World population change grows according to birth rate & death rate.

Relationship between them: natural increase Birth rate - death rate = natural increase Birth rate < death rate = negative natural increase population fall Birth rate > death rate = positive natural increase population rise Birth rate = death rate = no natural increase

Factors which control birth rates: High birth rates: o Large families are needed children work o Large number of children someone to look after parents (old) o Banning of contraception birth rate hard to control Low birth rates: o Fall due to improvements in health care children likely to survive old age o In MEDCs women tend to get married later career first then family o Use of contraceptives slow birth rates Factors which control death rates: High death rates: o Poor health care, bad sanitation or insufficient food less developed countries Low death rates: o Improvements in health care, better access to it o Clean water supply, better sanitation

Demographic transition model Stage 1: high BR and DR slow population growth. High BR due to no contraception and large families needed, health + food supply. Example: Amazon rainforest Stage 2: high BR and fall of DR fall due to improvements in health. Example: Nigeria Stage 3: fall of BR and DR fall in BR due to access to contraception, education, and DR falls as health care improves. Example: Argentina. Stage 4: low BR and DR population growth close to 0. Example: USA Stage 5: DR higher than BR population fall. Example: Sweden

Population pyramids

MEDCs
Narrow base (low BR) Constant through working age Large number of people over 65 (high dependent elderly population) High life expectancy (good medical care taller pyramid) Low DR (good health care low infant mortality rate families are smaller survive longer) Females tend to live longer than males.

LEDCs
Wide base (high BR) Decrease up pyramid (triangular shape) Few people over 65 (small dependent elderly population) Low life expectancy (poor health care) High DR and infant mortality rate (larger families not sure how long they might survive) Females tend to live longer than males.

Migration Voluntary migration (rural depopulation) Origin (push factors): Few job opportunities in the rural areas. Few friends left as many have already moved to the cities. Few entertainment or leisure activities available. Low wages in agricultural work. Often difficult to get out to see friends and go to social events. Destination (pull factors): Many job opportunities. The chance to meet up with friends again. More leisure and entertainment opportunities. Better shops and services, offering a wide range of goods. The prospect of higher paid work, meaning a better standard of living. Easily accessible to friends, social events and work.

Forced migration (refugee movement) people forced to migrate

Birth rate: the number of births per 1000 people in the population per year in a country. Death rate: the number of deaths per 1000 people in the population per year in a country. Emigration: the migration of people out of a country. Immigration: the migration of people into a country. LEDC: less economically developed country. MEDC: more economically developed country. Migration: the permanent or semi-permanent movement of people to live and work in another area or country. Natural Increase: the relationship between the birth rate and death rate of a country or area. Population growth between (BR + Immigration) and (DR + Emigration).

Farming Inputs Physical inputs: land, soil, climate, relief, water, drainage Human inputs: labor, capital, government, policies, transport, buildings, machinery, fertilizers, animal fed, skills, knowledge, electricity Processes: milking, seeding, harvesting, ploughing, feeding, shearing, fertilizing, dipping, digging, spraying Outputs Negative outputs: soil erosion, water pollution from pesticides, dead animals Positive outputs: milk, meat, eggs, wool, animals, hay, straw manure, fruits, vegetables, cereals, money Feedback: profits, manure, animal, feed, seeds, knowledge Factors affecting farm type: Capital: money. Choice: this is determined by the climate, soils and relief. Crops or animals? Climate: is one of the most important factors in deciding type of farming. Average temp. and amount of rainfall. Market: the farmer must know that he is going to be able to sell his produce at a good price in order to make profit. Politics: government being involved in the farms so that what they produce will be bought. Relief: flat, sheltered areas are usually best for crops easy to use machinery. Vice versa for animals. Steep slopes have been terraced to allow rice to grow. Soils: thick, well-irrigated usually the best for crop farming.

Farming types Commercial farming: farming for a profit. Arable, pastoral or mixed. Intensive farming: take up a small area of land, but aim to have a very high output. Use of machines and new technologies to become as efficient and cost-effective as possible. Extensive farming: the opposite of intensive farming. The farms are large in comparison to the money injected into them or the labor used. Subsistence farming: produce enough to feed themselves and their family without having any more to sell for profit. This is the most common form of farming in LEDCs. Intensive Commercial Pig farming in Denmark. Cereal farming on the Canterbury Plains, New Zealand. Subsistence Rice cultivation in South-East Asia. Extensive Cereal farming on the Canadian Prairies and central United States. Shifting cultivation in the Amazon rainforest.

