknown model parameters

Audit checklist should minimize unknown data Despite the best efforts some data will be missing or unknown

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 Estimate Values for Unknown Parameters and Create Feasible Ranges

Manufacturers data sheets from equipment model numbers Equipment maintenance contracts and depreciation schedules ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals: guidelines for equipment and lighting loads Equipment efficiencies: Reference local building codes and equipment ages

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 Create and Analyze Initial Model

Baseline model that includes all known parameters and initial values for unknown parameters Compare model against utility bills and building indexes (CBECS) Perform a gut check by asking questions like :
Why does this model use much less energy than similar buildings in CBECS? If we know this building is often under-cooled, then why does the model show all loads being satisfied?
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 Calibrate Model to Address Individual Loads L d

Parameters that can be isolated on the utility bills (i.e., DHW in the summer) Appliances and miscellaneous equipment can be calibrated to expected values from DOE and Energy Star Lighting can be individually calibrated using energy model submeters compared to a simple, kWh = kW*hrs calculation Any parameter that is sub-metered should be individually calibrated
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 Calibrate Remaining Parameters

Start with the swing seasons (fall and spring)
Heating use is minimal and cooling is related only to internal loads Adjust schedules, fan power and internal loads (equipment)

Calibrate heating system in the winter months

Adjust heating system efficiency and heating setpoints System parameter adjustment may coincide with slight changes to wall U-values

Calibrate the cooling system in the summer months

Adjust cooling efficiencies and other cooling system parameters Double check fan power during this step
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Graphical Comparison
Electrical Usage (kWh x000)

Statistical Comparison

60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

Model

Utility Bills

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Performance Rating Method

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CALIBRATION
RECONCILIATION WITH UTILITY DATA
Rough calibration of components
DHW from gas in summer Cooling from electric in summer Heating from gas in H i f i winter i Swing season for schedules, plugs
35,000 30,000 Electric (kWh) 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Gas (MBtu) Modeled Elec FY 2009 Elec Modeled Gas FY 2009 Elec

Fiscal Year 2009

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Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

CALIBRATION
RECONCILIATION WITH HOURLY DATA

Introduction

Modeling Fundamentals

Best Practices

Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

CALIBRATION
RECONCILIATION WITH HOURLY DATA

Introduction

Modeling Fundamentals

Best Practices

Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

CALIBRATION
RECONCILIATION WITH HOURLY DATA

Introduction

Modeling Fundamentals

Best Practices

Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

CALIBRATION
HOW GOOD IS GOOD ENOUGH?
Check if Calibration Criteria are Met
Mean ERRmonth (+/- 15%) =100 * (M-S) / M Mean ERRyear (+/- 10%) = ERRmonth / 12 CV(RMSEyear ) (+/- 10%) =( [(M-S)2 / 12])0.5
From FEMP M&V Guidelines v. 2.2
Electrical Usage (kWh x000) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Model Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Utility Bills

The mean bias error may be influenced by offsetting errors

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CALIBRATION
ART
VERSUS

SCIENCE

a detailed simulation program involving numerous input parameters a highly under-determined problem (i.e. , the presence of too many parameters is likely to result in any solution being non-unique.
Reddy, T.A. , and Itzhak Maor, 2006. Procedures for Reconciling Computer-Calculated Results with Measured Energy Data, ASHRAE Research Project 1051-RP

It seems like most of the worlds conventional wisdom is to treat the building simulation like it is some kind of academic exercise and as though it really doesnt make any difference whether the model of a building accurately reflects reality, just as long as it looks good.
Waltz, James, 1999. Computerized Building Simulation Handbook, Fairmont Press, Lilburn, GA.

Introduction

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Performance Rating Method

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CALIBRATION
GATHER AND CHECK DATA

Climatic data Utility Data As-built As documents Sequence of operations Specs S Submittals
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

CALIBRATION
GATHER AND CHECK DATA
Survey and Audit Data Occupant feedback Operator interview Survey / audit forms TAB reports Monitored data

Introduction

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CALIBRATION
CREATING CUSTOM WEATHER FILES
Parameters Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Dew Point Humidity Atmospheric Pressure Horizontal infrared Total horizontal radiation Direct normal radiation Diff Diffuse normal radiation Wind direction Wind speed Present weather codes Snow Depth
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals

DOE-2 DP

EnergyPlus RH See simulation program documentation for more details on data requirements and processing tools

