Topic: _________Switching , Circuit AND Packet Switching

Submitted By:______ M.Dawood Khan

Class: ______________________________BS ( I.T)4th
R.No: __________________________ 021
Submitted to: _____________ Miss Saima Gul
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What is Network Switching?

A network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together
within one local area network (LAN). Technically, network switches operate at layer two
(Data Link Layer) of the OSI model.

Network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch generally
contains more intelligence (and a slightly higher price tag) than a hub. Unlike hubs,
network switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received, determining
the source and destination device of each packet, and forwarding them appropriately. By
delivering messages only to the connected device intended, a network switch conserves
network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a hub.

As with hubs, Ethernet implementations of network switches are the most common.
Mainstream Ethernet network switches support either 10/100 Mbps Fast Ethernet or
Gigabit Ethernet (10/100/1000) standards.

Different models of network switches support differing numbers of connected devices.

Most consumer-grade network switches provide either four or eight connections for
Ethernet devices. Switches can be connected to each other, a so-called daisy chaining
method to add progressively larger number of devices to a LAN

In a telecommunications network, a switch is a device that channels incoming data from

any of multiple input ports to the specific output port that will take the data toward its
intended destination. In the traditional circuit-switched telephone network, one or more
switches are used to set up a dedicated though temporary connection or circuit for an
exchange between two or more parties. On an Ethernet local area network (LAN), a
switch determines from the physical device (Media Access Control or MAC) address in
each incoming message frame which output port to forward it to and out of. In a wide
area packet-switched network such as the Internet, a switch determines from the IP
address in each packet which output port to use for the next part of its trip to the intended
destination.

In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communications model, a switch performs

the layer 2 or Data-Link layer function. That is, it simply looks at each packet or data unit
and determines from a physical address (the "MAC address") which device a data unit is
intended for and switches it out toward that device. However, in wide area networks such
as the Internet, the destination address requires a look-up in a routing table by a device
known as a router. Some newer switches also perform routing functions (layer 3 or the
Network layer functions in OSI) and are sometimes called IP switches.

On larger networks, the trip from one switch point to another in the network is called a
hop. The time a switch takes to figure out where to forward a data unit is called its
latency. The price paid for having the flexibility that switches provide in a network is this
latency. Switches are found at the backbone and gateway levels of a network where one
network connects with another and at the subnetwork level where data is being forwarded
close to its destination or origin. The former are often known as core switches and the
latter as desktop switches.

In the simplest networks, a switch is not required for messages that are sent and received
within the network. For example, a local area network may be organized in a Token Ring
or bus arrangement in which each possible destination inspects each message and reads
any message with its address.

Different Models Of Switches

STES2908 8 Port Websmart Switch Description:

The STES2908 is an 8-port 10/100Mbps Auto-Negotiation Web-Smart switch.It supports

port mirroring and port bandwidth control. Administrator can monitors the real-time
connectivity status of each port through its Web-based Interface. STES2908 supports Port
VLAN of up to 9 groups and Port Trunking of up to 2 groups, QoS, Static MAC Address
Table, port security, and broadcast storm control. It offers easy-to-use management
Interface and it, fits smalland medium size enterprise, net cafe and smart residential areas
network configurations.
STES2016 16 Port Websmart Switch Description:

The STES2016 is a 16 port 10/100Mbps Auto-Negotiation Web-Smart switch. It supports

port mirroring and port bandwidth control. Administrator can monitors the real-time
connectivity status of each port through its Web-based Interface. STES2016 supports Port
VLAN of up to 16 groups and Port Trunking of up to 2 groups, Quos, Static MAC
Address Table, port security, and broadcast storm control. It offers easy-to-use
management Interface and it, fits small and medium size enterprise, net cafe and smart
residential areas network configurations.

STES2024 24 Port Websmart Switch Description:

The STES2024 is a 24 port 10/100Mbps Auto-Negotiation Web-Smart switch.It supports

port mirroring and
port bandwidth control. Administrator can monitors the real-time connectivity status of
each port through its Web-based Interface. STES2024 supports Port VLAN of up to 24
groups and Port Trunking of up to 2 groups, QoS, Static MAC Address Table, port
security, and broadcast storm control. It offers easy-to-use management Interface and it,
fits smalland medium size enterprise, net cafe and smart residential areas network
configurations.
Packet Switching
The concept of packet switching was first explored by Paul Baran in the early 1960s, and
then independently a few years later by Donald Davies (Abbate, 2000).

Packet switching is a network communications method that groups all transmitted data,
irrespective of content, type, or structure into suitably-sized blocks, called packets. The
network over which packets are transmitted is a shared network which routes each packet
independently from all others and allocates transmission resources as needed. The
principal goals of packet switching are to optimize utilization of available link capacity
and to increase the robustness of communication. When traversing network adapters,
switches and other network nodes, packets are buffered and queued, resulting in variable
delay and throughput, depending on the traffic load in the network.
Network resources are managed by statistical multiplexing or dynamic bandwidth
allocation in which a physical communication channel is effectively divided into an
arbitrary number of logical variable-bit-rate channels or data streams. Each logical stream
consists of a sequence of packets, which normally are forwarded by a network node
asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering. Alternatively, the packets may be
forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing or for differentiated
or guaranteed quality of service, such as pipeline forwarding or time-driven priority
(TDP). Any buffering introduces varying latency and throughput in transmission. In case
of a shared physical medium, the packets may be delivered according to some packet-
mode multiple access schemes.
Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching,
a method which sets up a specific circuit with a limited number dedicated connection of
constant bit rate and constant delay between nodes for exclusive use during the
communication session.

Most data today is sent, using digital signals, over networks that use packet-switching.
Using packet-switching, all network users can share the same paths at the same time and
the particular route a data unit travels can be varied as conditions change. In packet-
switching, a message is divided into packets, which are units of a certain number of
bytes. The network addresses of the sender and of the destination are added to the packet.
Each network point looks at the packet to see where to send it next. Packets in the same
message may travel different routes and may not arrive in the same order that they were
sent. At the destination, the packets in a message are collected and reassembled into the
original message.

Packet switching is essentially connectionless, a packet switching network can be made

connection-oriented by using a higher-level protocol. TCP, for example, makes IP
networks connection-oriented.

Two kinds of Packet Switching

There are two basic types of Packet Switching.
1. Virtual Circuit Packet Switching Networks
An initial setup phase is used to set up a route between the intermediate nodes for all the
packets passed during the session between the two end nodes. In each intermediate node,
an entry is registered in a table to indicate the route for the connection that has been set
up. The packets passed through this route, have short headers, containing only a virtual
circuit identifier (VCI). Each intermediate node passes the packets according to the
information that was stored in its table, in the setup phase and according to the packets
header content.
In this way, packets arrive at the destination in the correct sequence. This approach is
slower than Circuit Switching, since different virtual circuits may compete over the same
resources. As in Circuit Switching, if an intermediate node fails, all virtual circuits that
pass through it are lost.
The most common forms of Virtual Circuit networks are ATM and Frame Relay, which
are commonly used for public data networks (PDN).

2. Datagram Packet Switching Networks

This approach uses a different, more dynamic scheme, to determine the route through the
network links. Each packet is treated as an independent entity, and its header contains full
information about the destination of the packet. The intermediate nodes examine the
header of the packet, and decide the next hop of this packet. In the decision two factors
are taken into account:
The shortest way to pass the packet to its destination - protocols such as RIP/OSPF is
used to determine the shortest path to the destination.
Finding a free node to pass the packet to - in this way, bottle necks are eliminated,
since packets can reach the destination in alternate routes.
Circuit Switching
In this networking method, a connection called a circuit is set up between two devices,
which is used for the whole communication. Information about the nature of the circuit is
maintained by the network. The circuit may either be a fixed one that is always present,
or it may be a circuit that is created on an as-needed basis. Even if many potential paths
through intermediate devices may exist between the two devices communicating, only
one will be used for any given dialog.

Example Of Circuit Switching Through Telephone Network.

Circuit-switching networks are sometimes called connection-oriented
networks.

In a circuit-switched network, before communication can occur between two devices, a

circuit is established between them. This is shown as a thick blue line for the conduit of
data from Device A to Device B, and a matching purple line from B back to A. Once set
up, all communication between these devices takes place over this circuit, even though
there are other possible ways that data could conceivably be passed over the network of
devices between them.

Advantages of Circuit Switching:

* Once the circuit has been set up, communication is fast and
without error.
* It is highly reliable

Disadvantages:

. * Involves a lot of overhead, during channel set up.

* Waists a lot of bandwidth, especial in speech whereby a user
is sometimes listening, and not talking.
* Channel set up may take longer.

To overcome the disadvantages of circuit

switching, packet switching was introduced, and instead of
dedicating a channel to only two parties for the duration of the
call it routes packets individually as they are available. This
mechanism is referred to as being connectionless