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APPENDIX A
DESIGN OF FENDERS

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APPENDIX A A.1 Example 1

DESIGN OF FENDERS

Given Details of design vessels for a proposed solid pier are given as follows : Type 1 Vessel Length Beam Depth Draft Displacement Bent radius of bow side of vessel 8.0 m 5.0 m 1.2 m 0.7 m 25 tonnes 10.0 m Type 2 Vessel 35.0 m 20.0 m 2.5 m 1.5 m 400 tonnes 25.0 m

Determine the layout and the size of rubber fenders. Solution (a) Length of fenders Low water level = +0.2 mPD High water level = +3.0 mPD Freeboard for Type 1 Vessel = 1.2 0.7 = 0.5 m Freeboard for Type 2 Vessel = 2.5 1.5 = 1.0 m Length of fenders = 3.5 m, extending from +0.15 mPD to +3.65 mPD to allow berthing under low and high water levels. The relationship between fenders and vessels at different water levels is shown as follows : Type 2 vessel Type 1 vessel 1.0m 0.5m

+3.65mPD

+3.0mPD (WL at 2-year return period)

Type 2 vessel 1.0m

Type 1 vessel 0.5m +0.15mPD +0.2mPD (MLLWL)

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(b)

Spacing of fenders (See Figure 8)

The length of the small vessel (Type 1 Vessel) using the pier = 8.0 m Maximum fender spacing = 0.15 x 8.0 m = 1.2 m Smallest bent radius of bow side of vessel = 10.0 m Height of fenders = 0.25 m Maximum fender spacing = 2 x [102 (10 0.25)2 ] 1/2 = 4.4 m Therefore, use fender spacing of 1.2 m. (c) Size of fenders

Based on the dimensions of the vessels :

z Distance of the point of contact of Type 1 Vessel from its centre of mass = 3.0m z Distance of the point of contact of Type 2 Vessel from its centre of mass = 12.0m Assume that the angle between the line joining the point of contact to the centre of mass and the
velocity vector of the vessel = 45
Calculation of berthing energy (see Section 5.12 of Part 1 of the Manual) :
Type 1 Vessel Vb Cm = 1+2(Dv/Bv) Ce = (Kv2+Rv2cos2)/(Kv2+Rv2) Where Kv = (0.19Cb + 0.11) Lv 0.4 m/s 1+2(0.7/5.0) = 1.28 Kv = [0.192510 / (8 50.71025) +0.11]8 = 2.2 Ce = (2.22+3.02cos245) /(2.22+3.02) = 0.67 1.0 0.9 0.5(1.28250.420.67 1.00.9) = 1.5 kNm
3

Type 2 Vessel 0.3 m/s 1+2(1.5/20.0) = 1.15 Kv = [0.19400103 / (35 201.51025) +0.11]35 = 6.32 Ce = (6.322+12.02cos245) /(6.322+12.02) = 0.61 1.0 0.9 0.5(1.154000.320.61 1.00.9) = 11.4 kNm

Cs Cc (for solid pier) Berthing energy

The total energy to be absorbed for accidental loading should be at least 50% greater than that for normal loading. Therefore, select a rubber fender from the suppliers catalogue with design energy absorption

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capacity greater than 11.4 x 1.5 = 17.1 kNm Since the pier has many fenders installed at a close spacing, the effect of angular compression on the fenders is neglected. From the performance curve of the fender, the berthing reaction = 325 kN
Performance curve of fenders 500
450
400
Reaction Force (kN) 350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 Deflection (%)
40 50 Energy Absorption Reaction Force 60
40
20
Energy Absorption (kN-m)

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A.2

Example 2

Given
The existing timber fenders of a piled deck ferry pier are to be replaced by plastic fenders.
Determine the size of the plastic fenders, waling and rubber buffers. The design data are as
follows:
Design vessel
Displacement Length Beam Depth Draft

= 940 tonnes
= 65.0 m
= 12.0 m
= 4.3 m
= 2.0 m

Existing fender frame

3000

Timber fender to be replaced by plastic fender Rubber buffer

375

5@650 = 3250 Dimensions in mm

Timber waling to be replaced by steel waling 375

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Solution (1) Try the following dimensions for the components of the fender frame

Plastic fender Size = 300 mm x 300 mm Modulus of elasticity, E = 32 Mpa Moment of inertia, I = 0.0098 m4 Bending stress, Allowable moment = 7 Mpa = I / y = 7 x 106 x 0.0098 / (0.3/2) = 457.3 kNm

