Class 30: Outline

Hour 1:
Traveling & Standing Waves

Hour 2:
Electromagnetic (EM) Waves

P30- 1
 Last Time:
Traveling Waves

P30- 2
 Traveling Sine Wave
Now consider f(x) = y = y0sin(kx):
2π
Amplitude (y0)
Wavelength (λ ) =
wavenumber (k )

What is g(x,t) = f(x+vt)? Travels to left at velocity v

y = y0sin(k(x+vt)) = y0sin(kx+kvt)
P30- 3
 Traveling Sine Wave
y = y0 sin ( kx + kvt )
At x=0, just a function of time: y = y0 sin( kvt ) ≡ y0 sin(ω t )

1
Period (T ) =
frequency (f )
Amplitude (y0) 2π
=
angular frequency (ω )

P30- 4
 Traveling Sine Wave
i Wavelength: λ y = y0 sin(kx − ω t )
i Frequency : f
2π
i Wave Number: k =
λ
i Angular Frequency: ω = 2π f
1 2π
i Period: T = =
f ω
ω
i Speed of Propagation: v = =λf
k
i Direction of Propagation: + x
P30- 5
 This Time:
Standing Waves

P30- 6
 Standing Waves
What happens if two waves headed in opposite
directions are allowed to interfere?

E1 = E0 sin(kx − ω t ) E2 = E0 sin(kx + ω t )
Superposition: E = E1 + E2 = 2 E0 sin( kx) cos(ω t )

P30- 7
Standing Waves: Who Cares?
Most commonly seen in resonating systems:
Musical Instruments, Microwave Ovens

E = 2 E0 sin(kx) cos(ω t )

P30- 8
 Standing Waves: Bridge

Tacoma Narrows Bridge Oscillation:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bridge/tacoma3.html

P30- 9
 Group Work: Standing Waves
Do Problem 2

E1 = E0 sin(kx − ω t ) E2 = E0 sin(kx + ω t )
Superposition: E = E1 + E2 = 2 E0 sin( kx) cos(ω t )

P30- 10
 Last Time:
Maxwell’s Equations

P30- 11
 Maxwell’s Equations
Qin
∫∫ E ⋅ dA = ε
S 0
(Gauss's Law)

dΦB
∫C E ⋅ d s = − dt (Faraday's Law)

∫∫ B ⋅ dA = 0
S
(Magnetic Gauss's Law)

dΦE
∫C B ⋅ d s = µ0 I enc + µ0ε 0 dt (Ampere-Maxwell Law)

F = q (E + v × B) (Lorentz force Law)

P30- 12
Which Leads To…
EM Waves

P30- 13
 Electromagnetic Radiation:
Plane Waves

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/07-EBlight/07-EB_Light_320.html
P30- 14
 Traveling E & B Waves
i Wavelength: λ ˆ E sin( kx − ω t )
i Frequency : f
E=E 0
2π
i Wave Number: k =
λ
i Angular Frequency: ω = 2π f
1 2π
i Period: T = =
f ω
ω
i Speed of Propagation: v = =λf
k
i Direction of Propagation: + x
P30- 15
 Properties of EM Waves
Travel (through vacuum) with
speed of light
1 m
v=c= = 3 × 10
8

µ 0ε 0 s
At every point in the wave and any instant of time,
E and B are in phase with one another, with
E E0
= =c
B B0
E and B fields perpendicular to one another, and to
the direction of propagation (they are transverse):
Direction of propagation = Direction of E × B P30- 16
 PRS Questions:
Direction of Propagation

P30- 17
How Do Maxwell’s Equations
Lead to EM Waves?
Derive Wave Equation

P30- 18
 Wave Equation
d
Start with Ampere-Maxwell Eq: ∫ B ⋅ d s = µ0ε 0 ∫ E ⋅ dA
C
dt

P30- 19
 Wave Equation
d
Start with Ampere-Maxwell Eq: ∫ B ⋅ d s = µ0ε 0 ∫ E ⋅ dA
C
dt
Apply it to red rectangle:

