DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF MICROSTRIP

PATCH ANTENNA USING METAMATERIAL

A
DISSERTATION
SUBMITTED TO
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL
(M.P.)
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF DEGREE OF
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
(COMMUNICATION CONTROL & NETWORK)
Submitted By
PANKAJ KUMAR GUPTA
Roll No. 0903ME0907
Under The Guidance Of
PROF.PANKAJ SINGH TOMAR
2011
Department of Electronics Engineering
MAHARANA PRATAP COLLAGE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE,
GWALIOR (M.P.)-474005
DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the dissertation entitled Design & Analysis of Microstrip
Patch Antenna Using Metamaterial which is being submitted in the partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of Master of Technolgy in Electronics and
Communication (Communication Control & Network), is a record of my own work
carried out under supervision and guidance of Prof. Pankaj Singh Tomar, Professor,
Department of Electronics Engineering, Maharana Pratap Collage of Technology &
Science, Gwalior.
The matter presented in this dissertation has not been submitted elsewhere for the
award of any degree.
Date: PANKAJ KUMAR GUPTA
Place: Gwalior
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the
best of my knowledge and belief.

Guided by
Pankaj Singh Tomar
Professor
Department of Electronics Engineering
MPCT, Gwalior

Approved by
Pankaj Shrivastav
Professor & Head
Department of Electronics Engineering
MPCT, Gwalior
Forwarded by
Dr. V.M Sahay
Principal, MPCT, Gwalior
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am indebted to many people without whom this project would have been a
difficult task to complete. I would like to express our deep gratitude to our guide Prof.
Pankaj Shingh Tomar, for his valuable guidance to complete this project work. His
involvement in this project was overwhelming. I am indebted to him for his moral
support, co-operation, invaluable guidance, infinite patience, and the zeal and enthusiasm
he created in us.
I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. G.S. Tomar for his invaluable
guidance, patience as well as giving me freedom in my thesis and the chance to work
under his supervision
I would like to dedicate this thesis to Prof. Dr. P. K. Singhal, Department of
Electronics, M.I.T.S, Gwalior, MP for teaching me invaluable experience in life that I
would not realize and learn myself.
I am thankful to my parents and family members for providing me each and every
facility to excel in fields and encouraging me to give my best.



Pankaj Kumar Gupta


ABSTRACT
The main objective of this project is the study of different configuration of
microstrip patch antenna at different heights and frequency and design of a rectangular
and Metamaterial patch antenna. Design involved simulation, fabrication, and
measurements. In fabrication of the microstrip patch antenna there are several parameters
involve according to need, such as substrate material and their electrical and physical
parameters such as dielectric constant, loss tangent, height and related parameter like
effective dielectric constant, E and H beam width for particular frequencies.
All data are presented in this project which involved in the study. All
measurement are based on the theory related to the microstrip patch antenna and related
formulas.
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
SYMBOL & ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF TABLE



Chapter-1
Rectanguler
Microstrip Patch
Antenna

1.1 Introduction :
The invention of the microstrip antenna concept has been attributed to many
sources and the earliest include U.S.A. scientists Greig and Englemann and Deschamp in
1953 and patent was issued in France in 1955 in the name of Gutton and Bassinat. Lewin
investigated radiation from stripline discontinuities, at that time the emission of unwanted
radiation from thin stripline circuits was well appreciated and subsequently the
dimensions of the substrate. Additional studies were undertaken in the late 1960s by
Kaloi who studied basic rectangular and square configuration.
However other than the original Deschamps report work was not reported in the
literature until the early 1970 when a conducting strip radiator separated from a ground
plane by a dielectric substrate was described by Byron. This half wavelength wide and
several wavelength long strips were fed by coaxial connection at periodic intervals along
both radiating edges. Shortly thereafter, a microstrip element was patented by Munson
and data on basic rectangular and circular microstrip patches were published by Howell.
Weinschel developed several microstrip geometries those are very useful for rockets
applications. Sanford showed that microstrip element could be used in conformal array
designs for L-band communication from KC-135 aircraft to the ATS-6 satellite.
Additional work on basic microstrip patch element was reported in 1975 by Garvin,
Howell, Weinschel and James and Wilson.
The first mathematical analysis of a wide variety of microstrip patch shapes was
published in 1977by Lo et al, who used the model-expansion technique to analize
rectangular, circular, semicircular and triangular patch shapes. Similar comprehensive
reports on advanced analysis techniques were published by Derneryd, Shen and Long and
Carvar and Coffey. By 1978 the microstrip patch antenna was becoming much more
widely known and used in a verity of communication systems. In October 1979, the first
international meeting devoted to microstrip antenna materials, practical design, array
configuration and theoretical model saws held at New Mexico State University, Los
Cruces under co sponsorship of the U.S. Army Research Office and NMSUs Physical
Science Laboratory. The early 1980s there were many books, publication introduced and
most important thing was that in the field of substrate manufacturing. Substrate
manufactures tightened their specification and offered wider ranges of products capable
of working under extremes ambient condition but substrate costs were, however, to
remain high. The radiating patch and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the
dielectric substrate. Microstrip antennas are very popular for space, aircraft, mobile
phones, missiles application. The main advantages of the MSA are
1) Easy to analysis and fabrication (Monolithic Microwave integrated Circuit)
2) Attractive radiation characteristics (low cross-polarization radiation)
3) Small in size, light weight, low in cost, ease of installation
4) Conformable to planer and non planer surface.
There are some limitations in microstrip antennas such as:
1) Low efficiency
2) Low power
3) High Q
4) Poor polarization purity
5) Poor scanning
6) Narrow frequency bandwidth
7) Feed radiation
Microstrip antenna consist a very thin metallic strip, called patch placed
above ground plane. The strip and ground plane are separated by dielectric sheet
called substrate. The patch is generally made of conducting material such as copper or
gold and can take any possible shape. It consists four parts:
a) A very thin flat metallic region called radiating patch
b) A dielectric substrate
c) A ground plane
d) A feed, which supplies the RF power to radiating patch



Fig. 1.1 : Structure of a Micro Strip Patch Antenna
1.2 Radiation Mechanism :
The energization of the patch will establish a charge distribution on the upper and
lower surfaces of the patch as well as on the surface of the ground plane. The positive and
negative nature of the charges distribution arises, the repulsive forces between same
charges on the bottom surface of the patch pushes some of these charges toward the
edges, resulting in large charge density at the edges. These charges are the sources of
fringing fields and associated radiation
Side View of Antenna Top view
Radiating slots Ground plane

Fig. 1.2 :Charge Distribution in Upper & Lower section
1.3 Different Shapes :
There are different shapes available according to our desire, often few shapes are
mostly used like rectangular, square, dipole, circular, elliptical, triangular etc as the
requirement. The radiating element and the feed lines are usually phtoetched on the
dielectric substrate. These shapes are most common because of ease of analysis and
fabrication and their attractive radiation characteristic, especially low cross-polarization
radiation.
Microstrip dipoles are attractive because they inherently possess a large
bandwidth and occupy less space, which makes them attractive for arrays. The desired
polarization can be obtained by different shapes of the microstrip antenna.
The regular microstrip antenna configuration such as rectangular and circular
patches has been modified to rectangular ring and circular ring to enhance the bandwidth.
The larger bandwidth is because of a reduction in the quality factor Q of the patch
resonator which is due less energy stored beneath the patch and higher radiation.The
radiating patch are also some more shapes which are: Disk sector, circular ring, ring
sector, disk with slot, semi disk, semi ring, pentagon, hexagonal with inner circle,
eccentric circular ring, H-shape, T-shape, U-shape, L-shape, cross junction.








Fig. 1.3 : Common Shapes of Micro Strip Patch elements
1.4Feeding Methods :
When we have to choose the most appropriate microstrip antenna configuration
for a particular application the most important factor is excitation of the radiating element
which requires careful consideration. A wide variety of feed mechanisms is available,
not just for coupling energy to a individual elements but also for the controlled
distribution of energy to liner of planner array of elements.
The feed system may be either co-planar with the radiating elements or situated in
a separate transmission line layer. The microstrip feed line is also a conducting strip
usually of much smaller width compared to the patch the microstrip line feed is easy to a
fabricate simple to match by a controlling the inset position however as the substrate
thickness increase surface waves and spurious feed radiation increase which for practical
designs limit to band width. Second type of feeding is coaxial line feeds the inner
conductor of the coax is attached to the radiation patch with the outer conductor is
connected to the ground plane, are also widely used the coaxial probe feed is also array to
fabricate and match and it has low spurious radiation Micro strip patch antennas can be
fed by a variety of methods.
1.4.1 Micro Strip Line Feed :
In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to the edge
of the micro strip patch as shown in Figure. The conducting strip is smaller in width as
compared to the patch and this kind of feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed
can be etched on the same substrate to provide a planar structure.


