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Human Learning: Conditioning That Consisted in Stimuli and Reflexive Responses of Human

There are several theories about human learning from different perspectives. Pavlov's theory focused on classical conditioning and involuntary responses to stimuli. Skinner's theory examined operant conditioning and voluntary responses to stimuli to operate on the environment. Ausubel's meaningful learning theory concerns relating new knowledge to existing cognitive concepts. Rogers' humanistic psychology presented a constructivist view of learning focused on the whole person including emotions. Gagne identified eight types of learning including signal learning, stimulus-response learning, chaining, verbal association, multiple discrimination, concept learning, principle learning, and problem solving.

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234 views

Human Learning: Conditioning That Consisted in Stimuli and Reflexive Responses of Human

There are several theories about human learning from different perspectives. Pavlov's theory focused on classical conditioning and involuntary responses to stimuli. Skinner's theory examined operant conditioning and voluntary responses to stimuli to operate on the environment. Ausubel's meaningful learning theory concerns relating new knowledge to existing cognitive concepts. Rogers' humanistic psychology presented a constructivist view of learning focused on the whole person including emotions. Gagne identified eight types of learning including signal learning, stimulus-response learning, chaining, verbal association, multiple discrimination, concept learning, principle learning, and problem solving.

Uploaded by

LuisaCoreas
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HUMAN LEARNING

There are many theories about human beings learning, all of them are useful but different in some way, nevertheless before we analyze the different types of learning that some psychologists have defined let us define the term learning; it is defined as the acquiring or getting of knowledge of a subject or a skill by study, experience, or instruction but learning is not just about knowledge acquisition but also it is about a relatively permanent change in the behavioral tendency; the result of reinforced practice. So now that we know the definition of learning we now focus on the different definitions that the psychologists had made in their four theories about human learning, two of them focused on behavioristic viewpoint (Pavlov and Skinner), one focused on a rational/cognitive stance (Ausubel), and one focused on a constructivist school of thought (Rogers). Pavlov theory is about a behavioristic process called classical conditioning that consisted in stimuli and reflexive responses of human beings and animals in the face of any circumstance. All of us are aware that certain stimuli automatically produce specific responses or reflexes; an example of this is when we see something sour we experience a salivation unconsciously response. On the other hand Skinner focused on what he called the operant conditioning, even though both theories are related on human behavior they are opposite in a way due to Pavlovs theory refers to a involuntary behavior that is elicited by a preceding stimulus, but Skinners theory refers to an operant behavior on which one operates on the

environment; it means that after a stimuli our body experiments a voluntary response. Ausubels meaningful learning theory concerns with

rational/cognitive stance; according to Ausubel all of us learn through meaningful learning but what is meaningful learning?; well, this is the process of relating new events, items or knowledge to already existing cognitive concepts or propositions hanging new items on existing cognitive pegs. Humanistic Psychology presented by Rogers has to do with an affective focus more than a cognitive one, in other words it is focused on the perspective if a constructivist view of learning. Rogers study the whole person not only in a cognitive, behavioral or physical way but also in an emotional way; he focused on the development of the persons self-concept and on his or her personal sense of reality and his or her capacity of relating with others. According to Robert Gagn there are eight types of learning that all human beings use, they vary according to the context and subject matter to be learnt. The first one is the signal learning that is related to Pavlovs conditioned response, the second one is the stimulus-response learning that says that the learner acquires a precise response to a stimuli as in a Skinners instrumental theory is explained, the third one is the chaining which means that what is acquired is a chain of two or more stimulus-response connections, the fourth one is about the verbal association that is the learning that are verbal, the fifth one is multiple discrimination it means that the individual learns to make a number of different and multiple responses to many different stimuli.

The sixth type of learning is called concept learning due to the learner acquires the ability to make a common response to a class of stimuli, the seventh one is called principle learning that functions to organize behavior and experience and is also a cluster of related concepts and the last one is problem solving that is a kind of learning that requires the internal events usually refers to as a thinking which means that the individual is able to solve an unresolved set of events through thinking. All these theories are helpful in order to know how individuals deal with the learning process so we do not have to take for granted any of them.

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