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Constructer & Destructer

Constructors initialize objects and allocate memory upon object creation. Destructors deallocate memory when objects are destroyed. Key properties include: 1. Constructors are invoked automatically upon object creation and have the same name as the class. Destructors are called automatically upon object destruction and have a tilde (~) preceding the class name. 2. Constructors can be overloaded based on parameter types and numbers. Destructors cannot be overloaded. 3. Copy constructors are used to copy one object to another of the same class and take a reference parameter. The default copy constructor copies member-wise. 4. Destructors are called in reverse order of constructor calls to destroy objects. They do

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102 views

Constructer & Destructer

Constructors initialize objects and allocate memory upon object creation. Destructors deallocate memory when objects are destroyed. Key properties include: 1. Constructors are invoked automatically upon object creation and have the same name as the class. Destructors are called automatically upon object destruction and have a tilde (~) preceding the class name. 2. Constructors can be overloaded based on parameter types and numbers. Destructors cannot be overloaded. 3. Copy constructors are used to copy one object to another of the same class and take a reference parameter. The default copy constructor copies member-wise. 4. Destructors are called in reverse order of constructor calls to destroy objects. They do

Uploaded by

Amit Kumar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Constructors & Destructors

Constructors
Constructor is a special member function whose name is same as that of the class in which it is defined and it does not return anything (not even void). Constructors primary task is to allocate memory for the object and as a secondary task it may initialize the data members of the object
class X{ int a; public: X() { a=5; } void disp() { cout<<a; } }; main{ X x1=X(); // Explicit Call x1.disp(); // 5 X x2(); // Implicit Call x2.disp(); // 5 X x3; // Implicit Call x2.disp(); // 5 }

Constructor with no arguments is known as the default constructor If the user does not specify the constructor then compiler provides a default constructor into the class. X() { // no statement inside the constructor }
It is also called as Do Nothing Constructor

Properties of Constructor
1. It should be declared in the public section but we can have private constructors. 2. Constructor is invoked automatically when the object is created. 3. They dont have any return type, not even void. 4. They cant be inherited but, the derived class can call the base class constructor. 5. They can have default arguments. 6. Constructors cant be virtual. 7. We cant refer to the address of the constructor. 8. An object having a user-defined constructor cant be made as a member of an union.

Parameterized Constructor
The constructor taking at least one parameter is called a parameterized constructor.
class X{ int a; public: X(int b) { a=b; } void disp() { cout<<a; } }; main{ X x1=X(5); // Explicit Call x1.disp(); // 5 X x2(10); // Implicit Call x2.disp(); // 10 X x3=8; // Implicit Call x3.disp(). // 8 }

Parameterized Constructor (Contd..)


class X{ int a,b; public: X(int c.int d) { a=c; b=d; } void disp() { cout<<a<<b; } }; main{ X x1=X(5,8); // Explicit Call x1.disp(); // 5, 8 X x2(10,20); // Implicit Call x2.disp(); // 10, 20 X x3=(4,6); x3.disp(). X x4=4,6; x3.disp(). }
// Error

// Error

Constructor Overloading
More than one constructors inside a class which can be differentiated by the compiler at the compile time based on the no of args, type of args or sequence of args , is called as Constructor Overloading
class X{ int a,b; public: X() { a=b=0; } X(int c) { a=b=c; } X(int c.int d) { a=c; b=d; } void disp() { cout<<a<<b; } }; main{ X x1(5); x1.disp(); X x2(10,20); x2.disp(); X x3; x3.disp(). x3=x2; x3.disp(). }

// 5, 5

// 10, 20

// 0, 0

// 10, 20

Copy Constructor
It is used to copy the content of one object to another object of same class. class X{ int a; public: X(int k) { a=k; } // Copy contructor X(X &p) { a=p.a; } void disp() { cout<<a; } }; main{ X x1(5); X x2(x1); //calls the copy const // 5 x1.disp(); x2.disp(). // 5 }

Copy constructor takes a reference type as argument otherwise it leads to an infinite loop. Compiler provides a default copy constructor if the programmer has not specified it explicitly.

Default arguments in Constructor


class X{ int a,b; public: X(int c,int d=0) { a=c; b=d; } void disp() { cout<<a<<b; } };

main{ X x1(5,7); X x2(1); x1.disp(); x2.disp(). }

// 5, 7 // 1, 0

Destructor
It de-allocates the memory of the object which was allocated by a constructor. Destructors are called automatically when the object goes out of scope. The name of the destructor is same as class name and must be preceded by a tilde mark (~). int i=0; class X{ int a; public: X() { cout<<CON<<++i } ~X(){ cout<<DES<<i--; } }; main{ X x1,x2; } Output: CON1 CON2 DES2 DES1

Destructors are called in the reverse order of constructors.

int i=0; class X{ int a; public: X() { cout<<CON<<++i } ~X(){ cout<<DES<<i--; } }; Output: CON1 CON2 CON3 CON4 DES4 DES3 CON3 DES3 DES2 DES1

main{ X x1,x2; { X x3,x4; } { X x5; } }

Properties of Destructor
Name of the destructor is same as the class name preceded by ~ mark. It does not have any return type, not even void. It cant be inherited but the derived class may call the base class destructor. We can have only one destructor in a class i.e. Destructor cant be overloaded as it does not take any argument. We cant refer to the address of the destructor. Unlike constructor, it can be virtual. Object having a destructor cant be made as a member of union.

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