Building Arts Guide
Building Arts Guide
Activity Guide
Activity Guide
By Betty Belanus and Marjorie Hunt Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage 2001 by the Smithsonian Institution
Table of Contents
5 Introduction 6 Dry Stone Walls 11 Stained Glass Windows 14 Architectural Terra Cotta 19 Ornamental Ironwork 24 Building with Adobe 28 Stone Masonry and Stone Carving
Introduction
rom the soaring skyscrapers of New York City to the adobe churches of New Mexico, from the sturdy stone walls of New England to the majestic monuments of the nations capital, master craftworkers in the building arts have brought enduring beauty to our built environment.The Masters of the Building Arts Activity Guide celebrates the artistr y and skill of master craftspeople in the building trades and their important contributions to our architectural heritage.
In this Guide you can learn about the important role that artisans play in building. Meet stained glass artisans and blacksmiths, stone masons and stone carvers, timber framers, adobe builders, and terra cotta craftsmen. Learn about their heritage and traditions, their skills and working knowledge, their tools, materials, and techniques. Try your hand at crafting a gargoyle out of clay, creating a tissue paper stained glass window, designing a wrought-iron gate, and much more. Each section includes a list of questions to consider and an activity for young people to do at school or with their families at home. The Guide concludes with a glossary of building arts terms and a selection of readings and resources for those who want to learn more. Have fun learning about master craftworkers in the building trades!
When you start, Mother Nature tells you where to go with it. I like to do a good job, the best that I can.
Stoney Mason
Ua hoonoho niho ia...hookuu ka hana: Only when the stones are properly stacked is the work done.
Hawaiian proverb
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:
Do you think individual masons have different styles of building? What size and shape stones go into different parts of a wall? Where do the stones come from? What are considered the best stones? How can masons tell where to put the stones? How do the stones stay together without mortar or cement? How does a dry stone mason learn his or her craft? How long does it take to build a wall or platform? Master masons make it look easy to fit stones together! Can you do it?
ACTIVITY:
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It is never static, its always changing in subtle ways. And that to me is really the poetry of stained glass.
Dieter Goldkuhle
Dieter Goldkuhle
Dieter comes from a family of commercial glass tradesmen from northern Germany. As a teenager, he was fascinated by the way stained glass changed as light passed through it, and he decided to become a stained glass artisan. He served a three-year apprenticeship with master teachers in the Rhineland (an area of Germany),learning every aspect of the trade. In 1962, Dieter came to America, working first in New York City and later in Washington, D.C. He often works with stained glass artist Rowan LeCompte, but also on his own. Dieter has crafted several windows for Washington National Cathedral,including the beautiful rose window designed by Rowan LeCompte on the Cathedrals west facade (side). He also restores older windows and enjoys the special challenges and skills involved in the restoration process.It broadens me and gives me new experiences in my field, he says.
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Stained glass artisans first make a drawing, or work from one designed by another artist. Then, a cartoon, or full-scale working drawing, is done. The glass is then cut, guided by a pattern made from the car toon. Painting of details such as hands and faces, and staining to give the glass different color effects is done next, and the glass is exposed to a high temperature to seal the paint or stain. The complicated job of leading comes next. That is, the glass is put together with strips of lead, a bendable metal. The lead is then sealed or cemented with a special mixture. The installation of the window into its space in a wall is one of the hardest but most rewarding parts of the process. As Dieter says, when an installation is done right,there is a harmony of material the limestone, the light reflecting off the surface of the glass, the lead lines. To me that is such a beautiful marriage.
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:
What are the different steps it takes to make a stained glass window? What is a cartoon? How is it used by a stained glass artisan? How are the different colors of glass used to make a design for a window? How is the glass cut and fit together? What do you think would be the most difficult part of making a stained glass window? What would be the most fun part?
SEE IT:
Visit Washington National Cathedral and ask a docent to show you some of the many stained glass windows designed by Rowan LeCompte and crafted and installed by Dieter Goldkuhle, including the rose window on the west facade and windows on the north side of the nave. Are there churches in your community with stained glass windows? Who made them?