Fig. 1.4 :
The purpose of the inset cut in the patch is to match the impedance of the feed
line to the patch without the need for any additional matching element. This is achieved
by properly controlling the inset position. Hence this is an easy feeding scheme, since it
provides ease of fabrication and simplicity in modeling as well as impedance matching.
However as the thickness of the dielectric substrate being used, increases, surface waves
and spurious feed radiation also increases, which hampers the bandwidth of the antenna.
The feed radiation also leads to undesired cross polarized radiation.
1.4.2 Coaxial Feed :
The Coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common technique used for feeding
Micro strip patch antennas. As seen from Figure, the inner conductor of the coaxial
connector extends through the dielectric and is soldered to the radiating patch, while the
outer conductor is connected to the ground plane.


Fig. 1.5 : Coaxial Feeding
The main advantage of this type of feeding scheme is that the feed can be placed
at any desired location inside the patch in order to match with its input impedance. This
feed method is easy to fabricate and has low spurious radiation. However, its major
disadvantage is that it provides narrow bandwidth and is difficult to model since a hole
has to be drilled in the substrate and the connector protrudes outside the ground plane,
thus not making it completely planar for thick substrates (h >.0020 ). Also, for thicker
substrates, the increased probe length makes the input impedance more inductive, leading
to matching problems. It is seen above that for a thick dielectric substrate, which provides
broad bandwidth, the micro strip line feed and the coaxial feed suffer from numerous
disadvantages. The non-contacting feed techniques which have been discussed below,
solve these problems.
1.4.3 Aperture Coupled Feed :
In this type of feed technique, the radiating patch and the micro strip feed line are
separated by the ground plane as shown in Figure.
Coupling between the patch and the feed line is made through a slot or an aperture
in the ground plane.



Fig. 1.6 : Aperture Coupled Feed
The coupling aperture is usually centered under the patch, leading to lower cross
polarization due to symmetry of the configuration. The amount of coupling from the feed
line to the patch is determined by the shape, size and location of the aperture. Since the
ground plane separates the patch and the feed line, spurious radiation is minimized.
Generally, a high dielectric Substrate Material is used for the bottom substrate and a
thick, low dielectric constant material is used for the top substrate to optimize radiation
from the patch [5]. The major disadvantage of this feed technique is that it is difficult to
fabricate due to multiple layers, which also increases the antenna thickness. This feeding
scheme also provides narrow bandwidth.
1.4.4 Proximity Coupled Feed :
This type of feed technique is also called as the electromagnetic coupling scheme.
As shown in Figure, two dielectric substrates are used such that the feed line is between
the two substrates and the radiating patch is on top of the upper substrate. The main
advantage of this feed technique is that it eliminates spurious feed radiation and provides
very high bandwidth (as high as 13%), due to overall increase in the thickness of the
micro strip patch antenna. This scheme also provides choices between two different
dielectric media, one for the patch and one for the feed line to optimize the individual
performances.

