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Lect. 12: Impedance Matching: Load Z

This document discusses impedance matching and provides examples of using the Smith Chart to design matching networks. It explains that impedance matching is important to maximize power transfer and signal quality. The Smith Chart can be used to graphically find matching networks by plotting circles representing components connected in series or parallel and finding their intersection points. There may be multiple valid matching network solutions depending on the path traced between impedances on the chart.

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Mehmood Shah
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91 views

Lect. 12: Impedance Matching: Load Z

This document discusses impedance matching and provides examples of using the Smith Chart to design matching networks. It explains that impedance matching is important to maximize power transfer and signal quality. The Smith Chart can be used to graphically find matching networks by plotting circles representing components connected in series or parallel and finding their intersection points. There may be multiple valid matching network solutions depending on the path traced between impedances on the chart.

Uploaded by

Mehmood Shah
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lect.

12: Impedance Matching


Why impedance matching? Maximum power is delivered when the load is matched to the line. Impedance matching sensitive receiver components (antenna, LNA, etc.) improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the system. Impedance matching in a power distribution network (such as antenna array feed network) will reduce amplitude and phase errors. Impedance matching uniquely removes the requirement for a specific reference plane. Provide reliable and predictable interconnections between components in a system.
ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST 1

A lossless network matching an arbitrary load impedance to a transmission line Z0 Matching network
Load ZL

Multiple solutions Design issues of the matching networks Complexity --- Simplest design that satisfies the required specification is generally the most preferable. Cheaper, more reliable, less lossy. Bandwidth --- Normally, it is desirable to match a load over a band of frequencies. Increased bandwidth usually comes with increased complexity, e.g. using multistage matching.
ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST 2

Implementation --- Choose the right type of matching networks, either tuning stub or transmission line. Adjustability --- This maybe required for applications where a variable load impedance occurs. Matching with Lumped Elements (L Networks)

L networks consist of two reactive components (inductor and capacitor), which results in eight different configurations.

Network for zL inside the 1+jx circle (smith chart).

Network for zL outside the 1+jx circle (smith chart).


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ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST

Analytic solution for the matching network elements and Case 1: load impedance inside the 1+jx circle ---> RL>Z0 For a match looking into the matching network, we have

X=

Z 1 X L Z0 + 0 B RL BRL

1 Z 0 = jX + jB + 1 /( RL + jX L )
Solving for X and B from the two equations for real and imaginary parts,
2 2 X RL / Z 0 RL + XL Z 0 RL B= L 2 2 RL + X L

Both solutions are applicable for impedance matching at a single frequency. But one solution may be preferable over the other one when other performance, e.g. frequency response, is considered. Case 2: load impedance outside the 1+jx circle ---> RL<Z0 Solutions are:

X = RL ( Z 0 RL ) X L B= ( Z 0 RL ) / RL Z0
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*Note: B is always real (RL>Z0) and has two solutions. One solution is capacitive (positive) and the other one is inductive (negative).
ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST 5

*Analytic solution is computing intensive and lack of intuition. ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST

Smith Chart Solutions of Matching Networks


The effect of connecting a single reactive component (either capacitor or inductor) to a complex load The addition of a reactance connected in series with a complex impedance results in motion along a constantresistance circle in the combined Smith Chart. A shunt connection produces motion along a constantconductance circle. A general rule of thumb for rotation in the Smith Chart When an inductor is involved, we rotate in the direction that moves the impedance into the upper half of the Smith Chart. In contrast, a capacitance results in the move toward the lower half.
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Impedance effect of series and shunt connections of L and C to a complex load in the Smith Chart zL

ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST

Example:

Solution: Step 1: Compute normalized transmitter and antenna impedances. Since no characteristic impedance Z0 is given, we arbitrarily select Z0 = 75 for simplicity. We have zT = ZT /Z0 = 2 + j 1 zA = ZA /Z0 = 1 + j 0.2 Step 2: Taking into account the first element (the shunt capacitor) connected to the transmitter. Move down on the circle of the constant conductance. Step 3: Taking into account the next element (the series inductor) connected to the transmitter. Move up on the circle of the constant resistance.
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Figure 1: Transmitter to antenna matching circuit design.


ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST

Step 4: Draws the complex conjugate of the antenna impedance in the Smith Chart for maximum power transfer. This should be the output impedance of the matching network. zM = zA* = 1 - j 0.2 Step 5: Find the normalized impedance of the intersection of two circles. zTC = 1 - j 1.22 and the corresponding admittance of yTC = 0.4 + j 0.49. The normalized susceptance of the shunt capacitor is jbC = yTC - yT = j 0.69 jxL = zA - zTC = j 1.02

Design of the matching network using ZY Smith Chart

C = bC /(Z 0 ) = 0.73 pF L = ( x L Z 0 ) / = 6.09nH


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and the normalized reactance of the inductor is

ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST

There is another path connecting zM and zY. What does this mean? Procedures of designing impedance matching networks using Smith Chart 1 Find the normalized source and load impedances. 2 In the Smith Chart, plot circles of constant resistance and conductance that pass through the point denoting the source impedance. 3 Plot circles of constant resistance and conductance that pass through the point of the complex conjugate of the load impedance. 4 Identify the intersection points between the circles in steps 2 and 3. The number of intersection points determines the number of possible L-section matching networks. (cont)
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Design procedures cont 5 Find the values of the normalized reactances and susptances of the inductors and capacitors by tracing a path along the circles from the source impedance to the intersection point and then to the conjugate of the load impedance. --- there are usually multiple paths (multiple solutions). 6 Determine the actual values of inductors and capacitors for a given frequency.

ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST

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