Clouds Flag
Best Practices

Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

CALIBRATION
CREATING CUSTOM WEATHER FILES
Example Process: Create a custom weather file for 2007 for Atlanta, GA

1. Download the TMY .CSV file for Atlanta, GA (available from EnergyPlus site) 2. Request hourly data for 2007 from the EnergyPlus request site
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/weatherdat a_about.cfm

3. Fill any data gaps in 2007 .CSV files that you receive via email 4. Convert data to correct units for TMY version (if required)

Introduction

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Performance Rating Method

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CALIBRATION
CREATING CUSTOM WEATHER FILES
Create a custom weather file for 2007 for Atlanta, GA
5. Convert Dry Bulb and Dew Point Temperature to % Relative Humidity using the relation:

Tdb = dry bulb temperature, Tdp = dew point temperature, RH = Relative Humidity

6. Copy the 2007 hourly data (including the calculated RH) to the appropriate columns in the TMY .CSV file. 7. Try to find hourly solar datahopefully your site is included here: http://www.nrel.gov/midc/srrl_bms/ 8. Copy the 2007 solar radiation values to the appropriate columns in the TMY file 9. Convert the altered .CSV file to the type of weather file required for a given energy modeling tool using various weather file converter tools
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

CALIBRATION
COMMON MODEL ADJUSTMENTS
HVAC start/stop times VAV box minimum airflow setpoint Supply air temperature control Economizer operation Plug loads Night and weekend plug load fraction Night and weekend lighting Exterior lighting, other loads
Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

Introduction

Modeling to Inform Design

MEASUREMENT &
ERIFICATION

Copyright 2010 IBPSA-USA. All rights reserved.

THE PATH TO IMPROVED PERFORMANCE

INCLUDES

M&V ACTIVITIES

On On-going Commissioning

Energy Management

The Path to Improved Performance

M&V is part of a performance feedback loop that benefits: Facility Managers Designers E Energy M Modelers d l

Introduction

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Performance Rating Method

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A
a quarter of the new buildings that have been certified do not save as much energy as their designs predicted... If youre not reducing carbon, youre not doing your job. Scott Horst, Senior Vice President, USGBC
New York Times, August 31, 2009, Some Buildings Not Living Up to Green Label. From NBI/USGBC, Energy Performance of LEED for New Construction Buildings, March 2008.
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

M&V
OPTION D ACTIVITIES Savings
Commissioning As-Designed Model Calibrated Model Metering Performance Data

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M&V
LEED NC EAc5
Intent
Provide for ongoing accountability of energy consumption over time M&V Plan per International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) Vol. III Option B or D, savings method 2 1 Year M&V Period Process for corrective action M&V rigor and value IPMVP Volume III overview M&V activities timeline
Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

Requirements

Reference Guide

Introduction

Modeling Fundamentals

M&V
OPTION D PROCEDURES

Gather and check data

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Performance Rating Method

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DEVELOP M&V PLAN

LEED NC CONSIDERATIONS
M&V Plan General Considerations Responsible party for implementing the M&V Plan Activities addressing ongoing accountability M&V option B or D Baseline definition One-year M&V period Calibration of predicted performance analysis Use of weather data coinciding with M&V period Energy savings calculation Metering requirements See http://www.ibpsa.us/workshop/ for more detailed M&V Plan content outline and example LEED EAc5 M&V Plan
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

DEVELOP M&V PLAN

BALANCE RISK OF SAVINGS WITH VALUE OF SAVINGS

Introduction

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Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

 May not be monitoring energy usage directly Monitor to ensure building is operating per its design intent

Prioritize what to monitor by considering:

Owners needs At-risk savings Confirmation of modeling assumptions

Introduction

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Performance Rating Method

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System Hot Water

Measure / Verification Component

Verify Measure / Condition

Monitoring Points - VFD speed - pump status - differential pressure between supply and return - water flow rate - heating water supply and return temperatures - chiller power - chiller efficiency (calculated point) or/ - CHWS/RT - CHW flow

Variable-flow loop; hot - variable-flow operation, to maintain water pumps equipped pressure differential set point between with VFDs. supply heating l and d return t h ti water t piping i i mains - interlocked with boiler operation; two minute delay on boiler disable Equipped with VFDs. Reset chilled water supply temperature to maintain air handler discharge air temperature. - chiller efficiency (NPLV = 0.50) - chiller VFD operation - chilled water supply temperature reset from 48F to maintain air handler discharge air temperature