Fig. 1.7 : Proximity Coupled Feed
Matching can be achieved by controlling the length of the feed line and the width-
to-line ratio of the patch. The major disadvantage of this feed scheme is that it is difficult
to fabricate because of the two dielectric layers which need proper alignment. Also, there
is an increase in the overall thickness of the antenna.
1.5 Design Consideration :
To get the desired efficiency we have to choose very carefully and appropriate
dielectric substrates thickness and loss tangent. The design of the microstrip patch is
depend upon the operating frequency; it affects the size of the antenna. At very low
microwave frequencies the size of antennas are bigger and because of that when to get
the required gain we have to make array which becomes very larger.
Substrate Material:
1) Thickness of the Substrate:
When we take thicker substrate we get a mechanically strong patch, this patch
will increase radiated power, reduce conductor loss and improve impedance bandwidth,
we can improve the efficiency and bandwidth by increasing the height of substrate but
because of thickness it will also increase the weight, dielectric loss, surface wave loss and
radiations from the probe is more.
2) Dielectric Constant:
We choose dielectric constant in this rang 2.2r12. For better radiation the low
value of dielectric constant because it will increase the fringing field at the patch and thus
radiated power. So thick substrate and low dielectric constant provides better efficiency,
large bandwidth, loosely bound field for radiation into space but having larger element
size but some application such as in government security system narrow bandwidth are
desirable.
Thin substrates with higher dielectric constants are desirable for microwave
circuitry because they require tightly bound fields to minimize undesired radiation and
coupling. They are less efficient and have relatively smaller bandwidths. Since microstrip
antennas are often integrated with other microwave circuitry so small desirable
3) Loss Tangent:
Loss tangent should be low, high loss tangent increases dielectric loss and reduce
efficiency.
So for better efficiency we have to choose some important parameters very
carefully, such as:
1) Thick substrate
2) Dielectric constant in lower rang
3) Low loss tangent
Typical Patch Parameters :
1) Dielectric constant of substrate, r
2) The height of the substrate, h<<
3) The thickness of the patch, t = /100
4) < 3 m
5) f = 100 MHz
6) l < /2
7) w <
1.6 Some Common Properties of Microstrip Antennas :
Advantages Disadvantages
______________________________________________________________________
Thin profile Low profile
Light weight Small bandwidth
Simple to manufacture Extraneous radiation from
feeds, junctions and surface waves
Can be made conformal Tolerance problem
Low cost Require quality substrate and good
temperature tolerance
Can be integrated with circuit High-performance arrays require
complex feed system
Simple arrays readily created Polarization purity difficult to
achieve
__________________________________________________________________
1.7 Advantages and Limitations of Microstrip Antenna:
Microstrip antennas have several advantages compared to conventional microstrip
antennas, and therefore many applications cover the broad frequency rang from 100 MHz
to 100 GHz. Some of the Principal advantages of microstrip antennas compared to
conventional microwave antennas are:
Light weight, low volume, and thin profile configuration, which can be made
conformal;
Low fabrication cast; readily amenable to mass productions;
Linear and circular polarization are possible with simple feed;
Duel frequency and dual-polarization antennas can be easily made;
No cavity backing is required;
Can be easily integrated with microwave integrated circuit;
Feed lines and matching networks can be fabricated simultaneously with the
antenna structure.
However, Microstrip antennas also have some limitations compared to
conventional microwave antennas:
Narrow bandwidth and associated tolerance problems;
Somewhat lower gain (-6 dB);
Large ohmic loss in the feed structure of arrays;
Most Microstrip antennas radiate into half-space;
Complex feed structure required for high-performance arrays;
Polarization purity is difficult to achieve;
Poor end-fire radiator, except tapered slot antennas;
Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions;
Lower power handling capability;
Reduced gain and efficiency as well as unacceptably high levels of cross-
polarization and mutual coupling within an array environments at high
frequencies;
Excitation of surface waves;
Microstrip antennas fabricated on a substrate with a high dielectric constant are
strongly preferred for easy integration with MMIC RF front-end circuitry.
1.8 Application :
For many applications, the advantages of microstrip antenna for outweigh their
limitation. Initially, microstrip antenna found widespread application in military system
such as missiles, rockets, aircraft, and satellites. Currently, these antennas are being
increasing used in the commercial sector due to the reduced cost of the substrate material
and mature fabrication technology. With continued research and development and
increased usage, microstrip antennas are ultimately expected to replace conventional
antennas for most application. Some notable system applications for which microstrip
antennas have been developed include:
Satellite communication, direct broadcast services (DBS);
Doppler and other radar;
Radio altimeter;
Command and control system;
Missiles and telemetry;
Remote sensing and environmental instrumentation;
Feed elements in complex antennas;
Satellite navigation receivers;
Mobil radio (pagers, telephone);
Integrated antennas;
Biomedical radiators and intruder alarms;
1.9 Methods of Analysis :
The most popular models for the analysis of Microstrip patch antennas are the
transmission line model, cavity model, and full wave model (which include primarily
integral equations/Moment Method). The transmission line model is the simplest of all
and it gives good physical insight but it is less accurate. The cavity model is more
accurate and gives good physical insight but is complex in nature. The full wave models
are extremely accurate, versatile and can treat single elements, finite and infinite arrays,
stacked elements, arbitrary shaped elements and coupling. These give less insight as
compared to the two models mentioned above and are far more complex in nature.
1.9.1 Transmission Line Model :
This model represents the Microstrip antenna by two slots of width W and height
h, separated by a transmission line of length L. The Microstrip is essentially a non-
homogeneous line of two dielectrics, typically the substrate and air.

Fig. 1.8 : Microstrip
Line Fig.1.9 : Electric Feild
Hence, as seen from figure most of the electric field lines reside in the substrate
and parts of some lines in air. As a result, this transmission line cannot support pure
transverse electric magnetic (TEM) mode of transmission, since the phase velocities
would be different in the air and the substrate. Hence, an effective dielectric constant (
reff) must be obtained in order to account for the fringing and the wave propagation in the
line. The value of reff is slightly less than
r
because of the fringing fields around the
periphery of the patch are not confined in the dielectric substrate but are also spread in
the air as shown in figure. The expression for reff is given by
2
1
12 1
2
1
2
1

1
]
1

+
+

W
h
r r
reff

Where,
h - Height of substrate
- Dielectric constant of given material
W - Width of the Patch
- Effective dielectric constant
In the figure below, this shows a rectangular Microstrip patch antenna of length L,
width W resting on a substrate of height h. Coordinate axis is selected such that the length
is along the x direction, width is along the y direction and the height is along the z
direction.

