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Solutions of Homework Set #1 For Math 301

1. The document provides solutions to 5 problems regarding multivariable calculus and linear algebra concepts. 2. It shows that a function F is differentiable at points (1,1) and (0,0) but not at (0,1) based on calculations of partial derivatives. 3. It proves that if a sequence of vectors in R^n is Cauchy, then the sequences of their individual components are Cauchy in R and converge. 4. It applies the inverse function theorem and implicit function theorem to analyze functions and solve for partial derivatives. 5. It proves properties of the trace of matrices including tr(AB) = tr(BA) and that the dimensions of invertible

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Jacky Po
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96 views

Solutions of Homework Set #1 For Math 301

1. The document provides solutions to 5 problems regarding multivariable calculus and linear algebra concepts. 2. It shows that a function F is differentiable at points (1,1) and (0,0) but not at (0,1) based on calculations of partial derivatives. 3. It proves that if a sequence of vectors in R^n is Cauchy, then the sequences of their individual components are Cauchy in R and converge. 4. It applies the inverse function theorem and implicit function theorem to analyze functions and solve for partial derivatives. 5. It proves properties of the trace of matrices including tr(AB) = tr(BA) and that the dimensions of invertible

Uploaded by

Jacky Po
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solutions of Homework Set #1 for Math 301

1. (a) Near (1, 1), F(x, y) = x


2
y y
2
x,
F
x
= 2xy y
2
and
F
y
= x
2
2xy are continuous. So F is C
1
at
(1, 1). By C
1
theorem, F is dierentiable at (1, 1).
(b)
F
x
(0, 0) =
_
d
dx
F(x, 0)
_

x=0
= 0,
F
y
(0, 0) =
_
d
dy
F(0, y)
_

y=0
= 0 imply T = 0.
F(x, y) F(0, 0) T(x 0, y 0)
(x, y) (0, 0)
=

x
2
|y| y
2
|x|

_
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

cos
2
| sin | sin
2
| cos |

2r
2
0
as (x, y) (0, 0). Therefore, F is dierentiable at (0, 0).
(c) F(x, 1) = x
2
|x| is not dierentiable when x = 0. So
F
x
(0, 1) does not exist. By the dierentiation
theorem, F cannot be dierentiable at (0, 1).
2. Let v
i
= (x
i1
, . . . , x
in
). If v
1
, v
2
, v
3
, . . . is a Cauchy sequence in R
n
, then by the useful inequality and
the denition of Cauchy sequence, for every > 0, there exists K N such that i, j K implies
|x
im
x
jm
| v
i
v
j
< for m = 1, . . . , n. So the sequences x
1m
, x
2m
, x
3m
, . . . are Cauchy sequences
in R. By Cauchys theorem, x
1m
, x
2m
, x
3m
, . . . converges to some number l
m
R. By practice exercise
#2, v
1
, v
2
, v
3
, . . . converges to L = (l
1
, . . . , l
n
).
3. Dene F : R
2
R
2
by F(x, y) = (s, t), where s = (cos x) e
y
, t = e
x
+ sin y. Now
s
x
= sin x,
s
y
= e
y
,
t
x
= e
x
,
t
y
= cos y
are continuous near (x, y) = (0, 0). So F is C
1
near (x, y) = (0, 0). Also,
det F

(0, 0) =
(s, t)
(x, y)
(0, 0) =

0 1
1 1

= 1 = 0.
By the inverse function theorem, near (x, y) = (0, 0), (x, y) can be expressed as a dierentiable function
of (s, t). At (s, t) = (0, 1),
_
x
s
x
t
y
s
y
t
_
=
_
0 1
1 1
_
1
=
_
1 1
1 0
_
.
Therefore,
x
s
= 1,
x
t
= 1,
y
s
= 1,
y
t
= 0.
4. Dene F : R
5
R
2
by F(u, v, x, y, z) = (f
1
, f
2
), where f
1
(u, v, x, y, z) = 2u
2
+ x + yv z 2 and
f
2
(u, v, x, y, z) = u + v + xu + xy
2
2. Since
f
1
u
= 4u,
f
1
v
= y,
f
1
x
= 1,
f
1
y
= v,
f
1
z
= 1,
f
2
u
= 1 + x,
f
2
v
= 1,
f
2
x
= u + y
2
,
f
2
y
= 2xy,
f
2
z
= 0
are continuous near p, F is C
1
near p. Now F(p) = (0, 0) and
(f
1
, f
2
)
(x, y)
(p) =

1 1
5 0

= 5 = 0. By the
implicit function theorem, (x, y) = 0 can be expressed as a dierentiable function of (z, u, v) near p.
Taking partial derivatives of both sides of the equations with respect to z, we have
x
z
+
y
z
v = 1 and
x
z
u +
x
z
y
2
+ 2xy
y
z
= 0.
When (z, u, v) = (2, 1, 1), we have
x
z
+
y
z
= 1 and
x
z
+ 4
x
z
= 0. Solving these, we get
x
z
= 0 and
y
z
= 1. (Alternatively, by practice exercise #22, there we have
x
z
=

1 1
0 0

_
(5) = 0 and
y
z
=

1 1
5 0

_
(5) = 1.)
5. (a) Let A, B have entries a
ij
, b
ji
(i = 1, 2, . . . , m; j = 1, 2, . . ., n), respectively.
tr(AB) =
m

i=1
_
n

j=1
a
ij
b
ji
. .
ith row sum
_
=
a
11
b
11
+ a
12
b
21
+ + a
1n
b
n1
+a
21
b
12
+ a
22
b
22
+ + a
2n
b
n2
+
+a
m1
b
1m
+ a
m2
b
2m
+ + a
mn
b
nm
=
n

j=1
_
m

i=1
b
ji
a
ij
. .
jth column sum
_
= tr(BA).
(b) Note both sides of F
1
_
F(x)
_
= x are functions fromR
n
to R
n
. The right side is the identity function,
which is a linear transformation. Dierentiating both sides at a R
n
, we get
_
F
1
_

_
F(a)
. .
=b
_
F

(a) = I
n
,
where I
n
is the n n identity matrix. Similarly, both sides of F
_
F
1
(y)
_
= y are functions from R
m
to R
m
. Dierentiating both sides at b R
m
, we get F

_
F
1
(b)
. .
=a
__
F
1
_

(b) = I
m
, where I
m
is the mm
identity matrix. Since F

(a), (F
1
)

(b) are mn, n m matrices respectively, so by part (a),


m = tr(I
m
) = tr
_
F

(a)
_
F
1
_

(b)
_
= tr
_
_
F
1
_

(b)F

(a)
_
= tr(I
n
) = n.

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