PresentedPapers2012Sakura_ Boyd

Rosa spinosissima - aspects of its natural history and

associations with people from prehistory to the present day

Peter D. A. Boyd

We all know that a rose can evoke emotions that are dependent on

your personal associations with that particular rose – whether it is that

type of rose or that individual shrub. You may just appreciate the

appearance or scent of the rose but the same rose will mean so much

more if you are emotionally involved with it because you associate it

with a particular person, place or time in your life. That rose has a

heritage that is personal to you!

However, a rose also has its own heritage and some rose species or

cultivars have a longer and more complex history than others. Awareness

of that heritage can add another dimension to one’s enjoyment of that rose.

Rosa spinosissima, The Small White Rose of Scotland

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Rosa spinosissima (R. pimpinellifolia) has been associated with the lives

of people for thousands of years. It is the only species in the Section

Pimpinellifoliae that occurs naturally in Europe; compared with it being

only one of about 18 species in the Pimpinellifoliae that occur in China

(Cuizhi and Robertson, 2003). It is thought that R. spinosissima

probably evolved in China as it the centre of diversity for the

Pimpinellifoliae.

However, it is not known when R. spinosissima evolved. The genus

Rosa evolved at least 34 million years ago (De Vore and Pigg, 2007).

The genus is confined to the Northern Hemisphere as a wild plant and

fossil remains attributed to Rosa have been found in North America,

Europe and Asia. However, the fossil remains are fragmentary and

usually they only occur as an individual leaflet or prickle, rarely a

complete leaf - let alone the combination of stem, leaves and flowers

that one would expect to use in identifying a living species of rose.

R. spinosissima may have evolved before the Northern Hemisphere

glaciations of the Pleistocene, during one of the lengthy interglacial

periods or after retreat of the continental ice-sheet and amelioration of

the climate about 12,000 years ago. As far as the author is aware, the

earliest fossil or sub-fossil remains of the species are post-glacial but

lack of preservation or identification does not mean that the species

did not exist because plant remains are only preserved under quite

unusual circumstances.

The continental ice-sheet and associated tundra conditions did not

extend as far south in Asia as they did in Europe during the last

glaciation. Therefore, more plant taxa were able to survive in the south
2
to repopulate the northern areas and diversify than in Europe. If R.

spinosissima had already evolved and spread westward before the last

glaciation, it is possible that it survived in ‘glacial refugia’ in southern

Europe from whence it was able to move north as the ice sheet

retreated. It may have been able to take advantage of lowered sea-level

and extensive sandy coastlines before the sea-level rose again as the

ice-sheets melted. Its hardiness, ability to spread by suckers (root-

shoots) and tolerance of salt-laden winds could have allowed it to take

advantage of those newly available habitats in a pioneering role.

R. spinosissima may have preceded the migration of Stone Age people

along the coastline and such hunter-gatherers could have benefited

from its fruits as a food resource in late summer and they may have

discovered its medicinal properties. Juice from the heps might also

have been used to add colour to the objects that they made or their

own skins. Early people might even have helped in the spread of the

species, carrying whole heps with them as they walked but disposing of

the seeds several kilometres from where they had been collected.

Now, thousands of years later in the 21st century, R. spinosissima

occurs naturally from the western fringes of Europe to parts of

northwest China and southern Siberia (Mayland-Quellhorst et al,

2012). Its natural distribution is limited to Europe and Asia except for

part of the Atlas Mountain Range in North Africa. However, if the

species did evolve in China, the spread has been almost entirely

westwards because of environmental barriers to the north and east. R.

spinosissima grows from sea-level to an altitude of over 2,700 metres

and it has the widest natural distribution of any rose species except

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possibly the circumpolar Arctic Rose (R. acicularis) which can

withstand lower temperatures than R. spinosissima.

Its wide distribution has meant that it has been associated with

mankind for thousands of years. Over the last few hundred years,

people have also carried it to North America and the Southern

Hemisphere where it has become naturalised in some situations.

R. spinosissima has been known by many different local names and it

has attracted its own folklore. In some places, people have given it a

vernacular name based on the resemblance of the leaves to a Burnet

(Sanguisorba) and therefore, for example, called it the Burnet or

Pimpinell Rose in English or Rose Pimprenelle in French. In other

places, it was the prickly stems that caused it to be known as Bodicasti

Sipek in Slovenia, for example, or Piikkiruusu in Finland. In Iceland, it

has the name Þyrnirós which literally means ‘Thorny Rose’ but the

same Icelandic word means ‘Sleeping Beauty’ and may refer to its early

flowering – the beautiful rose waking up after the long dark Icelandic

winter! In Norway, this rose is called ‘Trollnype’ - associating it with the

trolls of Norwegian folklore. Elsewhere, it is named after the coastal

sand-dunes where it grows so, for example, it is Klitrose in Denmark,

Duinroos in The Netherlands or Dünen Rose in Germany.

R. spinosissima is not native to Finland but it has gained a special

cultural significance there and in Sweden where it is a native wild

species but quite rare. A double white cultivar of R. spinosissima is

Juhannusruusu (Saint John’s Rose) in Finland because it is associated

with St. John’s Day (24th June) - celebrated as Midsummer.