Fig. 1.10 : Microstrip Patch Antenna
In order to operate in the fundamental 10 TM mode, the length of the patch must
be slightly less than /2 where is the wavelength in the dielectric medium and is equal
to o /( reff )
1/2
where o is the free space wavelength. The TM10 mode implies that
the field

varies one /2 cycle along the length, and there is no variation along the width of
the patch. In the figure 4.13 shown below, two slots represent the Microstrip patch
antenna, separated by a transmission line of length L and open circuited at both the ends.
Along the width of the patch, the voltage is maximum and the current is minimum due to
the open ends. The fields at the edges can be resolved into normal and tangential
components with respect to the ground plane.



Fig. 1.11 : Radiating Electric Feild
It is seen from the figure above that the normal components of the electric field at
the two edges along the width are in opposite directions and thus out of phase since the
patch is /2 long and hence they cancel each other in the broadside direction. The
tangential components (seen in Figure 4.14), which are in phase, means that the resulting
fields combine to give maximum radiated field normal to the surface of the structure.
Hence the edges along the width can be represented as two radiating slots, which are /2
apart and excited in phase and radiating in the half space above the ground plane. The
fringing fields along the width can be modeled as radiating slots and electrically the patch
of the Microstrip antenna looks greater than its physical dimensions. The dimensions of
the patch along its length have now been extended on each end by a distance L. It is given
by,
( )
( )

,
_

,
_

+ +

8 . 0 258 . 0
264 . 0 3 . 0
412 . 0
h
W
h
W
h L
reff
reff

The effective length of the patch L eff now becomes:

eff
L
= L + 2 L
For a given resonance frequency f o, the effective length is given by
For a rectangular Microstrip patch antenna, the resonance frequency for any TM
mn mode is given by
2
1
2 2
2
0
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
,
_

W
n
L
m c
f
reff

Where m and n are modes along L and W respectively.

For efficient radiation, the width W is given by
( )
2
1
0 2
+

r
f
c
W

1.9.2 Cavity Model :

Although the transmission line model discussed in the previous section is easy to
use, it has some inherent disadvantages. Specifically, it is useful for patches of
rectangular design and it ignores field variations along the radiating edges. These
disadvantages can be overcome by using the cavity model. A brief overview of this
model is given below.
In this model, the interior region of the dielectric substrate is modeled as a cavity
bounded by electric walls on the top and bottom. The basis for this assumption is the
following observations for thin substrates ( << h). Since the substrate is thin, the fields
in the interior region do not vary much in the z direction, i.e. normal to the patch.
The electric field is z directed only, and the magnetic field has only the transverse
components H x and H y in the region bounded by the patch metallization and the ground
plane. This observation provides for the electric walls at the top and the bottom.

Fig. 1.12 : Charge Distribution and Current Density Creation in a Patch Antenna
In the figure shown above, When the microstrip patch is provided power, a charge
distribution is seen on the upper and lower surfaces of the patch and at the bottom of the
ground plane. This charge distribution is controlled by two mechanisms- an attractive
mechanism and a repulsive mechanism as discussed by Richards. The attractive
mechanism is between the opposite charges on the bottom side of the patch and the
ground plane, which helps in keeping the charge concentration intact at the bottom of the
patch. The repulsive mechanism is between the like charges on the bottom surface of the
patch, which causes pushing of some charges from the bottom, to the top of the patch. As
a result of this charge movement, currents flow at the top and bottom surface of the patch.
The cavity model assumes that the height to width ratio (i.e. height of substrate and width
of the patch) is very small and as a result of this the attractive mechanism dominates and
causes most of the charge concentration and the current to be below the patch surface.
Much less current would flow on the top surface of the patch and as the height to width
ratio further decreases, the current on the top surface of the patch would be almost equal
to zero, which would not allow the creation of any tangential magnetic field components
to the patch edges. Hence, the four sidewalls could be modeled as perfectly magnetic
conducting surfaces. This implies that the magnetic fields and the electric field
distribution beneath the patch would not be disturbed. However, in practice, a finite width
to height ratio would be there and this would not make the tangential magnetic fields to
be completely zero, but they being very small, the side walls could be approximated to be
perfectly magnetic conducting.
Since the walls of the cavity, as well as the material within it are losses less, the
cavity would not radiate and its input impedance would be purely reactive. Hence, in
order to account for radiation and a loss mechanism, one must introduce a radiation
resistance R r and a loss resistance R L. A lossy cavity would now represent an antenna
and the loss is taken into account by the effective loss tangent eff which is given as:
Q is the total antenna quality factor and has been expressed in the form:
Q represents the quality factor of the dielectric and is given as
Q represents the quality factor of the conductor and is given as
Substituting above equations in the last equation we have,

