PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OF MATTER Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space.

There are 2 types of matter: 1) Substance a type of matter that has the same properties throughout the world. There are 2 types of substances: a) An element is made up of 1 type of atom only. It cant be decomposed (broken up). All known elements are listed on periodic table. This is an example of an element. N2 is an element. Li is an element. b) A compound 2 different elements combined chemically can be decomposed chemically. Ex CO2 or H2O. Binary compound specifically 2 capital letters (2 elements) only. 2S3 2) A mixture 2 or more substances combined physically. It can be decomposed physically. There are 2 types of mixtures: a) A homogeneous mixture is uniform (the same) throughout it is evenly distributed. A solution (something in water) can become a homogeneous mixture. Ex NaCl(aq) b) Heterogeneous mixture any mixture not uniform not evenly distributed throughout. Mixtures can be separated by physical means: 1) Filtration anything that dissolves in water will pass through. Solids and liquids. 2) Evaporation sun water goes up evaporates 3) Distillation boiling water. Also could be used to separate a mixture of liquids because have different boiling points. 4) Centrifuge separate by spinning by density. Physical properties can be noticed by physical changes. For example size, color, taste, odor, phase, density physical change includes all phase changes melting, boiling, and condensing. Chemical properties are noticed after a chemical change occurred. Ex- burning, rusting, tarnishing, and forming and breaking bonds. Allotropes are 2 forms of the same element that are different. They have different physical and chemical properties. Ex O2 and O3 oxygen and ozone. Or diamond and coal. They share the same elements, but have different physical and chemical properties. Law of Conservation of Matter matter cant be created or destroyed it can only change forms. Matter = energy There are many different forms of energy: Heat energy also known as thermal energy is measured in calories and joules. 1 calorie = 4.18 joules. Light energy Chemical energy Mechanical energy Q=MCT q= how much calories/joules. M= mass written in grams. C= specific heat capacity calorie = 1, Joules = 4.18. And T = change in temperature. Ex how many joules required to raise 100 grams of water from 25 to 40? X=(100) *(4.18)joules(5)change in temperature 100*4.18*5

There are 2 forms of energy: Potential - stored Kinetic moving energy energy of motion. Temperature = kinetic energy a direct relationship. Temperature measured on thermometer on celsius or kelvin scale. Celsius has 2 fixed points: 0 celsius = water freezes/melts 100 clesius = water boils/condences To convert from Celsius to kelvin, add 273. To convert from kelvin to Celsius, subtract 273. reference table A All elements freezing/melting/boiling/condensing points are on reference table S. Absolute 0 = 0 kelvin ( 273 celsius) its a temperature so cold, no movement exists. Heat flows from a body of higher temperature to a body of lower temperature (from source to sink) Endothermic reaction heat is being is absorbed, substance gets hotter, goes from solid to liquid or a liquid to gas, melting or boiling. Exothermic reaction heat is released, substance gets colder, goes from gas to liquid or liquid to solid. Heating curve chart: cooling curve chart:

By diagonal line temperature goes up/down kinetic goes up and potential energy stays the same. By straight line kinetic (temperature) stays same, and potential goes up/down. Heat of Fusion: the amount of heat needed to freeze or melt (liquid solid) 1 gram of a substance. For water see reference table B. Heat of Vaporization: amount of heat needed to Boil or Condense (liquid gas) 1 gram of substance. For water see reference table B. Gasses have no definite shape and no definite volume. They take the shape and volume of any container in which they are confined. Gas laws: Kinetic theory of gasses explains what scientists used to think was the behavior of a gas particle: a) Gas particles travel in random motion b) There is a transfer of energy between colliding particles c) Gas particles have no volume (not true.)

d) Gas particles have no attraction (not true) Any gas that has these 4 properties is called an ideal gas. NO gasses are ideal, they are all real gasses. He and H (helium and hydrogen) behave like ideal gasses because they are so small. Under conditions of high temperature and low pressure, a gas will spread out and appear to be ideal. (has less volume and less attraction.) Gas laws for temperature, volume, and pressure: Temperature = kelvin (if it is in Celsius, change it to kelvin.) Volume = liters Pressure = atmospheres or kilopascal. reference table A. 1 ATM = 101.3 kPa atm 1 Ex 45.6 kPa = ? atm??? /101.3 = x/45.6 kPa kPa Boyles Law: if increase pressure of gas, you decrease volume indirect relationship. On reference table T combined gas law. Charles Law: if increase temperature of gas, then its an increase in volume direct relationship.

In the combined gas law formula (P1 V1/ T1) temperature MUST be in KELVIN. Avagadros Theory: equal volumes of gas 2 boxes/areas of the exact same size at the same temperature and pressure will have equal number of gas particles. ex 5 liters of O2 will have the same # of particles as 5 liters of any other gas if they are at the same temperature and pressure. Liquids have no definite shape, but they have a definite volume. It takes the shape, but not the volume, of any container. It exerts an upward pressure to become a gas called vapor pressure. At the same time, the atmosphere exerts a downward pressure called atmospheric pressure. (gravity) An increase in temperature is an increase in vapor pressure. When the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure, the liquid will start to boil (boiling point) reference table H shows 4 liquids and vapor pressures at different temperatures. As temperature goes up , vapor pressure goes up , a direct relationship. Liquids will boil when they hit the dotted line. A liquid that boils quickly (propanone) has vapor pressure, and weak forces of attraction. Ethanoic acid a strong liquid. Low vapor pressure.

Solids have definite shape, and definite volume, and geometric pattern and crystal structure. A solid that sublimes goes directly from a solid to a gas. (without becoming a liquid) It has a vapor pressure, and weak forces of attraction. Ex CO2 and iodine.