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Folktales about this rose probably exist in several countries but they

have not necessarily been published. One of the folktales that has

probably survived from Mediaeval times, through an oral tradition, is

the story of ‘La Rose Pimprenelle” from the Ardennes region of Belgium

and France. Although R. spinosissima, plays a key part in the story, as

the object of a quest, it is a variant of a folktale found in many different

countries, known by folklorists as ‘L’os qui chante’ (‘The singing bone’)

because some versions of the story feature a flute made from a human

bone. La Rose Pimprenelle seems to have been recorded in print for the

first time in 1891 (see Monseur, 1891). It has published since then in

various versions, including those of René Daumal (Sigoda,1993) and

Jean-Paul Vaillant (Vaillant, 1949) who were both children in the

Ardennes, and anonymous online versions. In the ‘modern’ versions of

this story, it is not explained what special magical or other properties

made R. spinosissima (the Pimpinell Rose) an appropriate object of a

quest. This was presumably known by children who were told the story

in the past! The present author has translated several versions from

the original French or Walloon. In the tradition of such folktales, he

has retold the story in his own words and with his own embellishments

as ‘The Prince and the Pimpinell Rose’ (see Appendix below).

In some versions of La Rose Pimprenelle, the hero in the story adopts

the Pimpinell Rose (R. spinosissima) as the emblem of his family. In

Scotland, R. spinosissima is the plant emblem of the Clan Keith, which

dates back to the 11th century. George Keith, the 4th Earl Marischal

(c.1553-1623) founded Marischal College in Aberdeen, Scotland (later

to become part of the University of Aberdeen of which the present

author is a graduate). In April 2005, R. spinosissima was chosen as the

official plant emblem of the City of Aberdeen. The author does not
5
know if it was chosen because of the Clan Keith association or because

the rose grows wild near the city.

A white rose has been chosen, in one form or another, as the emblem

of other families including The House of York in the 15th century and

the Royal Stuarts. It was the badge of the Jacobites who wanted to

restore a Stuart monarch to the throne of Great Britain in the 18th

century. It was not always the same type of white rose that was

employed! Therefore, although the names “White Rose of York” or

“Jacobite Rose” often refer to the hybrid cultivar R. x alba, the same

names have been applied to the small white-flowered R. spinosissima in

other contexts. “The Small White Rose of Scotland” (R. spinosissima)

was often more appropriate than R. x alba because of the particular

association with Scotland.

“The Towton Rose” or “Battle Rose” was a wild form of R. spinosissima

although it is associated with the House of York through the 15th

century so-called “Wars of the Roses”. It used to grow abundantly on

the site of the Battle of Towton in Yorkshire. The author has described

its story in detail elsewhere (Boyd, 2010 and 2011) but a brief account

of the history of this rose is included here because it is so pertinent to

the theme of this article.

The Battle of Towton took place between Yorkist and Lancastrian

forces on 29th March 1461. About 28,000 men were killed in the

bloodiest battle that ever took place on British soil. There was snow on

the ground and the white snow became stained red with blood of the

dead and wounded.

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The Towton Rose was a form of R. spinosissima with its white petals

‘tinged’ or ‘streaked’ with red. It still grew on the site of the battle in the

19th and early 20th centuries. Superstitious people believed that the

colouring of the roses had been caused by the blood shed on the

battlefield. Some people thought that white roses growing on the

battlefield had been literally stained with blood and had produced such

flowers ever since. Others believed that the roses symbolised the red

blood shed on the white snow at the time of the battle or that white

roses planted on mass graves after the battle produced flowers tinged

with red, representing the blood of Lancastrian men (whose emblem

was a red rose) on the white Yorkist rose.

Different local people will have had their own version of the story but

the earliest published account that the author has found is that of

Townsend (1848). Many accounts of the Towton Rose myth appeared in

academic and popular publications after that and it generated many

poems. Lord Ravensworth (1859) gave one of the accounts of the myth

and identified the rose as “the small wild Scotch rose” (R.

spinosissima):

“When, or by what hand, planted, or how they came, is not known,

but in the field where the bones of the brave thus repose, white

and red roses grow in great abundance. They are the small wild

Scotch rose. The owner of the field has repeatedly tried to get rid of

them by burning and mowing, but in vain; they still spring up

again. According to popular belief, these roses will not bear

transplanting, but refuse to grow on any soil except that

consecrated by the remains of those valiant men, who there fell the

victims of a senseless national quarrel”.

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The myth that attributed failure of the rose to grow anywhere except on

the battlefield probably arose partly from people digging it up when it

was in flower (when failure might be expected) and, in part, because

some people wanted to discourage removal of the roses because they

considered them sacred!

Lord Ravenworth followed his account with a poem. It is one of the

more rousing examples, if it is read with the right rhythm:-

Oh, the red and the white Rose, upon Towton Moor it grows,

And red and white it blows upon that swarthe for evermore -

In memorial of the slaughter when the red blood ran like water,

And the victors gave no quarter in the flight from Towton Moor:

When the banners gay were beaming, and the steel cuirasses

gleaming,

And the martial music streaming o'er that wide and lonely heath;

And many a heart was beating that dreamed not of retreating,

Which, ere the sun was setting, lay still and cold in death:

When the snow that fell at morning lay as a type and warning,

All stained and streaked with crimson, like the roses white and red

And filled each thirsty furrow with its token of the sorrow

That wailed for many a morrow through the mansions of the dead.

Now for twice two hundred years, when the month of March

appears,

All unchecked by plough or shears spring the roses red and white;

Nor can the hand of mortal close the subterranean portal

That gives to life immortal these emblems of the fight.

And as if they were enchanted, not a flower may be transplanted

From those fatal precincts, haunted by the spirits of the slain;

8
 For howe'er the root you cherish, it shall fade away and perish

When removed beyond the marish of Towton's gory plain”.

Of course, ‘poetic license’ is evident here! The roses would not be in

flower on the anniversary of the battle in March. They would probably

not even be in leaf in most years at the latitude and altitude of Towton

and the rose would not flower until May or June.

