Dec-12

JJ205 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

BASIC CONCEPTS ON STATICS

CLO 1. apply the principles of statics and dynamics to solve engineering problems (C3) CLO 3. study the theory of engineering mechanics to solve related engineering problems in group (A3)

INTODUCTION (CLO 1)

BASIC CONCEPTS BUT VITAL TO THE STATICS (CLO 1)

MECHANICS - Body of Knowledge which Deals with the Study and Prediction of the State of Rest or Motion of Particles and Bodies under the action of Forces. STATICS - Statics Deals With the Equilibrium of Bodies, That Is Those That Are Either at Rest or Move With a Constant Velocity.

SPACE The geometric region occupied by bodies whose positions are described by linear and angular measurements relative to a coordinate system. For three-dimensional problems three independent coordinates are needed. For twodimensional problems only two coordinates will be required. MASS Mass is a property of matter by which we can compare the action of one body with that of another. This property manifests itself as a gravitational attraction between two bodies and provides a quantitative measure of the resistance of matter to a change in velocity. FORCE Force is considered as a push or pull exerted by one body on another. This interaction can occur when there is direct contact between the bodies, such as a person pushing on a wall, or it can occur through a distance when the bodies are physically separated.

DYNAMICS - Dynamics Is Concerned With the Accelerated Motion of Bodies

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TIME Time is conceived as a succession of events. Although the principles of statics are time independent, this quantity does play an important role in the study of dynamics. LENGTH Length is needed to locate the position of a point in space and thereby describe the size of a physical system. Once a standard unit of length is defined, one can then quantitatively define distances and geometric properties of a body as multiples of the unit length.

BASIC CONCEPTS BUT VITAL TO THE STATICS (CLO 1)

PARTICLES A particle has a mass, but a size that can be neglected. For example, the size of the earth is insignificant compared to the size of its orbits, and therefore the earth can be modeled as a particle when studying its orbital motion. When a body is idealized as a particle, the principles of mechanics reduces to a rather simplified form since the geometry of the body will not be involved in the analysis of the problem RIGID BODY A rigid body can be considered as a combination of a large number of particles in which all the particles remain at a fixed distance from one another both before and after applying a load.

SCALARS AND VECTORS (CLO 1)

Concentrated force
Represents the effect of a loading which is assumed to act at a point on a body. We can represent a load by a concentrated force, provided the area over which the load is applied is very small compared to the overall size of the body. Example: contact force between a wheel and the ground.

SCALARS A quantity characterized by a positive or negative number is called scalar. For example; mass, volume and length. VECTOR A vector is quantity that has both a magnitude and the direction. For example; weight, force and moment.

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VECTORS (CLO 1)

VECTORS

FREE VECTORS One whose action is not confined to or associated with a unique line in space. For example, if a body moves without rotation, then the movement or displacement of any point in the body maybe taken as a vector, and this vector will be describe equally well the direction and magnitude of the displacement of every point in the body. Hence , we may represent the displacement of such a body by a free vector.

SLIDING VECTORS Is one for which a unique line in space must be maintained along which the quantity acts. When we deal with the external action of a force on a rigid body, the force may be applied at any point along its line of action without changing its effect on the body as a whole and hence may be considered a sliding vector.

VECTORS

NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION (CLO 1)

FIXED VECTORS is one for which a unique point of application is specified, and therefore the vector occupies a particular position in space. The action of a force on a deformable or non rigid body must be specified by a fixed vector at the point of application of the force. In this problem the forces and deformations internal to the body will be dependent on the point of application of the force, as well as its magnitude and line of action.

FIRST LAW A particle originally at rest, or moving in a straight line with constant velocity, will remain in this state provided the particle is not subjected to an unbalanced force. SECOND LAW A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F experiences an acceleration a that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the force. If F is applied to a particle of mass m, this law maybe expressed mathematically as ; F = ma. THIRD LAW The mutual forces of action and reaction between two particles are equal, opposite, and collinear.

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SI SYSTEM AND UNIT (CLO 3)

PREFIXES (CLO 3)

Mechanics deals with four fundamental quantities; length, mass, force, and time.
DIMENSIONAL SYMBOL M L T F SI UNITS UNIT Kilogram Meter second newton SYMBOL kg m s N

QUANTITY MASS LENGTH TIME FORCE

When a numerical quantity is either very large or very small, the units used to define its size maybe modified by using prefix. For example;
Exponential form prefix giga SI symbol G 109

1 000000000

1000
0.001 0.000001 0.000000001

103
10-3 10-6 10-9

kilo
mili micro nano

k
m n

* The unit of force, called a newton (N), is derived from F=ma. 1 newton is equal to a force required to give 1 kg of mass an acceleration of 1 m/s 2. (N = kg. m/s2)

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Example (CLO 3) :

Evaluate each of the following and express with SI units having an appropriate prefix:
a) (50 mN)(6 GN) b) (400 mm)(0.6 MN)2 c) 45 MN3/900 Gg

First, convert each number to base units, perform the indicated operations, then, choose an appropriate prefix.
a)

Note carefully the convention kN2 = (kN)2 = 106 N2

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b)

We can also write:

Exercises: