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Individual Differences: Personality and Ability

Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior

Chapter 2
Sixth Edition Jennifer M. George & Gareth R. Jones

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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Learning Objectives
Understand the nature of personality and how it is

determined by both nature and nurture

Describe the Big Five personality traits and their

implication for understanding behavior in organizations

Appreciate the ways in which other personality traits,

in addition to the Big Five, influence employees behaviors in organizations

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Learning Objectives

Describe the different kinds of abilities that

employees use to perform their jobs

Appreciate how organizations manage ability

through selection, placement, and training

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Determination of a Leader

y What does it take to lead one of the largest global

companies in the snack, food, and beverage company?

y The conscientiousness, determination, self-

discipline, sociability, and affectionate behavior of Indrawn Nooyi, CEO of PepsiCo.

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Individual Differences

Personality

Ability

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Personality

Personality is the pattern of relatively enduring ways that a person feels, thinks, and behaves

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The Nature of Personality

y Develops over a persons lifetime y Generally stable in the context of work y Can influence career choice, job

satisfaction, stress, leadership, and even performance

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Nature and Nurture: The Determinants of Personality

Exhibit 2.1

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The Interaction of Personality and Situational Factors

Exhibit 2.2

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Attraction-Selection-Attrition (ASA) Framework

of employee personalities = organizational personality Individuals with similar personalities tend to be attracted to an organization (attraction) and hired by it (selection) and individuals with other types of personalities tend to leave the organization (attrition)
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The Big Five Model of Personality

Extraversion Neuroticism Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to Experience
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A Big Five Personality Profile

Exhibit 2.4

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Extraversion (Positive Affectivity)

Personality trait that predisposes individuals to experience positive emotional states and feel good about themselves and the world around them

Extraverts

Introverts

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A Measure of Extraversion
Exhibit 2.5

How accurately does each statement describe you? It is easy for me to become enthusiastic about things

I am doing.
I often feel happy and satisfied for no particular

reason.
I live a very interesting life. Every day I do some things that are fun. I usually find ways to liven up my day. Most days I have moments of real fun or joy.
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Neuroticism (Negative Affectivity)

Personality trait that reflects peoples tendency to experience negative emotional states, feel distressed, and generally view themselves and the world around them negatively

High

Low

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A Measure of Neuroticism
Exhibit 2.6

How accurately does each statement describe you? I often find myself worrying about something. My feelings are hurt rather easily. Often I get irritated at little annoyances. I suffer from nervousness. My mood often goes up and down. I sometimes feel just miserable for no good reason.

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Agreeableness
Personality trait that captures the distinction between individuals who get along well with other people and those who do not

High

Low

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A Measure of Agreeableness
Exhibit 2.7

How accurately does each statement describe you? I am interested in people. I am not really interested in others.* I sympathize with others feelings. I insult people.* I have a soft heart. I am not interested in other peoples problems.*

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Conscientiousness
Personality trait that describes the extent to which an individual is careful, scrupulous, and persevering

High

Low

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A Measure of Conscientiousness
Exhibit 2.7

How accurately does each statement describe you? I am always prepared. I leave my belongings around.* I pay attention to details. I make a mess of things.* I get chores done right away. I often forget to put things back in their proper place.*

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Openness to Experience
Personality trait that captures the extent to which an individual is
{ { { {

original, open to a wide variety of stimuli, has broad interests, and is willing to take risks as opposed to being narrow-minded and cautious

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A Measure of Openness to Experience

Exhibit 2.7

How accurately does each statement describe you? I have a rich vocabulary. I have difficulty understanding abstract ideas.* I have a vivid imagination. I am not interested in abstract ideas.* I have excellent ideas. I do not have a good imagination.*

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Personality Traits Relevant to Organizations

Exhibit 2.8

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Locus of Control

Internal

External

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Self-Monitoring
Self-monitoring is the extent to which people try to control the way they present themselves to others

High

Low

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A Measure of Self-Monitoring
Exhibit 2.9

I find it hard to imitate the behavior of other people.* At parties and social gatherings, I do not attempt to do or

say things that others will like.*

I can only argue for ideas that I already believe.* I can make impromptu speeches even on topics about

which I have almost no information.

I guess I put on a show to impress or entertain others.

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Self-Esteem
Self-esteem is the extent to which people have pride in themselves and their capabilities

High

Low

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Type A vs. Type B Personality

y Type A individuals have an intense desire to

achieve, are extremely competitive, have a sense of urgency, are impatient, and can be hostile
y Type B individuals are more relaxed and

easygoing

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McClellands Learned Needs

Need for Power

Need for Achievement

Need for Affiliation

*Managers should have a high need for achievement and power.

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The Nature of Ability

What a person is capable of doing Types of ability
{ {

Cognitive ability Physical ability

Motor

skill skill

Physical

Emotional intelligence

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Types of Cognitive Ability

Exhibit 2.10

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Cognitive Abilities
Exhibit 2.11

y Ability to see

y Verbal ability y Numerical ability y Reasoning ability y Deductive ability

relationships
y Ability to remember y Spatial ability y Perceptual ability

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The Determinants of Cognitive and Physical Abilities

Exhibit 2.12

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Emotional Intelligence
y The ability to understand and manage ones

own feelings and emotions and the feelings and emotions of others
y A good understanding of how to use emotions

to promote effective functioning and wellbeing

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A Measure of Emotional Intelligence

Exhibit 2.13

I have a good sense of why I have certain feelings most

of the time.
I always know my friends emotions from their

behavior.
I always set goals for myself and then try my best to

achieve them.
I am able to control my temper so that I can handle

difficulties rationally.
I have a good understanding of my own emotions.

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Management of Ability

Selection

Placement

Training

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