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Chapter 1 Optical Transmission System (PDH) : Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) is a transmission technology used in telecommunications networks. It uses time-division multiplexing (TDM) to transmit multiple digital signals over a single line. In PDH, each network element generates its own clock signal for synchronization, so the signals are "almost synchronous" but not fully. PDH employs a multi-level digital multiplexing hierarchy to transmit voice channels at 64 kbps over higher-rate lines. Standards vary between regions but include E1, E3, T1, and T3 signals. Limitations of PDH include inefficient use of bandwidth, lack of network management capabilities, incompatibility between vendor equipment, and no standardization above 140 Mbps

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297 views

Chapter 1 Optical Transmission System (PDH) : Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) is a transmission technology used in telecommunications networks. It uses time-division multiplexing (TDM) to transmit multiple digital signals over a single line. In PDH, each network element generates its own clock signal for synchronization, so the signals are "almost synchronous" but not fully. PDH employs a multi-level digital multiplexing hierarchy to transmit voice channels at 64 kbps over higher-rate lines. Standards vary between regions but include E1, E3, T1, and T3 signals. Limitations of PDH include inefficient use of bandwidth, lack of network management capabilities, incompatibility between vendor equipment, and no standardization above 140 Mbps

Uploaded by

v_mangalore
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Chapter 1 OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

(PDH)
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Introduction
• Plesiochronous is a Greek word meaning Almost Synchronous , but not fully
synchronous.

• In Plesiochronous system every equipment is generating its own clock for


synchronization.

Generation Of PCM Signal(Digital Signal)

Digitization Process
Telephony signals:

• 4 Khz Voice signal is sampled at twice the frequency- 8000 Hz


• Samples are Quantised- Benchmarked to nearest predefined levels
• Quantised samples are encoded using 8 binary bits
• Each Voice channel hence occupies
8x8000 = 64000 Bits per Second = 64 Kbps
DS0 Signal Derivation
Analog Signal

ft
t
PCM Line Sampling

Sampling rate = 8,000 samples/second – how?

Nyquist Theorem: sampling rate = 2 x highest audible


frequency (4,000 Hz)

 2 x 4,000 = 8,000 samples/second

Each sample is 8 bits wide: the resulting signal rate will be


8 bits x 8,000 samples/second = 64,000 bits/second, hence

1 DS0 = 64 Kb/s

Multiplexing Hierarchy

PDH (D1 Level )(PCM 30 Mux )


32 * 64 KHz = 2.048 Mb/s
Capacity = 30 Base Channels

PDH (D2 Level )


4 * 2.048 +stuffing bits = 8.448 Mbps
Capacity = 120 Base Channels

PDH (D3 Level )


4 * 8.448 + stuffing bits = 34.368 Mbps
Capacity = 480 Base Channels

PDH (D4 Level )


4 * 34.368 +stuffing bits = 139.264 Mbps
Capacity = 1920 Base Channels
PDH Bit Rates

Europe North America Japan

PDH E1 Frame

Frame Sync & Alarms Signaling

 CH1 of every even frame consists of FAS Cx0011011 & every odd frame consists
of Cx1ASaSaSaSaSa.
 CH16 of every frame consists of Channel Associated Signaling (CAS)

PDH Multi Frame


PDH System

 TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
 REGENERATOR

Line Terminating Equipment(LTE)

 Line Terminating Equipment is an equipment that terminates a link or a line

 It is the end equipment in any link or a line, which can either multiplex or de-
multiplex optical signals but cannot perform both the operations

 In an LTE the Optical signal is converted to electrical domain and the operation of
multiplexing or de-multiplexing is done in electrical domain

 The electrical signal is again converted back to the Optical signal and then
transmitted

MUX - HIGHER ORDER MUX


TYPICAL OPTICAL LINK

PDH

Analog
Exchange

PDH Standards

European Standard American Standard


Notation Data Rate Notation Data Rate
E0 64 Kbps T0/DS0 64 Kbps
E1 2048 Kbps T1/DS1 1544 Kbps
E2 8448 Kbps T2/DS2 6312 Kbps
E3 34368 Kbps T3/DS3 44736 Kbps
E4 139264 Kbps T4/DS4 139264 Kbps
Used in South America, Used in USA, Canada
Europe, India etc Japan, Korea, Hong Kong etc

Bit-Interleaved Multiplexing

• It is TDM
• One bit will be taken from all Tributaries.

Limitations Of PDH

 Multiplexing / Demultiplexing is time consuming


565 140
Mbit/ Mbit/s

140-565
140-565
MUX &

MUX &
s

LTE
LTE
34
Mbit/s

34-140

34-140
MUX

MUX
8 Mbit/s

MUX
8-34

MUX
8-34
2
Mbit/s
MUX

MUX
2-8

2-8
Drop & Add

 There is insufficient provision for network management within the


PDH frame format for them to be able to do this.

 No standard for synchronization

 Standard equipment from different vendors are not compatible

 Increase in number of equipments required.

 There's no standardized definition of PDH bit rates greater than


140 Mbit/s

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