l0

*,8

Cnaprpn

1 .

FuNcrroNs 41-48. More composite functions Det f(x) : lrl, S(*) : x2 - 4, F(r) : \/i, and G(*) : I lQ - 2). Determine the following
composite.functions and give their domains.

13-20. Domain and range Graph eachfunctionwith a graphing utility

using the given window. Then state the domnin and range of the function.

: 3x4 - to; l-z,zl x [-to, ts] x A. eU) : . v*l -)(y 0 )i l-4.01 [-:.:] ls. /(x) : \/q - *' l-+,+) x l-t,+) 16. F(w) : (z -i; l-t,zl x lo,z) : 17. h(u) t/" -1; l-t,g) xl-z,z) 18. s(x) : (*2 - q\/x + s; [-s,s] x [-to,so] te. f(x) - (s - x13/2; [-+, +] x [0, :o]
13. f(x)
,------t

41. 7.

r
g

42. g"7
45. G" 8"f 48. G.
G

43.

7'6

44. 7" g" 6

46. Fogog

47. g.

49-54. Missing piece Let g(x) : x2 + 3. Find afunction produces the given composition.

that

4e. U" d@)

*2

s0. (.f.s)(x)
52.

: -+ x'+3
xa

20. g(t)

t+t'

l-t.tl x [0, t.s]

(.f.s)(r): ra+6*2+g s3. (s.,f)(r) : xa + 3

51.
55.
a. flsQ)) a. s(fls))
v
10

(f"s)(x): 5a. (s..f)(r) :

c.

+6*2+20
+
3

,213

an appropriate domain of each function. Identify the independent and dependent variables.

-rin context Determine 2l-24.Domain

Composite functions from graphs Use the graphs of the figure to determine the following function values.

and g in

21. A stone is thrown vertically upward from the ground at a speed of 40 m/s attime t : 0. Its distance d (in meters) above the
ground (neglecting air resistance) is approximated by the function f(t) 4ot stz '

a.sUQ)) e. f(sQ))

"f(s(+)) f./(/(8))

22. A stone is dropped off a bridge from a height of 20 m above a river. If / represents the elapsed time (in seconds) after the stone is
released, then its distance d (in meters) above the river is approxi-

9
8

7.
6
5

matedbythefunction

f(t) :

20

St2.

23. A cylindrical

water tower with a radius of l0 m and a height of 50 m is fil1ed to a height of h. The volume V of water (in cubic meters) is given by the tunction g(h) : lOonh. The volume V of a balloon of radius r (in meters) filled with helium is given by the function f(r) : tor3. Assu-e the balloon can hold up to 1 m3 of helium.

4
3

2
1

24.

t-z

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

25-36. Composite functions and notation let f(x) : x2 - 4, s(x) : x3, and F(x) : I I Q - 3). Simplifu or evaluate the following
expressions.

56.

Composite functions from tables Use the table to evaluate the given compositions.

2s. f(to)
28. F(ya)

26.

f(p')
r(s(v))

27.

29. 32.

30.

s0lz) .f(s(,))

.ral
g(r) h(*)

3r. g(f(u))
sn. g@(f(x)))

f(2+h)-f(2)
+ +) |l'/-x

33. r(r(x))

-1 3l -1 0-1

0 0

I
0 2 0

-1
3 3

34 -3 -l 45

o4

ts.

*"(q#)
choices

a. a(s(o)) d.8(h(f(4)))

3740. Working with composite functions Find possible

for

outer and inner functions f and g such that the given function h equals 7" g. Give the domain of h.

i. fu&(3)))
quoients

e.f(nGQ)))

r.s(fl+)) c. h(h(o)) e.f(f(f(r))) t. h(h(h(o))) h. s(f(h(4))) i s(s(s(t)))

f(x)ann."t(*) --- - I@) for following funcrions. _; 58. f(x) : ax -3 60. f(x) : 2x 2-3x+l 62. f(x) : x
rhe 4

37.
38. 39.

h(x):
h(*) h(r)

(x3

57-66. Working with difference quotients Simplify the dffirence

5)10

: :

fli
-

(x6+x2+l)2
I

5/.
59.

40.

h(*) :

----'i-r f(*) : *' f(x): zlx

f(*)

IG + h) -

\/r3 -

61.

x r-1-

1.1 Review ofFunctions

11

63.

f(x) :

x3

2x

6a.
66.

fQ):4-4x-x2

80.

6s. /(x)

x-

f(x):i-,,

Symmetry in graphs State rihether the functions represented by graphs A, B, and C in the figure are even, odd, or neither.

67-70. Interpreting the slope of secant lines 1z each exercise, a function and an interval of its independent variable are given. The endpoints of the interval are associated with the points P and Q on the graph of the function.

a. Sketch a graph of the function and the secant line through P and Q. b. Find the slope of the secant line in part (a), and interpret your answer in terms of an ayerage rate of change over the interval. Include units in your answer.

67.

Alter / seconds, an object dropped from rest falls a distance

16t2, where d is measured in feet and

< =t

5.

