Lecture 23: Outline

Hour 1:
Concept Review / Overview
PRS Questions – possible exam questions
Hour 2:
Sample Exam

Yell if you have any questions

7:30-9 pm Tuesday

P23 - 1
 Exam 2 Topics
• DC Circuits
• Current & Ohm’s Law (Macro- and Microscopic)
• Power
• Kirchhoff’s Loop Rules
• Charging/Discharging Capacitor (RC Circuits)
• Magnetic Fields
• Force due to Magnetic Field (Lorentz Force)
• Magnetic Dipoles
• Generating Magnetic Fields
• Biot-Savart Law & Ampere’s Law

P23 - 2
 General Exam Suggestions
• You should be able to complete every problem
• If you are confused, ask
• If it seems too hard, you aren’t thinking enough
• Look for hints in other problems
• If you are doing math, you’re doing too much
• Read directions completely (before & after)
• Write down what you know before starting
• Draw pictures, define (label) variables
• Make sure that unknowns drop out of solution
• Don’t forget units!
P23 - 3
 What You Should Study
• Review Friday Problem Solving (& Solutions)
• Review In Class Problems (& Solutions)
• Review PRS Questions (& Solutions)
• Review Problem Sets (& Solutions)
• Review PowerPoint Presentations
• Review Relevant Parts of Study Guide
(& Included Examples)

P23 - 4
 Current & Ohm’s Law
dQ
I=
dt
G I
J ≡ Iˆ
A
Ohm’s Laws
G G G
( σ)
E = ρJ = 1 J
ρA
∆V = IR R=
A
P23 - 5
 Series vs. Parallel
Rs = R1 + R2
1 1 1
= +
Cs C1 C2

1 1 1
= +
RP R1 R2
CP = C1 + C2
Series Parallel
• Current same • Currents add
• Voltages add • Voltages same
P23 - 6
PRS Questions:
Light Bulbs
Class 10

P23 - 7
 Current, Voltage & Power
Battery
Psupplied = I ∆V = I ε

Resistor ∆V 2
Pdissipated = I ∆V = I R =
2

dQ Q
Capacitor Pabsorbed = I ∆V =
dt C
2
d Q dU
= =
dt 2C dt
P23 - 8
 Kirchhoff’s Rules

I1 = I 2 + I 3 G G
∆V = − ∫ E ⋅ d s = 0
Closed
Path P23 - 9
 (Dis)Charging A Capacitor

dQ
I =±
dt
Q=C ε (1 − e − t / RC
)
Q
∑i ∆Vi = ε − C − IR = 0
Q final τ
εC − Q − RC
dQ
dt
=0 I=
dQ
dt
ε
= e − t / RC
R P23 - 10
 General Comment: RC
All Quantities Either:

Value(t ) = Value Final (1 − e − t /τ ) Value(t ) = Value0 e − t /τ

τ can be obtained from differential equation

(prefactor on d/dt) e.g. τ = RC
P23 - 11
 PRS Questions:
DC Circuits with Capacitors
Class 12

P23 - 12
 Right Hand Rules
1. Torque: Thumb = torque,
Fingers show rotation
2. Feel: Thumb = I,
Fingers = B,
Palm = F
3. Create: Thumb = I
Fingers (curl) = B
4. Moment: Fingers (curl) = I
Thumb = Moment (=B inside loop)
P23 - 13
 Magnetic Force
G G G
FB = qv × B

G G G
dFB = Id s × B
G G G
(
FB = I L × B )
P23 - 14
PRS Questions:
Right Hand Rule
Class 14

P23 - 15
 G
Magnetic Dipole Moments
G
µ ≡ IAnˆ ≡ IA
Generate:

Feel:
1) Torque to align with external field
2) Forces as for bar magnets
P23 - 16
Helmholtz Coil
Common Concept Question
Parallel (Helmholtz) makes
uniform field (torque, no force)
Anti-parallel makes zero, non-
uniform field (force, no torque)

P23 - 17
 PRS Questions:
Magnetic Dipole Moments
Class 17

P23 - 18
 The Biot-Savart Law
Current element of length ds carrying current I
(or equivalently charge q with velocity v)
produces a magnetic field:
G
G µo q v x rˆ
B=
4π r 2

G
G µ 0 I d s × rˆ
dB =
4π r 2

P23 - 19
 Biot-Savart: 2 Problem Types

I I
I P P
I
Notice that r is the same
for every point on the
loop. You don’t really
need to integrate
(except to find path
length)
P23 - 20
 G G
Ampere’s Law: ∫ B ⋅ d s = µ 0 I enc .