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You can get the feeling of designing and making a stained glass window working with tissue paper glass and black construction paper leading.This activity was developed by the National Capital Art Glass Guild, with special thanks to Jean Lee. You will need: assorted colors of tissue paper tracing paper or waxed paper cut into sheets approximately 9 by 6 strips of black construction paper, 1.2wide and approximately 12 to 15long scissors a glue stick string or ribbon (optional) 1. Choose several different colors of tissue paper for the glass (no more than five different colors works best). Cut the tissue into random geometric pieces, no larger than 4 wide and long. (Triangles, squares, rectangles,
etc., work best. Circles are harder to lead with construction paper.) Select about ten tissue paper pieces for your design. With as little glue as possible, tack the chosen pieces onto the wax paper or tracing paper. You can overlap some pieces to create another color (for example, blue over red will make purple). If you hold your piece up to the light, you will see how magical the illumination is! 2.Lead your stained glass piece by gluing down the black strips of construction paper around the colors of your design,cutting or tearing them to fit. Use just enough leading to create your design. 3.Frame your design with additional strips of black construction paper around the edges of the tracing or waxed paper. If you like, you may punch a hole at the top, put ribbon or string through,and hang it in a window!
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Your art is viewed by millions of people, but people dont associate it with the maker, with the craftsman. You remain anonymous.
Ray Johnson
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Its a great feeling when you unmold a piece and you can say, This is beautiful!
Humberto Miranda
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QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:
What are the different types of skills needed to make a piece of terra cotta? What are the steps of the process? Where does terra cotta clay come from? How is the clay specially prepared for terra cotta? What is the difference between the clay used in terra cotta and brick making? What are some of the different terra cotta designs used to decorate buildings? Why is it important to get just the right thickness of clay into the mold? How are different glazes and textured finishes used to make terra cotta look like pottery or stone? How are the plaster molds made?
SEE IT:
Terra cotta work done by Gladding, McBean & Company craftsmen can be seen on the Warner Theater Building and the Investment Building in Washington, D.C.;the Wrigley Building in Chicago; the Childrens Museum in Indianapolis; Carnegie Hall and the Mabel Dean Bacon High School in New York City; and many other buildings across the nation. Do you have any buildings in your community that are decorated with ornamental terra cotta?
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ACTIVITY:
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Ornamental Ironwork
A blacksmith works with iron*,heated to a very high temperature over a forge and hammered into various shapes on an anvil. This ancient art has included the building and repair of wagons, plows, and other agricultural tools as well as fitting horses with new shoes. But blacksmiths can also be artists in iron. Architectural blacksmiths craft metal into beautiful ornamental pieces, such as intricate hand-forged gates, fences, and railings. Learn more about decorative wrought-ironwork from master blacksmiths Philip Simmons, Nol Putnam,and Patrick Cardine. *Generally, most blacksmiths now work in a metal called mild steel,but we will continue to use the term iron here to avoid confusion.
I build a gate, I build it to last two hundred years. If it looks good, you feel good. I build a gate, and [Im just] thinking about two hundred years. If you dont, youre not an honest craftsman.
Philip Simmons
Philip Simmons
Philip Simmons was born on a small rural island near Charleston, South Carolina, in 1912,and moved to the city when he was 8 years old. From a young age, he took an interest in the work of local blacksmiths, and at the age of 13,he was taken on as an apprentice by Peter Simmons (no relation), a former slave who ran a busy blacksmiths shop in the heart of Charlestons waterfront. 19
When Philip began,blacksmiths in Charleston still shoed horses and repaired wagons and equipment used in unloading the many freight ships that came to Charleston Harbor. But as cars and trucks took over the work of wagons, Philip needed to find another use for his skills. Fortunately, in the late 1930s, someone came to him with a broken gate piece. Soon, Philip began repairing more gates and creating new ones. Today more than 500 pieces of his ornamental ironwork decorate the city of Charleston. Philip is known for creating designs based on forms from nature that he had loved as a child and saw around him in the South Carolina low country fish, pecan leaves, egrets, snakes, magnolias, and tulips. As he says,You take what God gives you, and work with what you have. Although he is now officially retired, Philip continues to guide younger blacksmiths, including Joseph Pringle and Carlton Simmons, the talented journeymen who carry on the work and traditions of the Simmons shop today.You got to teach kids while the sap is young, just like you got to beat the iron while its hot, he says of his passion for passing on the skills of his trade.
Nol Putnam
Nol Putnam of White Oak Forge in The Plains, Virginia,has worked as an architectural blacksmith for more than 30 years. As a young man he taught school,but he really wanted to work with his hands. He learned the art of blacksmithing through a long process of trial and error reading books, watching and getting advice from more experienced blacksmiths, and studying with the renowned ornamental ironworker Francis Whitaker.You need a good eye, he says.Its all about eye-hand control developing dexterity and using the anvil to give shape and movement and life to the metal.A master of his trade, Nol specializes in large hand-forged architectural pieces, such as gates, railings, and balconies. He designed and crafted three magnificent memorial gates for Washington National Cathedral. Nol is a dedicated teacher and generously shares his knowledge and skills with others who are eager to learn the craft. 20
Patrick Cardine
Patrick Cardine is an architectural blacksmith from Chantilly, Virginia. He began learning the trade when he was 16 years old, teaching himself at first, and then working with master blacksmith Nol Putnam.The learning process is a lifetime, really, he says.You never stop. Like Nol, Patrick also specializes in large-scale architectural ironwork.I enjoy the creativity, he says of his trade. And I get the greatest thrill out of moving hot metal. You take this hard, cold, lifeless thing. You fill it with fire. You hit it with a hammer, and it moves and comes alive. Its just magical. Patrick is currently designing and crafting decorative wrought-iron railings for Washington National Cathedral.
Detail of Memorial Gate crafted by Nol Putnam for Washington National Cathedral
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QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:
What are some of the different tools that blacksmiths use? Where do they get their tools? How long does it take to heat a piece of iron enough for a blacksmith to hammer it into shapes? How does a blacksmith know when the iron is hot enough to work? How does a blacksmith get his or her ideas for designs? What are the steps involved in making a wrought-iron gate?
ACTIVITY:
SEE IT:
Visit Washington National Cathedral to see the wrought-iron railings crafted by Patrick Cardine and the three memorial gates crafted by Nol Putnam,which are located near St. Josephs Chapel. Philip Simmonss handforged ornamental pieces decorate the city of Charleston, South Carolina. See John Vlachs book Charleston Blacksmith and/or visit the Philip Simmons Foundation web site (www.philipsimmons.org) to find out where to see his work.
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Adobe is of the earth and built with earth, and when its over with, it goes back to the earth. Its a very simple way of living. Its a clean way of living.
Albert Parra
Albert Parra
Albert Parra is a master adobe builder from Albuquerque, New Mexico. As a boy Albert loved the smell of earth. He grew up in Old Town Albuquerque with his great-grandmother. When he was around 9 years old he met Don Gaspar Garcia,an adobe maker. Don Gaspar became Alberts mentor. As Albert says,He took me under his wing, and life was never the same again. After working as a lumberjack,which took him away from the Southwest, Albert found himself missing New Mexico and his work with adobe. He returned, received a license to build structures, and began building with adobe. His knowledge of cutting trees helped, since strong timber beams called vigas are 24
used for roof supports in adobe building, and Albert often cuts these himself. For Albert, building with adobe is not just another building technique, it is a philosophy of life. Adobe, he explains, is made of natural materials and is environmentally friendly. It absorbs heat during the day, and releases it at night, cutting down on heating and cooling expenses and conserving energy. But for Albert, adobe buildings are also in tune with the landscape, their rounded walls and natural colors blending in with the land that surrounds them. Albert also explains the way people have traditionally made building with adobe a community activity. Entire communities joined together to construct new buildings. Men built the walls and raised the roof beams, while women plastered the outside with adobe, whitewashed the inside, and packed down the roof materials with their feet. Albert has four sons. All of them know how to build with adobe.They know the cutting in the forest, they know the earth smell,they know the clinking of the trowels.
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:
What are the ingredients that go into the mixture for adobe bricks? How are the bricks made? How do adobe builders learn their trade? Why do you think a traditional adobe house has thick walls? Why is the outside of an adobe building plastered? What are the different finishes that can be done with the plastering? What makes an adobe house beautiful? Why is the Southwest a good climate for adobe structures?
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ACTIVITY:
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2. Roll a slab of clay that is about 1/2 thick, 8long and 11wide. 3.Score the clay using your combs. Do this by dragging the 1interval comb across the surface of the clay in one direction,and then making lines with the other comb in the other direction, at right angles. Pry the bricks apart with a plastic knife. Keep them moist under plastic or a damp towel until youre ready to work with them.
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Building the House 1. Roll another slab of clay that is about 3/8 thick,4long, and 8wide. This will be the floor of the house. 2. To set the first layer of bricks, moisten one edge of the floor with water to make slip (watery clay). This will serve as mortar to stick the bricks to the floor. Score (make cuts in) the moistened edge with your fingernail (but dont cut all the way through). Then moisten and score the adobe brick (without cutting all the way through) and place the brick on the base. Continue to place bricks next to each other all around the base, being careful to moisten and score the adjoining sides of the bricks. Leave a space for the doorway.
3. Place the second layer of bricks on top of the first, laying them over the places where the bricks on the first layer connect (see illustration). After completing the second layer, lay the third, fourth,etc.,until the wall stands approximately 6high. Leave window spaces as desired. 4. For the roof: gather some fairly straight sticks and twigs. First, place strong sticks across the width of the buildings and allow the ends to stick out over the walls. Add twigs at right angles to the sticks. Next, cover the twigs with a layer of grass. Finally, smear a thin layer of clay over the whole roof. 5. Dry your house in the sun.
*This activity is from Art in the School,Inc., The Pueblo: Architecture for a Natural Worldby Sara Otto-Dinez. Adapted and reprinted with permission.
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Standing on top of Mount St. Alban in the nations capital, Washington National Cathedral is an impressive landmark. Construction of the Cathedral began in 1907 and finished in 1990. Built in the 14th century Gothic style, it is the sixth largest cathedral in the world. The stone used for building the Cathedral,and carving its many decorative statues, gargoyles, grotesques, and countless other ornamental works, is Indiana limestone. The stonemasons and carvers who worked on the Cathedral feel a special pride in the job they did there. Learn more about the Cathedrals stone masonry from Billy Cleland and Joe Alonso, and about stone carving from Walter Arnold and Patrick Plunkett.
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Master mason Billy Cleland, a longtime member of the International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers, learned to set stone from his father. As a Billy Cleland young man,he wanted to work on the Cathedral so much that he took a cut in pay to do so. He has worked on the Cathedral for a total of 18 years, off and on from 1953 to 1989.One of his first jobs at the Cathedral involved taking the Cathedra (the Bishops stone chair) apart and moving it 20 feet from where it originally stood. One of the most important tools of the masons trade is the trowel,used to spread the mortar that holds the stone together. The trowel becomes almost an extension of a masons arm, says Billy.Its like another hand. With large stones such as the limestone blocks in the Cathedral,mortar doesnt hold the stones together as much as it acts as a cushion to hold the stones apart, so one wont rub against another. Masons must know how to make sure the stones in a wall are laid straight, level,and plumb (perfectly vertical).Its mathematics in motion, says Joe Alonso of the masons work translating an architects plan into a three-dimensional structure.Were constantly figuring our radiuses and our dimensions. The Cathedral draws many fine workmen, interested in a job well done. As Billy Cleland says,Perfection is not of this world, but we strive for it. Billy has instilled this pride in Joe Alonso, the current mason foreman at the Cathedral. Joe Alonso has worked at Washington National Cathedral for 16 years, first as a stone mason working with Billy Cleland to construct the Cathedral and now as the mason foreman in charge of restoring and caring for the Cathedrals monumental stonework. He and his talented crew are preserving the beautiful craftsmanship of the many generations of masons and carvers who built the Cathedral over the course of nearly a century.
Stone setting drawing, Washington National Cathedral
I just have so much emotion welling up sometimes when I think how fortunate Ive been to have followed my fathers trade.
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QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:
What are the different kinds of stone used by masons and carvers? What are the properties and characteristics of each? Do the craftsmen have a favorite kind of stone? Why? What are the tools used by stone masons and stone carvers? How do masons make sure a wall is going to be straight and plumb? Where do ideas for gargoyles come from? How is a sculptors clay model translated into stone? What are the steps in the stone carving process?
ACTIVITY:
SEE IT
Visit Washington National Cathedral at Massachusetts and Wisconsin Avenues NW in Washington, D.C. Walk all the way around the Cathedral and notice the fine stonework in the walls and in the carvings. Can you recognize any of the carved figures?
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All the old teachers were gone, says Rudy.The lessons came from old buildings. By studying the way timber framers built houses and barns that had been standing for generations, Rudy, Laura,and other young builders began to develop methods of reproducing the old ways. Much of their work is done by hand, with tools that were familiar to builders hundreds of years ago.
The people that did the work back then, when you look at those old buildings, they were masters. No question about it.
Rudy Christian
Rudy and Laura helped found the Timber Framers Guild, and feel that they are still learning from their fellow timber framers. As Rudy explains it,We have become a community of people who share everything. They have participated in many Guild workshops and educational programs, and have personally taught many younger timber framers. Their son Carson,who began working with them as early as age ten, is also a timber framer. A number of women,like Laura,are involved in timber framing. As she says,A woman is just as capable of using those tools as a man is, without question.
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QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:
How are timbers put together with mortise and tenon joints? What are the different tools used by timber framers? How are they used? How do timber framers measure and lay out the timbers? What kinds of wood make the best timber frame buildings? Why? Are different techniques used for constructing new timber frame buildings and restoring old ones? How does someone become a timber framer? Why do timber framers tie a small tree to the top of a building after raising it?
ACTIVITY:
SEE IT
Visit the Within These Walls... exhibition at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History to see a traditional 18th-century timber frame house.
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2.Raise the building by placing one gable end upright.Imagine how a crew of timber framers must do this with ropes and pullies in real life! Lean this end of the building against a box or other sturdy object. Do the same with the other gable end frame. 3. Join the two gable ends together with the long sills (see diagram) on either side, using clay to hold in place. 4. Add the middle section,securing with clay.
5. Add the ridge purlin (see diagram). Then add, one by one, the rest of the roof purlins. If you have done everything square (that is, nice and straight), your building should stand, just like a real timber frame building. (However, your clay or gum drop joints are nothing like the beautiful mortice and tenon joints on real timber framed buildings). Tie a little sprig of pine or other branch with small leaves at the top of one gable end, just as timber framers do when they are done with a raising! They call this the blessing tree. 35
GLOSSARY
Anvil a heavy iron block frequently faced with steel, on which blacksmiths and ornamental ironworkers hammer metal into desired shapes Apprentice a person who works for another in order to learn a trade Draftsman a worker skilled at drawing architectural features that will be used as a guide for building Finial the topmost portion of a pinnacle (decorative turret),usually sculptured as an elaborate ornament with an upright stem and cluster of crockets (curved foliage), and often carved of stone or wood Forge the workshop of a blacksmith,also used to indicate the place where the blacksmith heats his or her iron (open fireplace, portable heating source, etc.) Gargoyle a roof spout projecting from a gutter to carry rainwater away from the wall of a building, usually carved to represent a grotesque human or animal figure 36 Glaze a thin layer of transparent color, added to a clay piece, usually before firing in a kiln,in order to change the appearance of the surface Grotesque a decorative carving fashioned with monstrous or fantastic features Guild an association organized to maintain standards and to protect the interests of members of a trade, and sometimes to train new people interested in the trade, or share information about the techniques of the trade Joinery woodwork made by a carpenter, especially at the joints, or corners, of buildings Journeyman a craftsperson who has passed the apprentice stage and is fully qualified to work in his or her trade Kiln a furnace or oven for burning, baking, or drying such materials as clay