68. After , seconds, the second hand on a clock moves through an angle D : 6r, whereD is measuredin degrees and 5 < t < 20. 69.
The volume V of an ideal gas in cubic centimeters is given

Further Explorations

81. Explain why or why not Determine a. b.

The range of/(x) :.16 The relation

by V

: 2 f p, where p is the pressure in atmospheres 0.5=p<2.

whether the following statements are true and give an explanation or counterexample.

and

70.

The speed of a car prior to hard braking can be estimated by the length of the skid mark. One model claims that the speed S in miTtr is S : \/3Y,where / is the length of the skid mark in

feetand50=4 <
Fm

150.

-.

71-78. Symmetry Determine whether the graphs of the following equations andfunctions have symmetry about the x-axis, the y-axis, or the origin. Checkyourworkby graphing.

c. If /("r) : r-1,then f(tl*): tlf@). d. Ingeneral, f(f(*)) : (f(*))'. e. Ingeneral, fls\)): s(/(r)). f. Ingeneral,fls(r)) : U.s)Q). g. If flx) is an even function, then cf(ax) is an even function,
where

f(r):f(-r):2.

f(*)

: b - 38 is all real numbers. + I is nol a function because

and

are nonzero real numbers.

: 72. f(x) :
71. f(x) 73.

x4

+ 5x2 - 12 3xs + 2x3 - x

h. Ifl(x)

is an odd function, then where d is a real number.

/(x) *

d is an odd function,

i.

If /isbotheven andodd,then/(x)

:0forallx.

f(x):*5-*3-2 7a. fQ) :2lxl j5. x2l3 * y2l3 :

76. x3 -)5:0 77. f(x) : xlxl

82. Range of power functions Using words and figures, explain why the range of/(x) : *', where z is a positive odd integer, is all real numbers. Explain why the range of g(-r) : x', where zr is a
positive even integer, is all nonnegative real numbers.
83. Absolute value graph Use the definition of absolute value to graph the equation lrl lyl 1. Use a graphing utility only to check your work.

zs. lxl + lyl :

84.

Even and odd at the origin

79. Symmetry in graphs State whether the functions

represented by graphs A, B, and C in the figure are even, odd, or neither.

a. If /(0) b.

is defined and / is an even function, is it necessarily /(0) : 0? Explain. Ifl(0) is defined and / is an odd function, is it necessarily true that /(0) : 0? Explain.
true that

ffi 85-88. Polynomial calculations Find a polynomial f that satisfies the following properties. (Hint: Find the degree of f ; then substitute a
polynomial of that degree and solve.for its cofficients.)
85. 86. 87. 88.

f(f(x)):ex-8 (f(*))' : 9x2 -t2x

f(f(*)):x4-12x2+30
(f(*))2:x4-12x2+36

t2

Cne.prnx.

I .

FuNcrroNs
is an 102. Composite even and odd functions from tables Assume even function and g is an odd function. Use the table to evaluate the given compositions.

89-92. Difference quotients Simplifu the dffirence quotients

f(x + h) se.

f(x)and. f(*) - f(o) by rationalizing the numerator. x-a h

.

f(x):

t/x

s0.

f(x): \/t f(x)

b;

et. f(x) :

--\/x

92.

f(*)

- "'/*4

g(r)

t2 2-l -3 -1
u. s(fl-+))

34 3-4 -4 -2
c. /(s(-:)) r. /(s(o) - t) i g(s(g(-t)))

Applications
#H

a."f(g(-t))
d. e.

93. Launchlng

a rocket A small rocket is launched vertically upward from the edge of a cliff 80 ft off the ground at a speed of 96 ft/s. Its height in feet above the ground is given by h(t) : -6rz + 96t + 80, where / represents time measured

fls?z))

fkkez)))
/

e.s(s(-t)) h.s(flfl-+)))

in seconds.

103. Composite even and odd functions from graphs Assume is an even function and g is an odd funcdon. Use the (incomplete) graphs of and g in the figure to determine the following function values.

a. b.

0, what is an Assuming the rocket is launched appropriate domain for ft? Graph ft and determine the time at which the rocket reaches its highest point. What is the height at that time?

at t :

a.flsez))
0. g(fls)

t.sjez))
e.

a)

s(s(-z))

c. fls(-+))

f.

/(1 -/(8))

94. Draining

a tank (Torricelli's law) A cylindrical tank with a cross-sectional area of 100 cm2 is filled to a depth of 100 cm with water. At / : 0, a drain in the bottom of the tank with an area of 10 cm2 is opened, allowing water to flow out of the tank. The depth of water in the tank at time , > 0 is

d(t):(r0-2.2t)2. a. Check that d(0) :

100, as specified.

b. At what time is the tank empty? c. What is an appropriate domain for d?

Additional Exercises
95-101. Combinlng even and odd functions Let E be an evenfunction and O be an odd function. Determine the symmetry, if any, of the following functions.