By the end of the 19th century, the Towton Rose had become rare

because people dug up plants as souvenirs and farmers did their best

to get rid of it because they considered it a weed in their fields. Local

people also sold plants of it to tourists and, as it became rarer, some

unscrupulous vendors seem to have sold the more spectacular R.

gallica ‘Versicolor’ [‘Rosa Mundi’] as The Towton Rose and may even

have planted it on the site of the battle to support their claims. The

true Towton Rose may still exist in a garden somewhere but it was

finally made extinct on the battlefield in the 1940s when its stronghold

‘Bloody Meadow’ was ploughed up.

According to the local tradition, the Towton Roses had arisen from the

bloodshed and flourished particularly on mass graves on the battlefield.

In fact, the main burial mounds on ‘Bloody Meadow’ where the roses

flourished were probably ancient tumuli, hundreds of years old at the

time of the battle and nothing to do with it. Also, the Towton Roses

themselves probably grew there for hundreds of years before the battle!

Local populations of R. spinosissima with pink or red marked flowers

have been found in several other parts of Britain but those places are

not associated with battles.

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Like the White Rose of York, the white rose of the Jacobites in the 18th

century was not always the same type of rose. It should be

remembered that the Kingdoms of Scotland and England were

independent until 1st May 1707 when the Acts of Union created the

Kingdom of Great Britain. The role of the white rose in the identity of

the Jacobites and Scotland as a nation should be understood in this

context.

The Jacobite movement was named after Jacobus, the Latinised form of

James. King James II of England was also James VII of Scotland. He

had ascended the throne in 1685 but Parliament was suspicious of his

attempts to give religious liberty to Roman Catholics and non-

conformist Protestants and his belief that the monarch should have

absolute power. His first son, James Francis Edward Stuart (Prince of

Wales) was born on June 10th 1688. Parliament was frightened by the

prospect of a Catholic dynasty and King James was deposed. He was

exiled to France and when he died, still in exile, in 1701 his son James

Francis Edward Stuart (later to be called “The Old Pretender”) claimed

the right to the thrones of England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland.

His cousin, Louis XIV of France supported him in this claim. James’s

son Charles Edward Stuart (“Bonnie Prince Charlie” or “The Young

Pretender”) was born on 31st December 1720. Later, he was to lead

Jacobite forces in support of his father’s cause in the 1745 Rebellion.

In the Christian religion (particularly Roman Catholicism) the white

rose has often been used to symbolise the Virgin Mary so that in

whatever manner a white rose symbolised support for the Stuarts, it

also symbolised support for the Roman Catholic faith in the minds of

some people.
10
Although the white rose was apparently already the adopted symbol of

the Jacobites, there are several traditions that associate the first use of

the white rose with Prince Charles Edward Stuart (“Bonnie Prince

Charlie”) and the 1745 Rebellion. The Prince landed at Glenfinnan on

the west coast of Scotland in 1745 where he “raised The Standard” to

rally an army of supporters on 19th August. As he and his men

travelled inland towards Invergarry Castle, he stopped overnight on

23rd August at Fassfern [Fassafern] House, on the shore of Loch Eil. It

is a tradition that before he left Fassfern in the morning, he picked a

white rose from the garden and fixed it in his bonnet (hat). Some

writers believe that this was R. spinosissima and indeed, in August, it

could have been a late flower which caught the attention of the Prince.

The white rose plucked at Fassfern is said to be the origin of the “white

cockade” (made from white ribbon) worn by Jacobite supporters.

Incidentally, the climbing white rose which grows on the wall of

Fassfern House today (sometimes claimed to be the original from which

the Prince picked the rose) does not show in 19th century photographs

of the house so it cannot be the bush from which the white rose was

picked in the early 18th century!

Mary McMurtrie (1998) recounted a story involving a double white form

of R. spinosissima. The rose that she described, supposedly originated

from one that Charles Edward Stuart wore on his coat at a Reception

in Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh after the Battle of Prestonpans on 21st

September 1745.

Although no doubt exists about the existence of the double white Scots

Rose that Mary McMurtrie was given, there must be some doubt about

the romantic tradition attached to it. However, it is not impossible that

11
R. spinosissima was flowering at the end of September as the present

author has had such late flowers on Scots Roses in his collection. It is

also possible that a double white Scots Rose existed in 1745 although

the earliest published record of a double white Scots Rose that the

present author has found is in The Lady’s Magazine of 1784. Lack of a

published record in a nursery catalogue or elsewhere does not mean

that a “Double White” Scots Rose did not exist because it is quite likely

to have arisen naturally (like other double forms of wild flowers) at an

early date but not necessarily have entered commerce.

After some early successes, the Jacobite rebellion of 1745 eventually

ended in failure at the Battle of Culloden on 16th April 1746 after

which Charles Edward Stuart fled to France. However, the Jacobites

continued to hope that a Stuart monarch would be returned to the

throne.

The white rose remained a symbol of the Jacobite cause and its

supporters wore a white rose on “White Rose Day”, the 10th June, the

birthday of James Francis Edward Stuart (“The Old Pretender”). The

white rose that was likely to have been available to pick and wear on

10th June in Scotland was R. spinosissima.

The white rose was one of several symbols depicted on objects owned

by 18th century Jacobite supporters. These objects included wine

glasses engraved with roses. In some cases, the roses depicted on the

glasses are stylised, in others they resemble R. x alba but in others

they appear to depict R. spinosissima.

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James Stuart (“The Old Pretender”) died in 1766 and Charles Stuart

(“The Young Pretender”) died, without heir, in 1788. With their deaths,

any realistic hopes of another Stuart on the throne of Great Britain

died as well.