Rubber buffer Cylindrical fender with outside diameter = 500 mm Steel waling Section Modulus of elasticity, E Design stress Plastic Modulus, S Moment capacity (2)

= 356 x 406 x 340 kg/m Universal Column (Grade 43) = 200 MPa = 265 Mpa = 6.03 x 106 mm3 = 265 x 6.03 = 1598 kNm

Calculation of berthing energy

Assume the distance of the point of contact of the vessel from its centre of mass = 20m Angle between the line joining the point of contact to the centre of mass and the velocity vector, = 45o Vb Cm Kv Ce Cs Cc = 0.3 m/s = 1+2(2.0/12) = 1.33 = [0.19 940 103 / (65 12 2.0 1025) +0.11] 65 = 14.41 = (14.412 +202cos245) /(14.412 +202) = 0.67 = 1.0 = 1.0 for piled deck pier

Berthing energy = 0.5(1.339400.320.671.01.0) = 37.7 kNm

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(3)

Capacity of the fender frame

The capacity of the fender system is checked for the following load cases: Load case 1: Berthing load at close proximity to the buffer

A P/2 P/2 C

375

5@650 = 3250

375

Let the berthing load be P. Assume that the design vessel collides with two fenders at one time and the berthing load P is equally shared between the two fenders. Since the berthing load P is very close to the buffer, it is assumed that all the berthing energy is absorbed by the buffer at B only. The total energy to be absorbed for accidental loading should be at least 50% greater than that for normal loading. Berthing energy to be absorbed = 37.7 x 1.5 = 56.6 kNm

Performance curve of buffers 800

700
Reaction Force (kN) 600
500
400
300 200
100 0 0 10 20 30 Deflection (%) 40 50 Energy Absorption Reaction Force Energy Absorption (kN-m)

80
60

40
20

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From the performance curve of the buffer, Reaction force = 590 kN Deflection = 48% x 500 = 240 mm < 300 mm Allowable deflection of buffer = 300mm Rubber Buffer
Steel Waling

Plastic Fender

Load case 2: Berthing load at mid-span of steel waling

A P/2 P/2 C

375

5@650 = 3250 P/2 P/2

375

1675

650

1675

Assume that the total berthing energy is to be equally shared between two buffers (A and B).
The total energy to be absorbed for accident loading should be at least 50% greater than that for
normal loading.
Therefore, berthing energy to be absorbed by one buffer = 37.7 x 1.5 /2 = 28.3 kNm

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From the performance curve of the buffer, the reaction force at B = 600 kN
By symmetry, the reaction force at A = 600 kN and P/2 = 600 kN
Checking moment capacity of steel waling :
Maximum Moment in steel waling = 600 x 2 600 x 0.375 = 975 kN
Taking a load factor of 1.6 according to BS 5950
Factored moment = 1.6 x 975 = 1560 kNm (<1598 kNm, OK)
Checking deflection of steel waling
Allowable deflection = L/360 = 4000/360 = 11.1 mm
Actual deflection of steel waling at mid-span = 6.1 mm (<11.1 mm, OK)
Note : In principle, when the load is applied at the steel waling, there is some energy absorbed
by the steel waling due to bending. When the load is at mid-span, this energy is approximately
equal to 3.7 kNm ( x 0.0061 x 600 + x 0.0061 x 600). It is negligible in comparison to the
total berthing energy of 56.5 kNm.
Load case 3: Berthing load at mid-span of plastic fenders

B 3000

P/2 P/2

375

5@650 = 3250

375

Similarly to load case 2, assume that the total berthing energy is equally shared between two
buffers (B and D). Therefore, the reaction force at B = 600 kN
By symmetry, the reaction force at A = 600 kN and P/2 = 600 kN
Deflection of a plastic fender at mid-span
= FL3/16EI = (P/2)(3)3/(16 x 32 x 106 x 0.0098)
= 3.3 mm

(where F is the applied load at mid-span)

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Maximum moment in one plastic fender = (P/2)(3)/4 = 450 kNm (<457.3, OK) Note : In principle, when the load is applied at the two plastic fenders, there is some energy absorbed by the plastic fenders due to bending. When the load is at mid-span, this energy is approximately equal 2.0 kNm ( x 0.0033 x 600 + x 0.0033 x 600). This is negligible in comparison to the total berthing energy of 56.5 kNm.

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