Development The most common indicator of development is to look at the wealth of a country and compare it to others using the Gross National Product (GNP). GNP map shows that the world is divided in developed (North) and developing (South) countries.

Environmental hazards Water is essential for life and yet nearly one third of the population of the world does not have access to safe drinking water. Aid agencies have establishing safe water resources as one of their primary targets when they give aid to a country. Food shortages are also common throughout the developing world. Diseases such as malaria threaten huge numbers of people in the developing world. Natural hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes have a devastating effect on developing countries. A weak earthequake in a developing country can cause far more damage and destruction than a more powerful one in a developed country. Floods and drought also commonly affect countries of the developing world.

Interdependence Interdependence means that LEDCs and MEDCs rely on each other. Developed countries tend to earn more money from their exports than they spend on imports. Many developing countries import more than they export. Some countries have grouped together in an attempt to make trade cheaper and easier between them (Mercosur, European Union)

Types of aid Charities raise huge amounts of money for projects in developing countries. Conditional aid: given by a donor country (MEDC) to a receptor country (LEDC) to finance projects in that country. Long-term aid: aims to help the country develop in the future. This form of aid involved the developed countries giving money to central international organizations (World Bank) Charities and governments send short-term aid after a natural disaster to help the country recover. The main disadvantage of all forms of aid is that many developing countries have become dependent upon it for their survival. Industry Any industry can be viewed as a system: inputs, processes, outputs and feedback. 1. 2. 3. 4. Primary industries: produce raw materials Secondary industries: are manufacturing industries Tertiary industries: provide services Quaternary industries: are involved in research and development

The location of industry; Location factors: (example, Cambridge science park.) Physical factors: include accessibility, climate, land, power and raw materials. Socio-economic factors: include capital, communications, government policy, labor supply and markets

Newly industrialized countries (NICs). Examples: South Korea Multi-national companies are ones which locate their factories throughout the world. Nike. The headquarters of the company remains in its original country.

Tourism and Resources Natural resources: Renewable: never run out: water and the sun. Non-renewable: eventually will run out: oil, gas, coal and minerals.

Managing resources: can include methods such as producing alternative forms of energy (solar power), conserving resources, resource substitution, recycling and pollution controls. Tourism in LEDCs Tourism may be the answer to their economic problems. Increases in tourism lead to economic growth and the creation of many jobs for local people. But it brings lots of environmental, cultural and social problems.

Ecotourism Ecotourism is aimed at allowing people to visit naturally beautiful environments whilst protecting them for the future at the same time. Aims to benefit local people directly. Aims to achieve sustainability.

Impacts of tourism Tourism brings much needed investment into an area. Provides employment for local people. Income from tourism may be used to help conserve the natural environment. Tourism may help preserve local cultures and communities. The jobs for the locals are often badly paid, with very poor working conditions. The environment could easily be damaged by the huge number of tourists coming. Increasing number of tourists brings problems as littering, pollution and footpath erosion. Local cultures could be devalued by tourism.

Tectonics Tectonic plates Oceanic and continental

Plate boundaries Destructive plate boundaries cause violent volcanoes and earthquakes. Volcanoes and earthquakes do occur on constructive plate boundaries.

Volcanoes are formed along two types of plate boundary: destructive and constructive boundaries. Acid lava cones, composite cones and basic lava cones. Earthquakes occur along faults, caused by sudden jerking movements of the faults. Earthquakes are measured in two ways; the Richter scale and the Mercalli Scale. The point at which an earthquake actually begins: focus. The point directly above the focus on earths surface: epicenter. The effects of an earthquake are described as being primary or secondary. Fold mountains form along both destructive and collision plate boundaries. An example could be the Himalayas or the Andes. Natural hazards will affect MEDCs in a differing way to those which occur in LEDCs. Rocks and landscapes Igneous rocks are fire formed. Originate from the magma in the mantle of the Earth (extrusive or intrusive). Sediments are formed by rivers and wind. These accumulate on sea floors in layers and were compressed to form sedimentary rocks. Rocks which have been changed in shape or form (by heat or pressure) are called metamorphic rocks. They begin as either igneous or sedimentary rocks. Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks together form the rock cycle. Weathering processes: Freeze thaw occurs when water enters cracks in the rock and overnight temperature drops and water freezes expand and cracks the rock. Hydrolysis attacks rocks which include crystals. It dissolves them and disintegrates the rock.

Coasts Waves are formed by the wind blowing across the surface of the water. Waves can be destructive waves (stronger backwash than swash allowing to remove material from beach) or constructive waves (stronger swash than backwash allowing to deposit material on the beach).