B
Long
Circular I
Symmetry B
(Infinite) Current Sheet

X
X
X X
X
X
Solenoid B X
X
X
X
X
X = X
X
X X
X
X
X X X
X
2 Current X
X
X
Sheets X
X

Torus/Coax
P23 - 21
PRS Questions:
Making B Fields
Classes 14-19

P23 - 22
SAMPLE EXAM:

P23 - 23
 Problem 1: Wire Loop

P 2D
D

A current flowing in the circuit pictured produces a magnetic field

at point P pointing out of the page with magnitude B.

a) What direction is the current flowing in the circuit?

b) What is the magnitude of the current flow?

P23 - 24
 Solution 1: Wire Loop

P 2D
D

a) The current is flowing counter-clockwise, as shown above

b) There are three segments of the wire: the semi-circle, the

two horizontal leads, and the two vertical leads.
The two vertical leads do not contribute to the B field (ds || r)
The two horizontal leads make an infinite wire a distance D
from the field point.
P23 - 25
 Solution 1: Wire Loop
For infinite wire use Ampere’s Law:
G G
v∫ B ⋅ d s = µ0 I enc ⇒ B ⋅ 2π D = µ0 I
P D 2D µ0 I
B=
I 2π D

G µ 0 I d sG × rˆ D G
For the semi-circle dB = r = and d s ⊥ rˆ
4π r 2 2
use Biot-Savart: G
µ 0 I d s × rˆ
B = ∫ dB = ∫
4π r 2
µ0 I µ0 I µ0 I
2 (
= π r) = =
4π r 4r 2D
P23 - 26
 Solution 1: Wire Loop
Adding together the two parts:

µ0 I µ0 I µ0 I ⎛ 1 ⎞
P D 2D B= + = ⎜1 + ⎟
2π D 2 D 2 D ⎝ π ⎠
I

They gave us B and want I to make that B:

2 DB
I=
⎛ 1⎞
µ0 ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ π⎠

P23 - 27
 Problem 2: RC Circuit
Initially C is uncharged.
1. When the switch is first closed,
R1 R2 what is the current i3?
2. After a very long time, how much
i1 i2 charge is stored on the capacitor?
i3
ε C
3. Obtain a differential equation for
the charge on the capacitor
(Here only, let R1=R2=R3=R)
R3
Now the switch is opened
4. Immediately after opening the
switch, what is i1? i2? i3?
5. How long before i2 falls to 1/e of
this initial value?
P23 - 28
 Solution 2: RC Circuit
Initially C is uncharged → Looks like short

R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 || R2
→ →
i1 i3 i2 i1 i3 i2 i3
ε C ε ε

R3 R3 R3

1 ε
Req = R3 + ⇒ i3 =
1 1 Req
+
R1 R2
P23 - 29
 Solution 2: RC Circuit
After a long time, C is full → i2 = 0

R1 R2 R1
→
i1 i3 i2 i1 i3 i2=0
ε C ε C

R3 R3

ε Q = CVC = C ( i1 R1 ) = Cε
R1
i1 = i3 =
R1 + R3 R1 + R3
P23 - 30
 Solution 2: RC Circuit
R R Kirchhoff’s Loop Rules

i2 Left: − i3 R + ε − i1 R = 0
i1
ε
i3
+q Right: − i R + ε − i R − q =0
C 3 2 c
-q Current: i3 = i1 + i2
R
Want to have i2 and q only ( L − 2 R) :

0 = − ( i1 + i2 ) R + ε − i1 R + 2 ( i1 + i2 ) R − 2ε + 2i2 R + 2q
c
= 3i2 R − ε + 2q
c
dq dq ε 2q
i2 = +
dt
→ = −
dt 3R 3RC P23 - 31
 Solution 2: RC Circuit
Now open the switch.
R2 R2
R1
i3 = 0 R1

i1 i2
→ i1 i2
i3
+q
ε C C -q

R3

Capacitor now like a battery, with:

Q R1 VC R1 1
VC = = ε i1 = −i2 = =ε
C R1 + R3 R1 + R2 R1 + R3 R1 + R2
P23 - 32
 Solution 2: RC Circuit
How long to fall to 1/e of initial current? The time constant!

R1 R2
This is an easy circuit since it just
looks like a resistor and capacitor in
i1 i2 series, so:
+q
C -q τ = ( R1 + R2 ) C

Notice that this is different than the charging time

constant, because there was another resistor in
the circuit during the charging
P23 - 33
Problem 3: Non-Uniform Slab
y
Consider the slab at left with
non-uniform current density:

G x ˆ
J = Jo k
d
Find B everywhere

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 Solution 3: Non-Uniform Slab
y G x ˆ Direction: Up on right, down on left
J = Jo k
d G G
B B
G G
v∫
Inside: (at 0<x<d): B ⋅ d s = µ 0 I enc

A
v∫ B ⋅ d s = BA + 0 + 0 + 0 x
G G J0 x
µ 0 I enc = µ 0 ∫∫ J ⋅ dA = µ 0 ∫ Adx
x 0
d
J 0A x 2
= µ0
d 2

J0 x2
B = µ0 up
d 2
P23 - 35
 Solution 3: Non-Uniform Slab
y G x ˆ Direction: Up on right, down on left
J = Jo k
d G G
B B Outside: (x > d):
G G
v∫
B ⋅ d s = µ 0 I enc

A
v∫ B ⋅ d s = BA + 0 + 0 + 0 d
G G J0 x
µ 0 I enc = µ 0 ∫∫ J ⋅ dA = µ 0 ∫ Adx
x 0
d
J 0A d 2
= µ0
d 2

B = 12 µ 0 J 0 d up
P23 - 36
 Problem 4: Solenoid
R
A current I flows up a very long solenoid
and then back down a wire lying along its
X
axis, as pictured. The wires are negligibly
X
X
small (i.e. their radius is 0) and are
X wrapped at n turns per meter.
X a) What is the force per unit length
X (magnitude and direction) on the straight
X
wire due to the current in the solenoid?
X
X b) A positive particle (mass m, charge q)
X is launched inside of the solenoid, at a
X distance r = a to the right of the center.
X What velocity (direction and non-zero
magnitude) must it have so that the field
created by the wire along the axis never
exerts a force on it?
P23 - 37
 Solution 4: Solenoid
R
SUPERPOSITION
X
You can just add the two fields from each
X
part individually
X
a) Force on wire down axis
X
X Since the current is anti-parallel to the field
X produced by the solenoid, there is no force
X (F=0) on this wire
X
X b) Launching Charge q
X
The central wire produces a field that wraps
X
X
in circles around it. To not feel a force due to
this field, the particle must always move
parallel to it – it must move in a circle of
radius a (since that is the radius it was
launched from). P23 - 38
 Solution 4: Solenoid
R
b) Launching Charge q
X So first we should use Ampere’s law to
X calculate the field due to the solenoid:
X G G
X
X v∫ B ⋅ d s = Bl = µ0 NI
X µ 0 NI
X B= = µ 0 nI up the solenoid
X l
X
Now we just need to make a charge q move
X
X
in a circular orbit with r = a:
G G G 2 2
FB = q v × B = qvB = m v = mv
X
r a
qBa q µ 0 nIa
v= = out of the page
m m P23 - 39
Problem 5: Coaxial Cable
Consider a coaxial cable of with inner
conductor of radius a and outer
a conductor of inner radius b and outer
X radius c. A current I flows into the
b
page on the inner conductor and out
c of the page on the outer conductor.

What is the magnetic field everywhere

(magnitude and direction) as a
function of distance r from the center
of the wire?

P23 - 40
 Solution 5: Coaxial Cable
b c
Everywhere the magnetic field is
r
clockwise. To figure out the
a
X magnitude use Ampere’s Law:
G G
v∫ B ⋅ d s = µ0 I enc ⇒ B ⋅ 2π r = µ0 I enc
µ 0 I enc
⇒B=
Drawn for a < r < b 2π r
The amount of current penetrating our Amperian loop
depends on the radius r:
r 2
µ 0 Ir
r ≤ a: I enc =I 2 ⇒ B= clockwise
a 2π a 2
P23 - 41
 Solution 5: Coaxial Cable
r b c Remember: Everywhere
a µ 0 I enc
X B= clockwise
2π r
µ0 I
a ≤ r ≤ b: I Encl =I ⇒ B= clockwise
2π r
⎛ r 2 − b2 ⎞
b ≤ r ≤ c: I Encl = I ⎜1 − 2 2 ⎟
⎝ c −b ⎠
µ0 I ⎛ r 2 − b2 ⎞
⇒ B= ⎜1 − 2 2 ⎟ clockwise
2π r ⎝ c − b ⎠ P23 - 42
 Solution 5: Coaxial Cable
r b c Remember: Everywhere
a µ 0 I enc
X B= clockwise
2π r

r ≥ c: I Encl = 0 ⇒ B=0

P23 - 43