Chillers

See http://www.ibpsa.us/workshop/ http://www ibpsa us/workshop/ for example LEED EAc5 M&V Plan with monitoring points
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

 Make baseline model adjustments (schedules, setpoints, variable dependent on operation, conditions beyond the control of ESCO) Calculate Savings Savings = Adjusted Baseline Energy Actual Energy (Option D, Method 2) Savings = Adjusted Baseline Energy Modeled d l d Actual l Energy (O (Option D, Method h d 1) )

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R
Document IPMVP Volume I IPMVP Volume III New Construction FEMP M&V Guidelines, version 2.2 22 FEMP M&V Guidelines, version 3.0 ASHRAE Guideline 14 2002 Description
Basic concepts and methods, measurement, uncertainty, examples

Links http://www.evoworld.org

Baseline definition, overview of http://www.evomethods world.org

ESCO focus, owner support; application document, calibration methodology, sample selection

http://www.nrel.gov/d ocs/fy00osti/26265.pdf http://www1.eere.ener gy.gov/femp/pdfs/mv_ guidelines.pdf http://www.techstreet. com/cgibin/detail?product_id= 1645226

IPMVP concepts +, calibration criteria, instrumentation, data management, regression techniques, examples
Best Practices

Introduction

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&
M&V Case Study California Office Building

Introduction

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HIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLE

LEED NC 2.1 M&V IMPLEMENTATION
New Construction Size: Si Approx 400,000 ft2 Principal Use: Office, Cafe, Parking Garage, Fitness Center, Data Center Energy Costs: $2.35/ft2-year Source Energy Use: 209 kBtu/ft2 year Site Energy Use: 69 kBtu/ft2 year Awards: LEED NC 2.1 Gold
Introduction

Efficiency Features:
Under-floor fl air i distribution di t ib ti Chiller efficiency, 0.51 kW/ton Variable-speed chiller Low lighting power, <0.7W/ft L li hti 0 7W/ft2 Daylighting controls

Efficient glazing, SHGC 0.24 Predicted Energy Cost ($/ft2-yr)

19% savings $1.79 $0.22 Budget Case Case

$1.38 $0.24 Design

Electricity Gas

Modeling Fundamental s Best Practices

Performanc e Rating Method

Inform Design

HIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLE

LEED NC 2.1 M&V IMPLEMENTATION
Design Case Using design parameters Budget Case Using Title 24 parameters

Savings

Project used IPMVP Option D, Method 1 Current LEED requires Method 2

Calibration

Adjustments

Verified Design Case Actual operating parameters

Verified Savings

Verified Budget Case Title 24 performance & actual operating schedules

Introduction

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HIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLE

PREDICTED
Step #1
Compare design model to utility bills Not very close (details on following slides)
Electricity (kWh)
700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200

VS.

ACTUAL

Predicted

Actual

Peak Electric Demand (kW) Predicted Actual

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Oct Nov Dec Aug Se p 1000

800 600 400 200 0
16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000

Natural Gas (therms) Predicted Actual

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Dec Aug Sep Oct Nov8,000

6,000 4,000 2,000 2 000 0

Jan

Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec

Introduction

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HIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLE

PREDICTED
VS.

ACTUAL

Electricity
Electricity (kWh)
700,000 600,000 500,000 400 000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0

Predicted

Actual

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Modeling Fundamentals

Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Performance Rating Method

Introduction

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HIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLE

PREDICTED
VS.

ACTUAL

Peak Electric Demand

Peak Electric Demand (kW)
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

Predicted

Actual

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Introduction

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HIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLE

PREDICTED
VS.

ACTUAL

Natural Gas
Natural Gas (therms)
16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0

Predicted

Actual

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Introduction

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HIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLE

PREDICTED
Step #2
Dig deeper Data sources in this case
Building B ildi automation t ti system (BAS) Separate Energy monitoring system (EMS) Short-term monitoring
Chiller kW
CHW Load (Btu/hr) Electric Demand (kW)
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

VS.