Leading (pronounced led-ing) a framing of lead (a soft metal);in stained glass work,the leading holds the glass pieces together Mason a craftsperson who builds with stone or brick Mentor a wise and trusted counselor or teacher Mortise and Tenon Joint in timber framing, a joint that is constructed so that it does not require nails or other hardware to stay together. A mortise is a hole, slot, or groove cut into a piece of timber that receives a tenon, which is a projecting member of a piece of timber (see illustration in the Timber Framing section of this guide). Nave the central part of a church Quarry an excavation or pit, usually open to the air, from which building stone, slate, or the like, is obtained by cutting, blasting, etc. Restoration reconstruction of an old building, as close to the original as possible
Ridge Purlin One of several horizontal timbers supporting the rafters of a roof Scale making an architectural drawing that reproduces the parts of a building or its features on paper using measurements in proportion to one another, as they will appear in real life. In other words, if a wall is to be built ten feet high and a floor twenty feet long, the draftsman might draw the wall ten inches high and the floor twenty inches long, using a ratio of one inch per foot Sill a horizontal beam that supports the frame of a building Trowel a hand tool used by plasterers, bricklayers, stonemasons, and other craftworkers to spread soft or plastic material,like plaster or mortar
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TO LEARN MORE
ADOBE Bunting, Bainbridge. 1974. Of Earth and Timbers Made: New Mexico Architecture.Photographs by Arthur Lazar. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Nabokov, Peter. 1981. Adobe: Pueblo and Hispanic Folk Traditions of the Southwest . Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, Office of Folklife Programs. ARCHITECTURAL TERRA COTTA Kurutz, Gary F.,and Mary Swisher. 1989. Architectural Terra Cotta of Gladding,McBean. Sausalito, Calif.: Windgate Press. Tunick,Susan.1997. Terra Cotta Skyline. Photographs by Peter Mauss. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. DRY STONEWALLS Allport, Susan.1990. Sermons in Stone: The Stone Walls of New England and New York. Illustrations by David Howell. New York: W.W. Norton. Vivian, John.1976. Building Stone Walls. Charlotte, Vt.: Garden Way Publishing. ORNAMENTAL IRONWORK Lyons, Mary E. 1997. Catching the Fire: Philip Simmons, Blacksmith. Illustrations by Mannie Garcia. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Vlach, John Michael.1997. Charleston Blacksmith: The Work of Philip Simmons . Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Andrews, Jack.1994. New Edge of the Anvil:A Resource Book for the Blacksmith . Drexel Hill, PA: Skipjack Press, Inc. Web site for the Artist-Blacksmiths Association of North America: http://www.abana.org Web site for The Philip Simmons Foundation: http://www.philipsimmons.org STAINED GLASS WINDOWS Morris, Elizabeth Ann.2000. Stained and Decorative Glass. Secaucus, N.J.: Chartwell Books. Website for the Stained Glass Association of America: http://www.stainedglass.org STONE MASONRY AND CARVING Fallen, Anne-Catherine, ed. 1995. Washington National Cathedral. Washington, D.C.: Washington National Cathedral Guidebooks. Hunt, Marjorie. 1999. The Stone Carvers:Master Craftsmen of Washington National Cathedral. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Web site for stone carver Walter Arnold: http://www.stonecarver.com TIMBER FRAMING Benson, Tedd. 1997. The Timber Frame Home. Illustrations by Brian Smeltz. Newton, Conn.: Taunton Press. Web site for the Timber Framers Guild: http://www.tfguild.org NATIONAL BUILDING MUSEUM http://www.nbm.org AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS http://www.aia.org NATIONAL TRUST FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION http://www.nthp.org INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE http://www.imiweb.org PRESERVATION TRADES NETWORK http://www.ptn.org ASSOCIATED GENERAL CONTRACTORS OF AMERICA CONSTRUCTION FUTURES PROGRAM (educational outreach programs for elementary and high-school-level students that support school curriculum with hands-on building activities) http://www.constructionfutures.org
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CREDITS
Authors
Marjorie Hunt
Masters of the Building Arts Coordinator
Jim Deutsch
Editor
Carla Borden
Designer
Caroline Brownell
Illustrator
Lynn Murphy
Festival Aide/Family Activity Tent Coordinator
Tracy Clonts
Interns
M.E. Francis
Website
Special thanks to Sara Otto-Dinez, Jean Lee and the National Capital Art Glass Guild, Eileen Langholtz and the Education Staff of the National Building Museum,the Timber Framers Guild, Mary Lyons, Rossie Colter, and John Vlach.
Smithsonian Institution Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage www.folklife.si.edu
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