Whatever the uncertainties regarding the identification of some

“Jacobite roses” there is no doubt that the white rose in later Scottish

literature and poetry is R. spinosissima where it is often called “The

Little White Rose of Scotland”, “The Sma’ [Small] White Rose of

Scotland” or “The Wee White Rose of Scotland” as well as Scots Rose or

Scotch Rose.

“The Little White Rose of Scotland” was the symbol of independence for

the Scottish Nation chosen by Scottish Nationalists in the 20th century.

The National Party of Scotland was founded in 1928. Several poets and

other creative writers joined the Party. Compton Mackenzie (1883-

1972) and Christopher Grieve (1892-1978) [better known by his pen

name, Hugh MacDiarmid] were leading supporters of this resurgence

in national identity and Scottish cultural activity. They felt that

Scotland had been dominated by England for too long. In November

1929, Mackenzie used R. spinosissima in a BBC radio broadcast, as a

symbol of ‘Scottishness’. His speech was printed in the December issue

of The Scots Independent (the newspaper of the National Party of

Scotland) from which the following is part:-

“Let us turn to our own background and forsake utterly the

enticement of an alien and for us unnatural culture. We have

grafted ourselves upon the rich rose of England. It has flourished

on our stock. We have served it well. But the suckers of the wild
13
 Scots rose are beginning to show green underneath. Let them grow

and blossom, and let the alien graft above, however rich, wither

and die. You know our wild Scots rose? It is white, and small, and

prickly, and possesses a sharp sweet scent which makes the heart

ache”.

His friend, MacDiarmid adapted these words and sentiments (with

acknowledgements to Mackenzie) for a short poem called ‘The Little

White Rose’ first published in 1931 (Grieve, 1931):-

The rose of All the World is not for me.

I want for my part,

Only the little white rose of Scotland

That smells sharp and sweet - and breaks the heart.

This short verse became very popular and has been frequently quoted

as an emblem of Scotland and Scottish independence over the last

eighty years. Indeed, it was one of the texts chosen to adorn a wall of

the Scottish Parliament building in Edinburgh, officially opened by

Queen Elizabeth II on 9th October 2004.

In 1991, the Little White Rose of Scotland R. spinosissima was chosen

to symbolise ‘independence’ for the Isle of Eigg in the Inner Hebrides of

western Scotland. The rose grows abundantly on the island. The

present author knows it well because he carried out geological research

there for several years in the early 1970s. Although the main human

inhabitants were crofters, the island had been owned by seven

generations of landlords – some of whom had not even lived on the

island or understood the lives and needs of the crofting community.

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The Isle of Eigg Trust was formed in 1991 to campaign for ownership

or management of the island by the community itself. The islanders

gained support from many organisations and individuals all over the

world that enabled the island to be purchased by the community in

June 1997. The island is now managed by the Isle of Eigg Heritage

Trust, which includes representatives of the island residents, the

Highland Council and the Scottish Wildlife Trust.

Cultivated garden forms of R. spinosissima have also been closely

associated with Scotland since at least the end of the 17th century. A

cultivar in the Edinburgh Physic Garden (the precursor of The Royal

Botanic Garden Edinburgh) was recorded as the “The lesser Scottish

Burnet, or Pimpinel-Rose with fine-stript flowers” (Sutherland, 1683).

By 1730, this cultivar had become known as the ‘Striped Scotch Rose’

(Miller, 1730) and by the late 18th century, every cultivar of R.

spinosissima sold by nurseries in Britain seems to have been called a

Scotch or Scots Rose and included “Scotch White-flowered Rose”,

“Double White Scotch Rose”, “Red Scotch Rose”, “Striped-flowered

Scotch Rose”, “Pale Yellow flowered Scotch Rose” (The Lady’s Magazine,

1784).

By the 1820s, hundreds of single, semi-double and double Scots Rose

cultivars had been raised by Robert Brown, Robert Austin and others

in a wide variety of colours (Boyd, 2008 etc.). Their popularity outside

Scotland was partly due to the number of Scottish head gardeners and

nurserymen of Scottish descent in England! Initially, many Scots Roses

were expensive to buy and could only be owned by rich landowners but,

gradually, they were dispersed far and wide to be grown in many

cottage gardens because they were so easy to propagate.

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Scottish men and women took them to their hearts and carried Scots

Roses with them to many other parts of the world including Canada,

the United States and New Zealand during the 19th and early 20th

centuries. So did immigrants from Sweden and other Norse countries

where cultivars of R. spinosissima had also become part of their

cultural heritage.

As a result, R. spinosissima and Scots Roses were often been planted

on graves in cemeteries around the world - to act as a memorial to

family members or friends who originally came from Scotland or

Scandinavia or who were descendants of those who had. R.

spinosissima and old Scots Rose cultivars have often survived in such

situations.

Accounts of such burials even appear in several works of fiction. Lucy

Maud Montgomery (1874-1942) came from a long line of Scots-

Canadians. She wrote the novel Anne of Green Gables on Prince

Edward Island in Canada (Montgomery, 1908). Her reference to the

Scots Rose reflects the affection for these roses that was common

among immigrants from Scotland:-

"I took a slip of the little white Scotch rose-bush his mother brought

out from Scotland long ago; Matthew always liked those roses the

best - they were so small and sweet on their thorny stems. It

made me feel glad that I could plant it by his grave - as if I were

doing something that must please him in taking it there to be near

him. I hope he has roses like them in heaven. Perhaps the

souls of all those little white roses that he has loved so many

summers were all there to meet him”.