ACTUAL
June 2010 - Typical Week
Actual Predicted

From EMS

June 2010 - Typical Week

Actual
6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000

From BAS

Predicted

Introduction

Modeling Fundamentals

Best Practices 0

Performance Rating Method

Inform Design

HIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLE

MODEL CALIBRATION
Step #3 Calibrate Model
Verify system performance - chillers & air handlers
Fan Power (W/cfm)
Actual 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 Supply Air Flow (cfm) Model

Chiller Efficiency (kW/ton)

Actual 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0 100 200 300 400 500 Model

Cooling Load (tons)

Introduction

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10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

5000

0 7/27/10 19:12 7/27/10 19:40 7/27/10 20:09 7/27/10 20:38 7/27/10 21:07 7/27/10 21:36 7/27/10 22:04 7/27/10 22:33 7/27/10 23:02 7/27/10 23:31 7/28/10 0:00 7/28/10 0:28 7/28/10 0:57 7/28/10 1:26 7/28/10 1:55 7/28/10 2:24 7/28/10 2:52 7/28/10 3:21 CRAC 9 7/28/10 3:50 7/28/10 4:19 7/28/10 4:48 7/28/10 5:16 7/28/10 5:45 7/28/10 6:14 7/28/10 6:43 7/28/10 7:12 7/28/10 7:40 7/28/10 8:09 7/28/10 8:38

Step #3 (cont.)

MODEL CALIBRATION

HIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLE

Verify system performance computer room air conditioners

Introduction Modeling Fundamentals

CRAC 1 (representative of 1 - 8)

Best Practices Performance Rating Method Inform Design

CRAC Power (watts)

HIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLE

MODEL CALIBRATION
Step #3
(cont.)
1600

June 2010 - Typical Week

Actual Model

Make adjustments
Data center & CRACs Parking garage nighttime lighting Telecom/electrical room loads Off-hour plug loads Exterior lighting Outdoor air ventilation rate
Electric Demand (kW)

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

June 2010 - Typical Week

Actual
6000000

Model

CHW Load (Btu/hr)

5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000

Introduction

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Best Practices 0

Performance Rating Method

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HIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLE

MODEL CALIBRATION
Step #3
(cont.)
700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Electricity (kWh)
Calibrated lb d Model d l Actual l

Monthly calibrated model results

Elec kWh Min ERRmonth Max ERRmonth ERRyear CV(RMSEmonth) Meet Criteria? -1% -7% -4% 6% Yes Gas 64% 13% 16% 51% No

Natural Gas (therms)

Calibrated Model 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Actual

Criteria: Mean ERRmonth +/- 15 Mean ERRyear +/- 10% CV(RMSEmonth ) +/- 10%
Introduction Modeling Fundamentals

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HIGH-RISE OFFICE M&V EXAMPLE

CALCULATE SAVINGS
Step #4
Adjust budget model
$2.01 $1.62

Energy Cost ($/ft 2 -yr)

$2.85 $2.35

Add data center, other loads M Match h schedule h d l adjustments dj Match OA ventilation rate Step #5
Calculate verified savings

19% savings

17% savings

Budget Case

Design Case

Verified Verified Budget Design Case Case

"Regulated" Energy Cost ($/ft 2 -yr)

$1.53 $1.15 $1.63

Step #6
Think about results

$1.13

25% savings

31% savings

Introduction

Modeling Fundamentals

Best Practices

Performance Case Rating Method

Budget

Verified Verified Design Budget Design Design Case Inform Case Case

CLOSING and Q&A

CLOSING
SURVEYS, CONTINUING EDUCATION, RESOURCES Surveys Distribute surveys (anonymous) ( ) PLEASE HAND IN SURVEYS BEFORE YOU LEAVE TO BE ADDED TO WORKSHOP / TOOL RELEASE EMAIL LIST!

CLOSING
SURVEYS, CONTINUING EDUCATION, RESOURCES
Professional Development/Continuing Education You will receive a certificate of attendance after you complete the online course evaluation here: www.ashrae.org/winte -conference-2012 If you have any questions about ASHRAE courses, please contact Martin Kraft, Managing Editor, [email protected] Self-report USGBC credits need to: http://www.gbci.org see My Credentials For AIA CES credits, list AIA number on sign-in sheet or notify Erin Dupree [email protected] who will add info before submitting credit info to AIA

CLOSING
SURVEYS, CONTINUING EDUCATION, RESOURCES IBPSA-USA / RMI Websites for Workshop Materials: http://www.ibpsa.us/workshop/ http://bembook.su-per-b.org http://www.rmi.org/rmi/ModelingTools GET INVOLVED LOCALLY WITH IBPSA-USA Go to http://www.ibpsa.us/chapters.shtml

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CLOSING
CONTACT INFO Thank you for attending!
Kendra Tupper [email protected] Erik Kolderup [email protected]