Scribd
Upload
109 views

Multiplication & Division

Binary multiplication and division are simpler than decimal as they only involve 0s and 1s. For multiplication, 0x0=0, 0x1=0, 1x0=0, 1x1=1. Division involves using binary multiplication to check the answer. Octal addition and subtraction follow the same rules as decimal but use base-8. For addition, carries are produced when the sum exceeds 7. For subtraction, borrows of 8 are used when the minuend is smaller than the subtrahend. Octal multiplication works similarly to decimal but products are written in single columns and carries involve multiplying the digit by 8 and subtracting to find the closest multiple of 8 less than the

Uploaded by

kamikamikams
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
109 views

Multiplication & Division

Binary multiplication and division are simpler than decimal as they only involve 0s and 1s. For multiplication, 0x0=0, 0x1=0, 1x0=0, 1x1=1. Division involves using binary multiplication to check the answer. Octal addition and subtraction follow the same rules as decimal but use base-8. For addition, carries are produced when the sum exceeds 7. For subtraction, borrows of 8 are used when the minuend is smaller than the subtrahend. Octal multiplication works similarly to decimal but products are written in single columns and carries involve multiplying the digit by 8 and subtracting to find the closest multiple of 8 less than the

Uploaded by

kamikamikams
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Multiplication & Division

Binary multiplication
is actually much simpler than decimal multiplication. In the case of decimal multiplication, we need to remember 3 x 9 = 27, 7 x 8 = 56, and so on. In binary multiplication, we only need to remember the following, 0x0=0 0x1=0 1x0=0 1x1=1 Note that since binary operates in base 2, the multiplication rules we need to remember are those that involve 0 and 1 only. As an example of binary multiplication we have 101 times 11, 101 x11 First we multiply 101 by 1, which produces 101. Then we put a 0 as a placeholder as we would in decimal multiplication, and multiply 101 by 1, which produces 101. 101 x11 101 1010 <-- the 0 here is the placeholder The next step, as with decimal multiplication, is to add. The results from our previous step indicates that we must add 101 and 1010, the sum of which is 1111. 101 x11 101 1010 1111

Binary division
is almost as easy, and involves our knowledge of binary multiplication. Take for example the division of 1011 into 11. 11 R=10 11 )1011 -11 101 -11 10 <-- remainder, R

To check our answer, we first multiply our divisor 11 by our quotient 11. Then we add its' product to the remainder 10, and compare it to our dividend of 1011. 11 x 11 11 11 1001 <-- product of 11 and 11 1001 + 10 1011 <-- sum of product and remainder The sum is equal to our initial dividend, therefore our solution is correct.

Hex and Decimal Equivalents DEC 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

HEX 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E

F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F

Addition of Octal
Compare the two examples shown below:

The octal addition table below will be of benefit to you until you are accustomed to adding octal numbers. To use the table, simply follow the directions used in this example:

Add: 6 base 8 and 5 base 8

Locate the 6 in the X column of the figure. Next locate the 5 in the Y column. The point in area Z where these two columns intersect is the sum. Therefore,

If you use the concepts of addition you have already learned, you are ready to add octal numbers. Work through the solutions to the following problems:

As was mentioned earlier in this section, each time the sum of a column of numbers exceeds 7, a carry is produced. More than one carry may be produced if there are three or more numbers to be added, as in this example:

The sum of the augend and the first addend is 6 base 8 with a carry. The sum of 6 base 8 and the second addend is 5 base 8 with a carry. You should write down the 5 base 8 and add the two carries and bring them down to the sum, as shown below:

Subtraction of Octal Numbers


The subtraction of octal numbers follows the same rules as the subtraction of numbers in any other number system. The only variation is in the quantity of the borrow. In the decimal system, you had to borrow a group of 1010. In the binary system, you borrowed a group of 210. In the octal system you will borrow a group of 810. Consider the subtraction of 1 from 10 in decimal, binary, and octal number systems:

In each example, you cannot subtract 1 from 0 and have a positive difference. You must use a borrow from the next column of numbers. Let's examine the above problems and show the borrow as a decimal quantity for clarity:

When you use the borrow, the column you borrow from is reduced by 1, and the amount of the borrow is added to the column of the minuend being subtracted. The following examples show this procedure:

In the octal example 78 cannot be subtracted from 68, so you must borrow from the 4. Reduce the 4 by 1 and add 108 (the borrow) to the 68 in the minuend. By subtracting 78 from 168, you get a difference of 78. Write this number in the difference line and bring down the 3. You may need to refer to table 1-4, the octal addition table, until you are familiar with octal numbers. To use the table for subtraction, follow these directions. Locate the subtrahend in column Y. Now find where this line intersects with the minuend in area Z. The remainder, or difference, will be in row X directly above this point. Do the following problems to practice your octal subtraction: Q.30 Subtract:

Q.31 Subtract:

Q.32 Subtract:

Q.33 Subtract:

Q.34 Subtract:

Q.35 Subtract:

A30. A31. A32. A33. A34. A35.

3218 368 3368 3778 1048 77678

OCTAL MULTIPLICATION

We multiply the numbers as they are. However, 2 digit or 3 digit products will still remain in one column. As you can see, when we multiplied 5 by 6, we write a 30 below. Not 0 carry 3. Do the following for 2 times 6 to get 12 and so on.

Next, we add the numbers. 30 + 0 is 30. 12 + 5 is 17. 0 + 2 is 2. Sums are still on individual columns.

Here's the tricky part. Since we're dealing with the octal number system ( 8 ), we have to find multiples of 8 closest to each digit. These are 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48 and so on...For 30, the closest would be 3 x 8 = 24. So subtract 30 by 24 to get 6. Carry the 3 over to the second digit. The number we carry over is determined by the number of 8's we had to subtract from 30 to get a difference of less than 8. I.E 30 - 8 = 22 - 8 = 14 - 8 = 6. We subtracted 30 by 8 three times so we add 3 to the digit before. Or it is simply the number we multiply by 8 to get the number closest to 30. 17 + 3 is 20. The multiple ( of 8 ) closest to 20 is 16. So we subtract 20 by 16 to get 4 and carry over a 2 to the 3rd digit. 2 + 2 is 4 . Since this is less than 8, this would be the final answer.

You might also like