∫ B ⋅ d s = B ( x, t )l − B ( x + dx, t )l
C
z z

d ⎛ ∂E y ⎞
µ0ε 0 ∫ E ⋅ dA = µ0ε 0 ⎜ l dx ⎟
dt ⎝ ∂t ⎠

Bz ( x + dx, t ) − Bz ( x, t ) ∂E y
− = µ 0ε 0
dx ∂t ∂E y
∂Bz
− = µ 0ε 0
So in the limit that dx is very small: ∂x ∂t
P30- 20
 Wave Equation
d
Now go to Faraday’s Law
∫C E ⋅ d s = − dt ∫ B ⋅ dA

P30- 21
 Wave Equation
d
Faraday’s Law: ∫C E ⋅ d s = − dt ∫ B ⋅ dA
Apply it to red rectangle:

∫ E ⋅ d s = E ( x + dx, t )l − E ( x, t )l
C
y y

d ∂Bz
− ∫ B ⋅ dA = −ldx
dt ∂t
E y ( x + dx, t ) − E y ( x, t ) ∂Bz
=−
dx ∂t ∂E y ∂Bz
=−
So in the limit that dx is very small: ∂x ∂t
P30- 22
 1D Wave Equation for E
∂E y ∂Bz ∂Bz ∂E y
=− − = µ 0ε 0
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t
Take x-derivative of 1st and use the 2nd equation

∂ ⎛ ∂E y ⎞ ∂2 Ey ∂ ⎛ ∂Bz ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂Bz ⎞ ∂2 Ey
⎜ ⎟= = ⎜− ⎟=− ⎜ ⎟ = µ 0ε 0
∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂x
2
∂x ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂t ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂t 2

∂ Ey
2
∂ Ey
2

= µ 0ε 0
∂x 2
∂t 2
P30- 23
 1D Wave Equation for E
∂ Ey
2
∂ Ey
2

= µ 0ε 0
∂x 2
∂t 2

This is an equation for a wave. Let: E y = f ( x − vt )

∂ Ey
2

= f '' ( x − vt )
∂x 2
1
∂2 Ey
v =
2

= v f '' ( x − vt )
2 µ 0ε 0
∂t 2

P30- 24
 1D Wave Equation for B
∂Bz ∂E y ∂Bz ∂E y
=− = − µ 0ε 0
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂t
Take x-derivative of 1st and use the 2nd equation

∂ ⎛ ∂Bz ⎞ ∂ Bz ∂ ⎛ ∂E y
2
⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂E y ⎞ 1 ∂ Bz
2

⎜ ⎟ = 2 = ⎜− ⎟=− ⎜ ⎟=
∂t ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂t ∂t ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂x ⎝ ∂t ⎠ µ ε
0 0 ∂ x 2

∂ Bz2
∂ Bz 2
= µ ε
∂x ∂t
2 0 0 2
P30- 25
 Electromagnetic Radiation
Both E & B travel like waves:
∂ Ey
2
∂ Ey
2
∂ Bz2
∂ Bz2
= µ 0ε 0 = µ ε
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t
2 2 2 0 0 2

But there are strict relations between them:

∂Bz ∂E y ∂Bz ∂E y
=− = − µ 0ε 0
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂t
Here, Ey and Bz are “the same,” traveling along x axis
P30- 26
 Amplitudes of E & B

Let E y = E0 f ( x − vt ) ; Bz = B0 f ( x − vt )

∂Bz ∂E y
=− ⇒ −vB0 f ' ( x − vt ) = − E0 f ' ( x − vt )
∂t ∂x

⇒ vB0 = E0

Ey and Bz are “the same,” just different amplitudes

P30- 27
 Group Problem:
EM Standing Waves
Consider EM Wave approaching a perfect conductor:
ˆ 0 cos(kz − ωt )
Eincident = xE
If the conductor fills the XY plane at Z=0 then the
wave will reflect and add to the incident wave
1. What must the total E field (Einc+Eref) at Z=0 be?
2. What is Ereflected for this to be the case?
3. What are the accompanying B fields? (Binc & Bref)
4. What are Etotal and Btotal? What is B(Z=0)?
5. What current must exist at Z=0 to reflect the
wave? Give magnitude and direction.

Recall: cos ( A + B ) = cos ( A ) cos ( B ) − sin ( A ) sin ( B ) P30- 28

 Next Time: How Do We
Generate Plane Waves?

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/09-planewaveapp/09-
planewaveapp320.html

P30- 29