This equation describes the total effective loss tangent for the microstrip patch
antenna.
1.9.3 Full Wave Solutions-Method of Moments :
One of the methods that provide the full wave analysis for the Microstrip patch
antenna is the Method of Moments. In this method, the surface currents are used to model
the Microstrip patch and the volume polarization currents are used to model the fields in
the dielectric slab. It has been shown by Newman and Tulyathan how an integral
equation is obtained for these unknown currents and using the Method of Moments, these
electric field integral equations are converted into matrix equations, which can then be
solved by various techniques of algebra to provide the result.
1.10 Design Procedure of Patch Antenna :
To design the patch antenna some parameters are necessary such as operating
frequency, Dielectric constant of the dielectric material, substrate height etc. By using the
formulas we can calculate the patch length, width, effective length, effective dielectric
constant, resonant frequency etc.
1.10.1 Designing of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (RMPA)
For the design of the RMPA, the transmission line model has been used. The
design has been generalized using a C program. For a given operating frequency (f
r
),
dielectric constant of the substrate (
r)
and height of the substrate (h) the design equations
are as follows:

Fig. 1.13 : Rectangular patch antenna
1.10.2 Calculation of Width (W):
1
2
2
0
+

r r
f
V
W

Where,
0
V
= free space velocity of light

r

= Dielectric constant of substrate.

The effective dielectric constant of the Microstrip antenna to account for fringing
effect is calculated from:
2
1
12 1
2
1
2
1

1
]
1

+
+

W
h
r r
reff

1.10.3 Calculation of Effective Length (L

eff
):
eff
L
=
reff
f
c

0
2
1.10.4 Calculation of Length Extension (L):

( )
( )

,
_

,
_

+ +

8 . 0 258 . 0
264 . 0 3 . 0
412 . 0
h
W
h
W
h L
reff
reff

1.10.5 Calculation of Actual Length:

eff
L
= L + 2 L
The thickness of the conducting patch should be t<=h/8..
1.10.6 Calculation of Ground Plane Dimensions (L
g
& W
g
):
The transmission line model is applicable to infinite ground planes only.
However, for practical considerations, it is essential to have a finite ground plane. Similar
results for finite and infinite ground plane can be obtained if the size of the ground plane
is greater than the patch dimensions by approximately six times the substrate thickness all
around the periphery. Hence, for this design, the ground plane dimensions would be
given as:
Lg=6h+L;
Wg=6h+W;
The HPBW of an individual patch can be calculated from the given equation,
which is then substituted to obtain the Directivity and Gain.



Directivity,
H E
D

41253

Gain,
1.10.7 Designing of Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna (CMPA)
Other than the rectangular patch, the next most popular configuration is the
circular patch or disk, as shown in Fig. It has received a lot of attention not only as a
single element but also in arrays. The modes supported by the circular patch can be found
by treating the patch, ground plane and the material between the two (substrate) as a
circular cavity. As with the rectangular patch, the modes that are supported primarily by a
circular Microstrip antenna whose height is small (h<<) are TM
z
where Z is taken
perpendicular to the patch. As far as the dimensions of the patch, there are two degrees of
freedom to control (length and width) for the rectangular Microstrip antenna. Therefore
the order of the modes can be changed by changing the relative dimensions of the width
and length of the patch (width-to-length ratio). However, for the circular patch there is
only one degree of freedom to control (radius of the patch). Doing this does not change
the order of the modes; it does change the absolute value of the resonant frequency of
each.

Fig. 1.14 :Circular Patch Anenna
Other than using the full-wave analysis, the circular patch antenna can only be
analyzed conveniently by using the cavity model. The cavity is composed of two perfect
electric conductors at the top and bottom to represent the patch and the ground plane, and
by a circular perfect magnetic conductor around the circular periphery of the cavity. The
dielectric material of the substrate is assumed to be truncated beyond the extent of the
patch.
1.10.9 Resonant Frequency:
The resonant Frequency of the Cavity is given by the formula:-

With the zeroes of the derivative of the Bessel function
For The Dominant Mode:

Where a is the actual radius of the circular patch which is given by the formula:-

Where

Where, h - height of substrate
- Dielectric constant of given material
- - Resonant frequency




