CHAPTER- INTRODUCTION Q. 1. What is DSP? Ans. DSP is defined as changing or analysing information which discrete sequences of numbers. Q.

2 What are the basic elements of DSP and its requirements? Ans. The basic elements of digital signal processing system are shown in fig. below. is measured as

The different blocks of this system as follows. 1. I/P Signal It is the signal generated from some transducer or from some communication system It may be biomedical signal like ECG or EEC Generally input signal is analog in nature It is denoted as x(t) 2. Anti Aliasing filter: It is basically a low pass filter. It is used for the following purposes. (a) It removes the high frequency noise contain in input signal.(b) It avoids aliasing effect that means it is used to band limit the signal. 3. Sample and Hold circuit. It takes samples of I/P signal. It keeps the voltage level of I/P signal relatively constant which is the requirement of ADC 4. Analog to digital converter It is used to convert analog signal into digital form This is required because digital signal processor accepts the signal which is digital in nature. 5. Digital Signal Processor : It processes input signal digitally. Input signal making modifying the signal as per requirement. For this purpose DSP processors like ADSP 2100 or TMS 320 are used.

6. Digital to analog converter (DAC) The output of digital signal processor is digital in nature. But the required final output is analog in nature. So to convert digital signal into analog signal DAC is used. 7. Reconstruction Filter Output signal of DAC is analog that means it is continous signal. But it may contain high frequency components. Such high frequency components are unwanted. To remove these components reconstruction filter is used. Q. 3. What are the advantages of digital over analog signal processing? Ans. The advantages of digital over analog signal processing are given below 1. Accuracy : To design analog system analog components like resistors, capacitors and mductors are used The tolerance of these components reduce accuracy of analog system. While in case of DSP, much better accuracy is obtained. 2. Versatility: Digital system can be reprogrammed for other applications (where programmable DSP chips are used). Moreover digital systems can be ported to different hardware 3. Repeatability Digital systems can be easily duplicated These systems do not depend upon component tolerances and temperature 4. Simplicity: It is easy to built any digital system as compared to an analog one. 5. Easy upgradations: Because of use of software, digital signal processing systems can be easily upgraded compared to analog system 6. Compatibility: In case of digital systems, generally all applications needs standard hardware. Thus operations of dsp system is mainly dependent on software. Hence universal compatibility is possible compared to analog systems 7. Cheaper In many applications, the digital systems are comparatively cheaper than analog systems. 8. Remote processing: Analog signals are difficult to store because of problems like noise and distortion while digital signal can be easily stored on storage media like magnetic

tapes, disks etc Thus compared to analog signals, digital signals can be easily transposed So remote processing of digital signal can be done easily. 9. Implementation of algorithms The mathematical processing algorithms can be easily implemented in case of digital signal processing But such algorithms are difficult to implement m case of analog signals Q. 4. What are the limitations of digital signal processing? Ans. The digital signal processing systems have many advantages. Even though there are certain disadvantages as follows 1. Bandwidth limitations : In case of DSP, if input signal is having wide bandwidth then it demands for high speed ADC. This is because to avoid aliasing effect, the sampling rate should be atleast twice the bandwidth. Thus such signals require fast digital signal processors. But always there is a practical limitation in the speed of processors and ADC. 2. System complexity : The digital signal processing system makes use of converters like ADC and DAC. This increases the system complexity compared to analog systems. Similarly in many applications the time required for this conversion is more. 3. Power Consumption: A typical digital signal processing chip contains more than 4 lakh transistors. Thus power dissipation is more in caps systems compared to analog systems. 4. DSP systems are expensive as compared to analog system. Q. 5. Comparison between digital and analog signal processing. Ans. Refer Question No. 3. Q. 6. What are the applications of DSP. Ans. The applications of DSP are given below 1. Image processing like pattern recognition, animation, robotic vision, image enhancement. 2. Instrumentation and control like spectral analysis, noise reduction, data compression.

3. Speech/Audio like speech recognition, speech synthesis, equalisation. 4. Biomedical like scanners ECG analysis, patient monitoring 5. Telecommunication like in echo spectrum and data communication. cancellation, spread

6. Military like Sonar processing, radar processing, secure communication. 7. Consumer applications like digital audio and video, power like monitor. 8. Automotive applications like commands and cellular telephones. vibration analysis, voice

9. Industrial applications like rabotics and CNC, power line monitors.