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These “little white roses” could have been the single white R.

spinosissima or one of the very popular old double white cultivars.

Although these roses were planted on individual graves, there is also a

local tradition that R. spinosissima was planted on a mass grave at

Inver on the Dornoch Firth, near Tain, about 25 miles north of

Inverness in Scotland. In the 1830s, the disease cholera spread

through Britain, killing thousands of people; not only in towns and

cities but also in small villages. In 1832, cholera reached the small

fishing community of Inver and by the end of September at least 53

people (possibly half of the population) had died from the disease. The

victims were buried in a common grave where R. spinosissima now

grows on the grave but it also grows wild on the nearby sand dunes.

Intentional planting of the roses could have taken place on the

common or mass graves at Towton and Inver. However, where R.

spinosissima occurs naturally in the neighbourhood of the mass graves,

the roses may have grown naturally from suckers (root-shoots) in the

turf or soil disturbed when the graves were dug and re-deposited when

soil and turf was mounded up over the bodies - effectively replanted.

They might have even grown better and more thickly on the deeper,

better-drained soil on the graves compared with the surrounding

ground – giving the appearance that they started on the graves! There

was a particularly good chance of survival of the roses if the graves

were dug when the roses were becoming dormant in late September

(Inver), during the winter or when just coming out of dormancy in

March (Towton).

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R. spinosissima was initially grown in gardens for its herbal properties

and it was one of the first roses described and illustrated in 16th

century herbals of Northern Europe. Its heps and leaves have been

used to make a tea and, in some places (particularly Denmark) a

liqueur is still made from its heps. In recent years, it has been the

subject of intense research to investigate its special pharmaceutical

properties. The chemical constituents have recently been summarised

by Mayland-Quellhorst et al (2012). Its dark purple or black ‘fruits’

(heps) are high in vitamins and antioxidants.

Artistic depictions of R. spinosissima have been made, like those of

other roses, to assist identification in herbals or specialist rose books.

Therefore, R. spinosissima and its cultivars are depicted by artists in all

the well-known illustrated rose books such as those of Lawrance

(1799), Redouté (1817-1824), Andrews (1805-1828), Willmott (1910-

1914) and McMurtrie (1998).

No doubt, many artists also depicted R. spinosissima in paintings

created for other than descriptive identification purposes but

depictions of this rose became a characteristic element in the pictures

of one professional artist. Edward Atkinson Hornel (1864-1933) was

one of a group of Scottish artists known as ‘The Glasgow Boys’. His

early paintings are much admired today but they were considered

‘challenging’ by a late Victorian public and they did not sell well at the

time that he painted them. Therefore, Hornel was forced to develop a

more commercial ‘decorative’ style to support himself and his sister

(Smith,1997). Many of these later paintings depict young girls arranged

in innocent poses among flowers by the seaside or in woodland - such

paintings having been commissioned by the children’s parents. A

18
favourite location for these paintings was Brighouse Bay, near Hornel’s

home in southwest Scotland, where dwarf-growing R. spinosissima

grew on the sand dunes and formed a carpet of white blossoms in May

or June. This carpet of roses is a feature of several paintings (e.g. ‘The

Captive Butterfly’ of 1905 [Lady Lever Art Gallery, Liverpool],

‘Brighouse Bay, Wild and Burnet Roses’ 1923 [Broughton House,

Kirkcudbright]).

R. spinosissima appears on postage stamps designed for the postal

services of several countries but the rose does not always have any

special association with the country that the stamps represent.

However, they are sometimes significant such as those for Finland,

including the Finnish Åland Islands which has produced some

decorative postage stamps or postage labels of its own. The iconic

double white “Midsummer Rose” or “St. John’s Rose” of Finland is

depicted on several stamps.

The association of R. spinosissima with island communities as Eigg

and Åland is reinforced with postage stamps or postage labels for

Guernsey in the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man and Iceland.

The depiction of R. spinosissima on some 18th century Jacobite wine

glasses has already been mentioned. It has also been depicted on

ceramics including one of the porcelain plates from the dinner set

featuring illustrations from Flora Danica, ordered by the Danish Crown

Prince Frederik in 1790. Copies of the set are still sold by the Royal

Copenhagen Porcelain Manufactory. R. spinosissima is beautifully

depicted in this example because it follows the original botanical

drawing of Flora Danica but the depiction of the rose is rather

19
superficial in some modern designs produced by other manufacturers.

For example, the black heps of R. spinosissima on the lid of a round

trinket box made by the German manufacturer Villeroy & Boch are

unmistakable (even if it was not labelled Rosa pimpinellifolia) but the

species is not accurately represented in another design on plates, cups

and other items by the same company. Similarly, although the British

manufacturer Royal Worcester Porcelain issued rather charming three

dimensional ‘figures’ designed by Dorothy Doughty depicting ‘Wren and

Burnet Rose’ (issued in 1966); items from a dining set produced at

about the same time bear poor depictions of the rose.

In Denmark, Gerda Bengtsson (1900-1995) used flowers and berries in

many of her cross-stitch embroidery designs and depicted R.

spinosissima in several of them.

Although R. spinosissima is still locally abundant today as a wild plant,

it was far more widespread and abundant in the past than it is today.

One can conjecture that it was usurped in early times from places that

became the natural location for permanent human settlements or

agriculture. Populations of the species have undoubtedly been

destroyed by urban development, agricultural activities and other

mechanisms ever since. The decline in occurrence of the species can be

clearly demonstrated in countries where wild plant records have been

kept.

