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Alluvial 2

The document discusses alluvial channels and two common approaches for designing stable channels: the tractive force approach and the regime approach. [1] The regime approach uses empirical equations developed from studying existing stable field channels to determine the cross-sectional dimensions and slope of a stable channel based on factors like discharge, sediment load, and sediment size. [2] Kennedy's equation is presented as part of the regime approach for calculating the non-scouring velocity which is then used along with Manning's equation to solve for the channel width, depth, and slope. [3] Recommended width to depth ratios are provided for different discharges to check the stability of the designed channel dimensions.

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Abhijeeth Nagaraj
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67 views

Alluvial 2

The document discusses alluvial channels and two common approaches for designing stable channels: the tractive force approach and the regime approach. [1] The regime approach uses empirical equations developed from studying existing stable field channels to determine the cross-sectional dimensions and slope of a stable channel based on factors like discharge, sediment load, and sediment size. [2] Kennedy's equation is presented as part of the regime approach for calculating the non-scouring velocity which is then used along with Manning's equation to solve for the channel width, depth, and slope. [3] Recommended width to depth ratios are provided for different discharges to check the stability of the designed channel dimensions.

Uploaded by

Abhijeeth Nagaraj
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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17.

ALLUVIAL CHANNELS An alluvial channel was defined as one transporting water as well as sediment, the sediment transported being of the same nature as that comprising the bed. The stability of a reach of such a channel requires that the sediment in flow into the reach be equal to the sediment out flow. Under such an equilibrium condition the bed of the channel neither rises nor falls. Obviously, the shape, longitudinal slope and cross-sectional dimensions of such a stable channel depend on the discharge, the size of the sediment and the sediment load to be carried. The two methods commonly adopted for the design of stable channels in alluvium are the tractive force approach and the regime approach. Use is made of the sediment transport and resistance laws for alluvial channel flows in the tractive force approach and, for this reason, the approach may be deemed to be more rational. But it has not been used in India and Pakistan to the same extent as the regime approach, which is merely a set of empirical equations evolved after thee study of a number of stable field channels. The word regime used herein is not to be confused with thee regime of flow discussed in chapter 3. Lacey8 introduced the term regime channel to indicate a channel carrying a constant discharge and flowing uniformly through un limited incoherent alluvium of the same character as that transported, without changing its cross-sectional dimensions or slope over a period of time. The regime equations commonly used in India and Pakistan are discussed below: 17.1. Regime approach Although it was pointed out that the cross-sectional dimensions and the slope of a regime channel ought to depend on the sediment load apart from the discharge and sediment load as a variable and this remains an important limitation of these equations. These equations were evolved using data of stable canals in India and Pakistan carrying a sediment load generally smaller than 500 ppm by weight. As such, one should expect these equations to be applicable when the sediment load is not much higher. (a) Kennedys Equation Kennedy analyzed data from stable canals of the upper Bari Doab system and found that the non-scouring, non silting velocity V0 is related to the depth by the equation
V0 = 0.55h 0.64

Eq.(17.1.1)

Here h is expressed in m and u in m/s. Kennedy also found that the sediment size plays an important role an the critical velocity ration m (defined as V/V 0) was greater than unity for sands coarser than thee one in Upper Bari Doab system and less than unity for finer sands. In other words,
V = 0.55h 0.64

This combined with a flow equation like the Mannings equation 79

V =

1 2 / 3 1/ 2 Rh Se n

Eq.(17.1.2)

Provides two equations for the determination of the three unknown B, h and S (if a trapezoidal shape of known side slope is assumed) for known values of Q, m and n. obviously any number of solutions will satisfy the above equations but not all of these channels will be stable; a very narrow channel will tend to widen due to scour of the sides and a very wide one would shrink in width due to deposition. It is thus customary to assume a reasonable value of s considering he slope of the country and past experience. The resulting solution is compared with thee following recommended values of B/h; if the two values differ significantly, suitable modification in the slope would be necessary.
Table 10 Recommended width Depth Ratio (Approximate) for stable canals

Qm3/s B/h

5.0 4.5

10.0 5.0

15.0 6.5

50.0 9.0

100.0 12.0

200.0 15.0

300.0 18.0

The side slopes of alluvial canals are maintained during construction equal to or less than the angle of repose of the soil. But due to deposition of fine silt on the sides, the side slopes obtained after some period of running of the canal are much steeper. Although the final cross section is not truly trapezoidal in shape, it is customary to assume this shape with the slope to be 1/2H: 1 V.

80

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