95-

E+O

96. E.O l00.O"O

e7. Elo

98. E.

QulcK cHEcK:ANSWERS

99. E" E

l0l.O"E

{y,0 < y < 1}. 3. (f"s)(r) : xa + I md (S " fl@) : 1x2 + L)2. 4. ffthe graph were symmetric
numbers;rangeis
with respect to the x-axis, it would not pass the vertical line test.
..

l.

3,x4

2x2,P

2t,p2

4p +

2. Domain is all real

.2

Representing Functions
We consider four different approaches to defining and representing functions: formulas,
graphs, tables, and words.

Using Formulas
The following list is a brief catalog of the families of functions that are introduced in this chapter and studied systematically throughout this book; they are all defined by formulas.
One version of the Fundamental Theorem

1. Polynomials

are functions of the form

of Algebra states that a nonconstant polynomial of degree n has exactly

n (possibly complex) roots, counting
each root up to its multiplicity.

f(*) : a,{' + an-1x'-1 + "' + afi * as' where the coeffici[tS as, at,... ,an ate real numbers with an * 0 and the
nonnegative integer n is the degree of the polynomial. The domain of any polynomial is the set of all real numbers. An nth-degree polynomial can have as many as n real

34 67.

Crup:rrx

I .
sin C

FuxcrroNs
sines:

Law of sines Use the figure to prove the law of

sinA
abc

sin

quicr tHEcK Aruiwiis

l.
I I

3rr12;225" 2.

sin2o

+ coszo:

\/112)-rtp

3. Divide both sides of

lbysin2g.-*:

hl
I I I

"..i..,1

i.'.rfu i3-,_Fi,!3r{}r'
,,.;a.'

;. . .;,..,--.1,i.,

t'11

REVIEW EXERCISES
8.

1.

Explain why or why not Determine whether the following statements are true and give an explanation or counterexample.

a. A function could
all x.

have the property that

/(-x) : /(x),

for
9.

f(x) : xr/3 and : points xlla.Findall where the two graphs intersect. For s(x) -r > 1, is f(*) > s(x) oris g(x) > f(x)?
Root functions Graph the functions Root functions Find the domain and range of the functions f(r) : xUl andg(x) : xtl4. Intersection points Graph the equations ! : x2 and x2 + y2 - 7y + 8 : 0. At what point(s) do the curves intersect?

b. cos (a + b) - cos a * cos D, for all a ard b inl},2lr). c. lt f is a linear function of the form f(r) : mx * b, tben f(u + v) : f(") + flv),for alluandy. d. The function f(x) : I - x has the property that e. Theset {x:lx + 3l > 4} canbedrawnonthenumberline
without lifting your pencil.

10.

f(f(*))

*.

11.

Boiling-point function Water bolls at2l2o F at sea level and at

2O0o F at an elevation of 6000 ft. Assume that the boiling point B varies linearly with altitude a. Find the function B f(a) that describes the dependence. Comment on whether a linear function

2.

Domain and range Find the domain and range of the following
functions.

gives a realistic model.

a. f(x) : x5 + t/i c. h(z):\/*-22-3

b. s(y) --

-+ \)-2

L2.

Publishing costs A small publisher plans to spend $1000 for advertising a paperback book and estimates the printing cost is $2.50 per book. The publisher will receive $7 for each book sold.

3.

Equations of lines Find an equation of the lines with the following

properties. Graph the lines.

a.
b.

a.

b. c.

The line passing through the points (2,-3) and @,2) The line with slope J and r-intercept (-4, 0) The line with intercepts (4, 0) and (0, -2)
13.

Find the function C x books. Find the function R x books.

: f(x) :

that gives the cost of producing

S(x) that gives the revenue from selling

c.

Graph the cost and revenue functions, and find the number books that must be sold for the publisher to break even.

of

4.

Piecewise linear functions The parking costs in a city garage are $2.00 for the first half hour and $1.00 for each additional half hour. Graph the function C : f(t) that gives the cost ofparking

Shifting and scaling Starting with the graph of /(x) x2, plot the following functions. Use a graphing calculator only to check
your work.

forlhours, where0

<t<

3.

5.

Graphing absolute value Consider the function f(*) : 2 (x - lxl). Express the function in two pieces without using the absolute value. Then graph the function by
hand. Use a graphing

a. f(x +

3)

b.2fQ

- a) - t)

c. of/is
c.

-f(3x) -[(xl2)

d. f(2(x

3))

14. Shifting

and scaling The graph

shown in the figure. Graph

the following functions.

utility only to check your work.

a. /(x +

1)

b. 2f(x

d. /(2(x

t))

6. 7.

Function from words Suppose you plan to take a 500-mile trip in a car that gets 35 mi/gal. Find the function C : f(p) that gives the cost of gasoline for the trip when gasoline costs $p per gallon. Graphing equations Graph the following equations. Use a graphing utility only to check your work.

a.2x-3y+10:0 b.Y:x2+2x-3 c. *2+2*ty2 +4y+1:o d.x2-2**y2-8y+5:0