In 1597, Gerard stated that it was common on the outskirts of the City

of London in villages such as Knightsbridge and Fulham. Those

villages are now part of the Greater London conurbation. One can

imagine that many coastal villages and towns were originally developed
20
in places where R. spinosissima grew and many natural coastal sand-

dunes have been replaced with sea-walls, golf courses or other tourist

developments over the last two centuries. Inland, calcareous

grasslands (such as at Towton) where R. spinosissima grew have been

ploughed up for arable crops or the roses have been destroyed by

herbicides to maximise grazing. In Britain, R. spinosissima has

probably declined most from inland sites over the last hundred years.

The species is now being threatened in some of its native sand dunes

in northern Europe through competition with the more robust R.

rugosa that has escaped from gardens and flourishes in the sand-dune

habitat which is very similar to the habitat in which it evolved in its

native Japan.

R. spinosissima is also threatened in a more surreptitious way by alien

‘genetic pollution’. It is a very variable species but, locally, a population

may have its own unique genetic character with characteristics that

suit local conditions. Such localised ‘gene pools’ may be in danger of

genetic contamination from ‘alien’ R. spinosissima genes. The present

author has observed that most of the seed-grown R. spinosissima sold

in Britain and mainland Europe for hedging and municipal planting

and possibly sometimes planted on nature reserves comes from larger-

flowered, taller clones than the native variants. The plants have

probably been imported from mainland Europe or grown from seed

sources in mainland Europe that include southern Europe variants or

even Asian variants such as ‘Altaica’. If such plantings of R.

spinosissima take place near native populations, contamination of

unique local ‘gene pools’ may become a concern. This might be

compared with the concern in Britain for contamination of the native

21
English Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) by hybridisation with the

more robust Spanish Bluebell (Hyacinthoides hispanica) grown in

gardens. Wissemann and Ritz, (2005) have demonstrated pollution of R.

spinosissima gene pools in Germany where the species is very local in

its distribution and has a “near threatened” status.

Within the main range of the species in Europe and Asia, even though

R. spinosissima is widespread it may be very ‘local’ - confined to nature

reserves or places where urban or agricultural pressures have not

reached it. Its distribution is more scattered than undoubtedly it was

in the past. Wild populations of R. spinosissima are particularly

vulnerable at the edges of its natural distribution. At the extremes of

its distribution, populations are widely separated and often consist of

only a few plants that may only flower or set seed in some years.

Human interference or natural disaster in such locations can easily

make such populations extinct.

In some cases, human interference may be of an unexpected kind. In

Iceland, R. spinosissima may be at the western edge of its natural

distribution or it may have been introduced by Christian or Viking

settlers from Europe over a thousand years ago. Its habitats can be

vulnerable to volcanic activity in Iceland but its occurrence has

unexpectedly declined at some localities since the 19th century and it

has been suggested that superstition may have led to its decline at

some of the Icelandic sites. Apparently, some Christians in Iceland

considered that any prickly or spiny plant should be destroyed because

they associated it with the ‘Crown of Thorns‘ placed on the head of

Jesus Christ at his crucifixion (Hallgrímsson, 2007). Fortunately, today,

22
most Christian and other inhabitants revere the rose and wild

populations are protected.

Scots Roses and other cultivars of R. spinosissima have become more

popular again in recent years as their beauty and resilience have become

‘rediscovered’. There is a resurgence of interest in the old cultivars and R.

spinosissima itself as garden plants that are able to thrive in conditions

that are difficult for other roses. There is also interest in R. spinosissima

as a parent of new hardy, disease and drought-resistant hybrids.

Therefore, it is sad that the wild species may be under increasing threat

in some parts of its range through human activity.

This article has only touched on some of the ways that R. spinosissima

has played a part in human culture. The author has attempted to

include elements that he thought might be unfamiliar to many people.

He has placed the emphasis on R. spinosissima itself rather than Scots

Roses and other cultivars which he has written about previously.

The botany, history, identification and culture of Scots Roses as well as

the cultural elements introduced here will be explored fully in the book

‘Scots Roses, Rosa spinosissima and other Pimpinellifolias’ (provisional

title). At the time of writing this article, the book is very close to

completion and it is due to be published by the Royal Botanic Garden

Edinburgh and The Royal Horticultural Society in Spring 2013.

Unfortunately, illustrations that will feature in the book cannot be

used to illustrate this article - for copyright reasons. However, online

versions of many of the author’s previous illustrated articles about

Scots Roses can be seen on his website at

www.peterboyd.com/scotsroses.htm.
23
References:

Andrews, H. C., 1805-28. Roses, or a monograph of the genus Rosa.

Anonymous (‘Hortensius’). 1784. The English Garden Displayed.

Chapter I. The English Shrubbery. In The Lady’s Magazine. vol. XV. G.

Robinson. London. p.131-132.

Boyd, P. D. A. 2008. 'Scots Roses - past and present'. OGR & Shrub

Journal, American Rose Society. Vol 4, Issue No. 4. Web version

available at http://www.peterboyd.com/rosapimp12.htm .

Boyd, P.D.A. 2010. Towton Roses, Fact and Fable: part 1 (early history).

In The Towton Herald (the newsletter of the Towton Battlefield Society).

Issue 52 (Winter 2010-2011), pp. 3-11. Web version available at

http://www.peterboyd.com/rosapimp17.htm .

Boyd, P.D.A. 2011a. Towton Roses, Fact and Fable: part 2 (later

history). In The Towton Herald (the newsletter of the Towton Battlefield

Society). Issue 53 (Spring 2011), pp. 2-8. Web version available at

http://www.peterboyd.com/rosapimp17.htm .

Boyd, P.D.A. 2011b. The Towton Rose: fact, fancy and fiction (Part I).