Fig. 1.15 :Radiation of Circular Patch



Chapter-2
Designing &
Measurement
of
Simple Patch
Antenna


2.1 Introduction:
In this project, the conventional methods of design have been used to design and
development of microstrip antenna. To design the patch antenna first step is to calculate
the required parameters which involved in designing. After getting these required values,
the simulated results obtained by using IE3D software. The rectangular patch and square
patch are fabricated on the epoxy/glass substrate material. Measured and simulated
results of both patches have been presented.
2.2 Simulation Results


Fig. 2.1: Rectangular Patch
Specification:
1) Width of the patch =44.45 mm
2) Length of the patch =57.05 mm
3) Dielectric material is Glass epoxy
4) Dielectric constant = 4.4
5) Substrate height = 0.16 mm
6) Loss tangent = 0.01
7) Width of the Strip Line = 3.009 mm
8) Length of the Strip Line = 38.525 mm



Fig.2.2: Return Loss







Fig.2.3: VSWR Graph


Radiation Properties:

Table: 1




Fig. 2.4: Cartesian Elevation Pattern


Fig.2.5: 3D pattern Fig.2.6: 3D Pattern




Fig. 2.7: Total Field v/s Frequency

Fig.2.8: Total Field Directivity vsFrequency








Fig.2.9:Efficiency V/s Frequency

Fig.2.10:Efficiency V/s Frequency
Chapter-3
Designing &
Measurement
of
Patch Antenna
Using
Metamaterial
3.1 Introduction:
In this project, the conventional methods of design have been used to design and
development of microstrip antenna. To design the patch antenna first step is to calculate
the required parameters which involved in designing. After getting these required values,
the simulated results obtained by using IE3D software. The rectangular patch and square
patch are fabricated on the epoxy/glass substrate material. Measured and simulated
results of both patches have been presented.


Fig.3.1: Left Handed Meta Material Structure
Specification:
1) Length and Width of the patch =44.45 mm
2) Dielectric material is Glass epoxy
3) Dielectric constant = 4.4
4) Substrate height = 1.6 mm
5) Loss tangent = 0.01
6) Width of the Strip Line = 3.009 mm
7) Length of the Strip Line = 38.525 mm
8) Cut at ground: Length=4mm, Width=4mm.



Fig.3.1: Return Loss



Fig.3.2: VSWR Graph

Radiation Properties:


Table: 2



Fig. 3.3: Cartisian Elevation Pattern





Fig.3.4: 3D Pattern





Fig.3.5: Total Field Gain v/s Frequency




Fig.3.6: Efficiency v/s Frequency

Fig.3.7: Smith Chart
Chapter-4
Designing &
Measurement
of
T-Shape Patch
Antenna
4.1 Introduction:
In this project, the conventional methods of design have been used to design and
development of microstrip antenna. To design the patch antenna first step is to calculate
the required parameters which involved in designing. After getting these required values,
the simulated results obtained by using IE3D software. The rectangular patch and square
patch are fabricated on the epoxy/glass substrate material. Measured and simulated
results of both patches have been presented.

Fig.4.1: T-Shape Patch Antenna
Specification:
1) Length and Width of the patch =44.45 mm
2) Dielectric material is Glass epoxy
3) Dielectric constant = 4.4
4) Substrate height = 1.6 mm
5) Loss tangent = 0.01
6) Width of the Strip Line = 3.009 mm
7) Length of the Strip Line = 38.525 mm
8) Cut at ground: Length=4mm, Width=4mm
Fig.4.2: Return Loss

Fig.4.3: VSWR Graph

Fig.4.4: Smith Chart
Chapter-5
Designing &
Measurement
of
Dumble-Shape
Patch Antenna
5.1 Introduction:
In this project, the conventional methods of design have been used to design and
development of microstrip antenna. To design the patch antenna first step is to calculate
the required parameters which involved in designing. After getting these required values,
the simulated results obtained by using IE3D software. The rectangular patch and square
patch are fabricated on the epoxy/glass substrate material. Measured and simulated
results of both patches have been presented.

