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ST1131 Cheat Sheet Page 1

This document contains summaries of 8 chapters on statistics and probability. It covers topics such as data representation through graphs and descriptive statistics, probability distributions, statistical inference for means and proportions, hypothesis testing, and sampling. Key concepts discussed include measures of center and spread, the normal and binomial distributions, confidence intervals, sample size determination, type I and type II errors in hypothesis testing, and the central limit theorem.

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1K views

ST1131 Cheat Sheet Page 1

This document contains summaries of 8 chapters on statistics and probability. It covers topics such as data representation through graphs and descriptive statistics, probability distributions, statistical inference for means and proportions, hypothesis testing, and sampling. Key concepts discussed include measures of center and spread, the normal and binomial distributions, confidence intervals, sample size determination, type I and type II errors in hypothesis testing, and the central limit theorem.

Uploaded by

jiebo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1: Intro

Graphs for Categorical: Pie / Bar Graphs for Quantitative(Discrete / Continuous) : Dot Plot / Stem & Leaf / Histogram / Timeplot Describe: Centre/Mode, Spread, Shape, Outlier Perfect bell-shaped: Mean = Median = Mode Skewed Data: Mode > Median > Mean

Chapter 5: Probability
Probability is the relative frequency with which the event occurs - SR VS LR, Cumulative Freq fluctuates in Short Run - P( ) = 1 P(A) - P(A OR B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B), where P(A B) = 0 if disjoint - P(A B) = P(A) x P(B|A) = P(B) x P(A|B) - If independent, P(A B) = P(A) x P(B)

Chapter 8: Statistical Inference(One Population)


Point Estimate: Single value of best guess Interval Estimate: Interval of numbers which parameter believed to fall in Interval = point estimate margin of error Sample size , SE despite high CI CI for Proportions: p= =

Chapter 2: Representation of Data


Midrange = Range = Highest value Lowest value Mid-quartile =

VS =

CI for Means (with VS w/o )


Chapter 6: Probability Distribution (Experiment)


Discrete = E(X) = Binomial = np = - Each trial has only 2 outcomes - Each trial has same probability, p - Trials are independent of each other - No. of successes, X is an integer from [0, n] Binomial close to bell-shape if np & nq 15 - P( ) = nCx.Px.(1-P)n-x = =

, df = n1

Pooled p,

Chapter 3: Descriptive Analysis


1.5IQR below Q1 OR 1.5IQR above Q3: Outliers Relation Causation, as one , the other Response Variable (Dependent Variable, y) VS Explanatory Variable (Independent Variable, x) Population Variance VS Sample Variance: 2

Derive Sample Size:

Incorrect Error P Correct Type P Reject true H Type I True H A 1- Fail to reject H Type II False H B 1-

VS

s2 = , k = s.d.

Chapter 9: Hypothesis
Step 1: H: = VS H:

Chebyshevs Inequality: At least (1 -

Chapter 4: Gathering Data Sample Survey: Simple Random, Cluster, Stratified, Systematic Experiment: Control, Random, Blinding, Large Observational Studies: Sample Survey, Retrospective, Prospective

Chapter 7: Sampling Distributions (Sample)


Mean = p ; standard error = Central Limit Theorem applies when n 30 X ~ N(, 2) Z ~ N(0, 1) Probability When and are given: Find: Use: P(X) Z= P( ) Z=

Step 2: Variable is quantitative/categorical Data obtained randomized? Population distribution approximately normal (SIZE)? Step 3 / 4: Compute test statistic Derive p-value Step 5: Small p, reject H and conclude that Large p, evidence to support H

Avoid Convenience Sampling Statistical Significance Practical Significance

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