Class 15: Outline

Hour 1:
Magnetic Force
Expt. 6: Magnetic Force

Hour 2:
Creating B Fields: Biot-Savart

P15- 1
 Last Time:
Magnetic Fields
&
Magnetic Dipoles

P15- 2
 Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Dipoles Create and Feel B Fields:

Also saw that

moving charges feel a force:
G G G
FB = q v × B

P15- 3
What Kind of Motion Does
this Lead to?

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 Cyclotron Motion
(1) r : radius of the circle
mv 2 mv
qvB = ⇒ r=
r qB
(2) T : period of the motion
2π r 2π m
T= =
v qB
(3) ω : cyclotron frequency v qB
ω = 2π f = =
r m
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Current Carrying Wires

P15- 6
 Magnetic Force on
Current-Carrying Wire
G G G
FB = qv × B
m G
= ( charge ) × B
s
charge G
= m×B
s
G G G
(
FB = I L × B ) P15- 7
Demonstration:
Jumping Wire

P15- 8
 Magnetic Force on
Current-Carrying Wire

Current is moving charges, and we know that

moving charges feel a force in a magnetic field
P15- 9
 PRS Questions:
5 Predictions For Experiment 6

P15- 10
Experiment 6:
Magnetic Force

P15- 11
Mid-term Course Evaluation

P15- 12
 Lab Summary:
Currents FEEL Forces in
Magnetic Fields

Question:
What happens if currents are
next to each other?
P15- 13
 Demonstration:
Parallel & Anti-Parallel Currents

P15- 14
 How Do They Interact?
Moving charges also create magnetic fields!
The current in one wire creates a magnetic
field that is felt by the other wire.
This is the rest of today’s focus

(http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/vis (http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04
ualizations/magnetostatics/13- /visualizations/magnetostatics/14-
ParallelWires/13- SeriesWires/14-Series_320.html)
Parallel_Wires_320_f185.html)
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Sources of Magnetic Fields:
Biot-Savart

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Electric Field Of Point Charge
An electric charge produces an electric field:

G 1 q
r̂ E= r
ˆ
4πε o r 2

r̂ : unit vector directed from q to P

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Magnetic Field Of Moving Charge
Moving charge with velocity v produces magnetic field:

P
G
G µo q v x rˆ
B=
4π r 2

r̂ r̂ : unit vector directed

from q to P

µ0 = 4π ×10 T ⋅ m/A
−7
permeability of free space
P15- 18
 The Biot-Savart Law
Current element of length ds carrying current I
produces a magnetic field:

G
G µ 0 I d s × rˆ
dB =
4π r 2

(http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/magn
etostatics/03-CurrentElement3d/03-cElement320.html)

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The Right-Hand Rule #2

zˆ × ρˆ = φˆ
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 Animation: Field Generated by a
Moving Charge
(http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/magnetostatics/01-MovingChargePosMag/01-
MovChrgMagPos_f223_320.html)

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 Demonstration:
Field Generated by Wire

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 Example : Coil of Radius R
Consider a coil with radius R and current I

I
I P
I
Find the magnetic field B at the center (P)

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 Example : Coil of Radius R
Consider a coil with radius R and current I

I 1) Think about it:

• Legs contribute nothing
I P I parallel to r
• Ring makes field into page
I 2) Choose a ds
3) Pick your coordinates
4) Write Biot-Savart

P15- 24
 Example : Coil of Radius R
In the circular part of the coil…
G G
d s ⊥ ˆr → | d s × ˆr | = ds

I Biot-Savart: G
µ0 I d s × rˆ µ0 I ds
dB = =
I 4π r2 4π r 2
r̂ µ0 I R dθ
G I =
ds 4π R2
µ0 I dθ
=
4π R
P15- 25
 Example : Coil of Radius R
Consider a coil with radius R and current I
µ0 I dθ
dB =
I 4π R
2π
µ0 I dθ
I θ B = ∫ dB = ∫ 4π R
0
G
ds
I µ0 I 2π
µ0 I
=
4π R ∫0 dθ = 4π R ( 2π )
G µ0 I
B= into page
2R P15- 26
 Example : Coil of Radius R

I G µ0 I
I P B=
2R
into page
I
Notes:
•This is an EASY Biot-Savart problem:
• No vectors involved
•This is what I would expect on exam

P15- 27
 PRS Questions:
B fields Generated by Currents

P15- 28
 Group Problem:
B Field from Coil of Radius R
Consider a coil with radius R and carrying a current I

What is B at point P? WARNING:

This is much
harder than
what I just
did! Why??

P15- 29
Field Pressures and Tensions:
A Way To Understand the
qVxB Magnetic Force

P15- 30
 Tension and Pressures
Transmitted by E and B
Fields (E or B):
• Transmit tension along field direction
(Field lines want to pull straight)
• Exert pressure perpendicular to field
(Field lines repel)

P15- 31
Example of E Pressure/Tension

(http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/
8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/ele
ctrostatics/11-forceq/11-
ForceQ_f0_320.html)

Positive charge in uniform (downward) E field

Electric force on the charge is combination of
1. Pressure pushing down from top
2. Tension pulling down towards bottom
P15- 32
Example of B Pressure/Tension

(http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8
.02T/f04/visualizations/magneto
statics/10-forcemovingq/10-
ForceMovingQ_f0_320.html)

Positive charge moving out of page in uniform

(downwards) B field. Magnetic force combines:
1. Pressure pushing from left
2. Tension pulling to right
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