Fig.5.1: Dumble Shape Patch Antenna
Specification:
1) Length and Width of the patch =44.45 mm
2) Dielectric material is Glass epoxy
3) Dielectric constant = 4.4
4) Substrate height = 1.6 mm
5) Loss tangent = 0.01
6) Width of the Strip Line = 3.009 mm
Fig.5.2: Return Loss Graph

Table:3
Fig.5.3: VSWR Graph

Fig.5.4: 2D Pattern Fig.5.5: 3D pattern

Fig.5.5: Smith Chart
General Steps followed for Microstrip Patch Antenna Fabrication:
1. All calculations about the antenna dimensions are done from the given parameters
(frequency, dielectric constant etc )
2. The antenna diagram as per the obtained dimensions is drawn through graphics
soft wares ( Auto-CAD , Corel Draw)
3. Screen printing was done on the substrate plate coated with copper layer.
4. The ground plane was painted in order to protect from etching.
5. Etching of the printed plate was done by using dilute solution of FeCl
3
till the
required substrate was obtained. Care was taken to obtain a sharp corner.
6. The plate was taken out and wiped. Drilling and soldering was done in order to
connect to the connector.
7. The fabricated antenna was then taken for further testing and measurement.
ANTENNA Measurement:
Antenna Training System (ATS) is used for measurement of designed antenna. ATS, a
program to view the polar/Cartesian diagram of an antenna. The primary purpose of
Antenna Plot software is to enable you to better understand the operating characteristics
of acquired data of Antenna System. Angular and level measurements with precision are
possible using various cursors. The program plots Relative Power in dB and Relative
Field strength polar diagrams, and gives an indication of the gain (dB) of the measured
antenna. The polar diagram is presented in polar form or in rectangular form, with a
range from maximum to minimum of 40 dB. The scale of the plot can be either
logarithmic or linear.
STUDY OF PATCH ANTENNA:
A: To plot the radiation pattern of Patch in Azimuth & Elevation planes linear scales on
polar and Cartesian plots.
B: To measure the beam width (-3dB), side lobe level and directivity & gain of the Patch
antenna
Equipment Required
Antenna transmitter, receiver and stepper motor controller, LPDA antenna, patch
antenna, tripods and stepper pod with connecting wire cables
Figure: 4.17 Antenna Training System
Antenna training system software is used for determining the characteristic of antennas along
with Log-Periodic Antenna as transmitting and Patch Antenna as receiver, having proper
arrangement of Patch antenna. Distance between transmitter and receiver is about 1 meter,
which is for field zone (care was taken to avoid reflections).



Result and Discussion:
The design of Rectangular and Square Patch for 1.06 GHz has been done. First of all
necessary parameters are calculated by the formulas and after that by using IE3D
software the simulation is done by using the calculated parameters. For designing the
rectangular and square patch dielectric material is epoxy/glass, dielectric constant 4.4,
loss tangent 0.02 and substrate height is 0.16 cm. The simulated gains are 5.32 dB for
rectangular patch and 3.26 dB for left handed meta metarial structure patch.
To fabricate of the patch screen printing is done on the substrate plate coated with copper
layer and the ground plane is well covered by tape in order to protect from etching.
Etching of the printed plate is done by using dilute solution of FeCl
3
till the required
substrate is obtained. To get better response care is taken to obtain a sharp corner. The
plate is taken out and wiped. Drilling and soldering is done in order to connect to the
connector. The fabricated antennas are then taken for further testing and measurement by
Antenna testing system.
The simulated and tested results are different because of huge reflection, fabrication time
error and due to some lose connections.



CHAPTER
6
CONCLUSION AND
SUGGESTION
FOR
FUTURE WORK

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION FOR FUTURE WORK
The concept of using microstrip antennas to provide printed radiating structure, which are
electrically thin, lightweight, and low cost, is a relatively not too old. During recent years,
there has been enormous growth in microstrip patch Antenna technology. The
development of system such as Satellite communication, highly sensitive radar, radio
altimeters, and Missiles systems needs very light weight antenna which can be easily
attached with the systems and not make the system bulky. These requirements are main
factors to development of the microstrip patch antenna. A single patch can give limited
output such as gain, directivity and scanning capabilities, to get required radiation
characteristic that may not achievable by single element, we use more than one element,
and this arrangement is known as array. Array is the combination of more the one patch
element. By doing this we can get required results.
Rectangular and Circular are most common which provides low cross-polarization and
very easy to analysis but to enhance the bandwidth, we convert the rectangular and
circular into rectangular ring and circular ring. In future as per requirement many new
shape can replace the conventional shapes.
In this project the study different shapes of Microstrip patch is also include as earlier
discuss. There are many shapes are in field of Microstrip patch antenna. A design of very
new shape which is the part of this project is very good for future aspects. The array of
this design gives a very good result. An example is presented here which is simulated in
IE3D software. The main problem of this design is it needs very accurate feeding.
For a very special purpose the design is needed which is the mix design between dipole
and meander line. This shape gives very good result. When we need some more radiation
characteristic we combine more than one element. Examples are given below

These are the typical shape of patch antenna which needs further analysis as well as
simulation it will be good idea that this type of antenna are studies to give better gain and
beamwidth performances.


BIBLIOG
RAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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