Historic Rose Journal. No 41. Spring 2011. Royal National Rose Society.

pp. 9-15.

Boyd, P.D.A. 2011c. The Towton Rose (Part II). Historic Rose Journal.

No. 42. Autumn 2011. Royal National Rose Society. pp. 24-30.

24
Boyd, P.D.A. (in preparation). Scots Roses, Rosa spinosissima and other

Pimpinellifolias. To be published by The Royal Botanic Garden

Edinburgh and The Royal Horticultural Society.

See http://www.peterboyd.com/scotsrosesbook.htm for further details.

Cuizhi, Gu and Robertson, Kenneth R. 2003. Rosa. In Flora of China 9

Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae (Edited by Wu Zhengyi, Peter H

Raven and Hong Deyuan. 2003) Missouri Botanical Garden Press.

DeVore, M.L. and Pigg, K. B. 2007. A brief review of the fossil history of

the family Rosaceae with a focus on the Eocene Okanogan Highlands

of eastern Washington State, USA, and British Columbia, Canada. Pl.

Syst. Evol. 266: 45–57.

Flora Danica.1761-1883. Available online at

http://www.kb.dk/en/tema/floradanica/index.html .

Gerard, J. 1597. The herbal or general historie of plantes.

Grieve, C. M. (Editor). 1931. Living Scottish Poets. Benn’s Augustan

Books of Poetry. Billing and Sons Ltd.

Hallgrímsson, Helgi. 2007. Þyrnisrósir á Íslandi. Garðyrkjuritið 2007

pp. 131-167.

Lawrence, Mary. 1799. A Collection of Roses from Nature.

MacKenzie, Compton. 1929. What’s Wrong with Scotland? The Soul of

the Nation. The Scots Independent vol. iv -2 . Dec. 1929 pp. 19-21.

25
Mayland-Quellhorst, E., Föller, J. and Wissemann, V. 2012. Biological

Flora of the British Isles: Rosa spinosissima L. J. Ecology, vol. 100, 2,

pp. 561–576.

McMurtrie, Mary. 1998. Scots Roses of hedgerows and wild garden.

Miller, Philip. 1730. Catalogus Plantarum by Society of Gardeners.

Monseur, Eugène. 1891. Contes I: l’os qui chante. Bulletin de Folklore.

Société Belge de Folklore / Société du Folklore Wallon. Vol. 1. p. 98.

Montgomery, Lucy Maud. 1908. Anne of Green Gables.

Ravensworth, The Earl of [Liddell, Henry Thomas]. 1859. The Field of

Towton Moor. In Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine 1859 Vol. LXXXV.

Jan. 1859.

Redouté, P.J. 1817-1824. Les Roses.

Sigoda, Pascal. 1993. René Daumal. Age d'Homme. Lausanne. pp. 181-

183.

Smith, Bill. 1997. Hornel: The life and work of Edward Atkinson Hornel.

Atelier Books. Edinburgh.

Sutherland, James. 1683. Hortus Medicus Edinburgensis Or, A

catalogue Of the Physical Garden at Edinburgh.

Townsend, G. F. 1948. On the Battle of Towton or Palm Sunday Field.

In Memoirs Illustrative of the Antiquities of the County and City of York

26
communicated to the Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of

Great Britain and Ireland held at York, July, 1846, with a General Report

of the Proceedings of the Meeting, and Catalogue of the Museum formed

on that Occasion. The Archaeological Institute. London. pp. 12-17.

Vaillant, Jean-Paul. 1949. La Rose Pimprenelle. In Caruel, M. et al.

1939. Légendes ardennaises. Éditions de L’ Écureuil. Paris.

Willmott, E. 1910-14. The Genus Rosa. London,

Wissemann, V. and Ritz, C. M. 2005. The genus Rosa (Rosoideae,

Rosaceae) revisited: molecular analysis of nrITS-1 and atp B-rbc L

intergenic spacer (IGS) versus conventional taxonomy. Botanical

Journal of the Linnean Society 147 : 275 – 290.

27
 Appendix

“The Prince and the Pimpinell Rose”

By Peter D. A. Boyd

(based on translations of several different versions of the traditional

folktale, from the original French or Walloon)

Once upon a time, a long time ago, there was a king who had three

sons. As the king grew older, he worried about which of the three

princes should succeed him to the throne. He had decided that he did

not want to divide the kingdom between his sons (as that would be bad

for the stability of the realm) and that his successor should be the

most worthy son and not necessarily the oldest. He wanted to choose

the son that would make the wisest ruler. He wondered how he should

make the right choice.

As the old king walked among the roses in the palace garden, an idea

occurred to him - he would set his sons a quest that would test their

characters and abilities.

He gathered his sons together to make his announcement:

“The first of you to bring me a Pimpinell Rose, will inherit my kingdom”.

The three sons agreed, thinking that it would be a simple task to find

the rose and win the crown but the wise old king knew that it would

not be a simple quest to find this special rose. They would have to

28
search far and wide and might only find it if they were able to get help

from someone who knew where it grew.

The three young men set off from the palace in different directions.

They searched far and wide for many months – without success.

The spring and summer had passed and it was now early autumn

when the three princes arrived, from different directions, on the fringes

of the Ardennes Forest. The first one entered the forest and met an old

woman trying to carry a large load of firewood to her cottage. She

greeted him and asked if he would help her to carry the wood. The

young prince spoke to her rudely and refused because he was too busy

searching for the Pimpinell Rose. The old woman told him that he

would never find the mystical rose unaided. The young man walked on.

Sometime later, the second prince came across the same old woman -

still struggling with her load of wood. She greeted him and he was

asked if he would kindly help her to carry her load. This young man

also answered her rudely and refused because he was too busy

searching for the Pimpinell Rose. The old woman told him that he

would never find the magical rose unaided. The young man walked on.

A little time later, the third and youngest prince entered the forest and

met the same old woman struggling with her load of firewood. He

greeted her kindly and offered to carry the wood back to her cottage.

She thanked him and when they arrived at her cottage, she asked him

where he was going when they met. He explained that he was

searching for the Pimpinell Rose to take back to his father. The old lady

29
told him that she would show him where the rose grew because he had

been so kind to her.

The old woman led the young prince through the trees to a clearing

where there was a tumble of large rocks, bathed in sunshine. It was a

magical place and the prince thought to himself that it might have

been an ancient place of worship or burial. There – growing among the

stones – was the much sought Pimpinell Rose – with a few sweetly

scented white flowers shining among its autumnal black fruits!

The prince picked a sprig of the rose and pushed it into a buttonhole in

his jacket. He also wanted to collect a young plant or piece of the rose

so that his father could grow it in the palace garden. After asking the

old woman if he could, he carefully dug up a small rooted piece of the

special rose with his sword, wrapped it in damp moss and placed it in

his leather bag. The young man thanked the old woman for her help.

She smiled and handed him a little flute made from elder wood. The

old woman told him that it would look after him on his journey. He

wondered what she meant by that but he thanked her again.

As he was leaving the forest, the young prince met his two brothers

and showed them the sprig of Pimpinell Rose fixed to his jacket. His

two elder brothers knew that if he succeeded in returning to their

father, their young brother would be the one to inherit the kingdom. At

first, they hid their jealousy but then they lost self-control and killed

him. They dragged his body away from the path, took the sprig of

Pimpinell Rose from his jacket and covered his body and bag with

leaves and tree branches.

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The wicked brothers did not notice that a little flute had fallen onto the

ground near where they had buried their brother. Even if they had

noticed, they would not have bothered with an old wooden flute. They

left the forest and made their way to their father’s palace. On the way,

they agreed to divide the kingdom between them when their father was

dead, even though that was not what their father wanted.

When they arrived at the palace, the eldest brother showed the sprig of

Pimpinell Rose to his father and claimed the right to inherit his

kingdom. The brothers had claimed that they had not seen their

younger brother but the king was suspicious of their behaviour and he

was worried about his youngest son, who was his favourite. He said

that he could not make a decision about the throne until he knew what

had happened to his third son. The two sons were angry.

Several months later, in the following spring, a shepherd-boy called

Pierre was searching for some sheep that had become lost in the

Ardennes Forest. After much searching, he found the sheep deep in the

forest. As he was making his way back to the path, he noticed a shaft

of sunlight illuminating a little flute lying on the moss near a mound of

leaves and branches. He picked up the flute, wiped it on his sleeve and

put it to his lips. He blew into the flute but he was amazed to hear it

‘sing’ to him instead of emitting a musical note:

“Blow, blow, little Pierre.

My brothers killed me in the Ardennes Forest.

Had I not found The Pimpinell Rose?

Had I not won my father’s crown?”

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Pierre quickly made his way out of the forest with his sheep. He went

to the palace and asked to see the king because he had news of his son.

He told the king his story and handed him the flute. The king blew into

the flute and it sang again:

“Blow, blow, my father.

My brothers have killed me in the Ardennes Forest.

Had I not found The Pimpinell Rose?

Had I not won your crown?”

The king called his two sons to him and asked each one to play the

flute. Each time, the flute sang:

“Blow, blow, you traitor.

You killed me in the Ardennes Forest.

Had I not found The Pimpinell Rose?

Had I not won my father’s crown?”

The king was heartbroken and furious. He immediately banished the

wicked princes from the kingdom. Then, led by Pierre, he rode to the

forest with a contingent of his men. Pierre showed the king where he

had found the flute. The king’s men pulled the branches and leaves

away from the body of the young prince. It was miraculously preserved!

The old lady appeared from among the trees, approached the dead

prince and touched him gently with her hand. The young man started

to breathe again and opened his eyes.

32
Through tears of joy, his father told his son what had happened. After

a few minutes, the prince was able to stand up. He embraced his father

and thanked Pierre for leading his father to him.

The old lady asked the prince if he still had the magical Pimpinell Rose.

He picked up his bag from among the leaves, opened it and found that

the young rose was not only still alive but it had sprouted in its

blanket of damp moss. The prince turned to his father and said:

“Father - you see that I did find the Pimpinell Rose and earned the

crown but I also brought you a new rose for your garden!”

Then he turned to the old woman.

“I could not have found the Pimpinell Rose if you had not helped

me and your flute saved me. It was your touch that brought me

back to life. How can I possibly repay you?”

The handsome young prince hugged the old woman and kissed her on

each cheek. There was suddenly a flash of brilliant light. Standing

before the prince was not an old lady but a beautiful young princess

who had been under a spell. Now the spell was broken. She told him

that he had repaid her in full!

They all returned to the King’s palace where the shepherd-boy Pierre

was given a generous reward. He was also allowed to keep the flute. He

played beautiful tunes on it but it never ‘sang’ again.

33
A few weeks later, the Prince and Princess were married and chose the

Pimpinell Rose as their family emblem. When the old king died, the

Prince succeeded him as a kindly and wise king - ruling with justice.

Every spring (and sometimes in the autumn), the Pimpinell Rose

bloomed in the palace garden, reminding the couple how they had first

met.

They lived happily ever after.

__________________________________

34