. N.I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KUMARACOIL B.E.

DEGREE EXAMINATION VII Semester Mechanical Engineering ME432 Power Plant Engineering
S OR! "UES!IONS AN# ANS$ERS %. Na&e t'e (o)r &a*or +ir+)it, in ,tea& -ower -lant. Coal and ash circ it Air and !l e gas circ it "eed #ater and steam circ it Cooling #ater circ it

2. $'at +on,i,t, o( air an. (l)e ga, +ir+)it/ Air and !l e gas circ it consists o! !orced dra ght !an$ air%&re%heater$ 'oiler$ ! rnace$ s &er heater$ economiser$ d st collector$ ind ced dra ght !an and chimne(. 3. $'at +on,i,t, o( (ee. water an. ,tea& (low +ir+)it in ,tea& -ower/ The !eed #ater and steam !lo# circ it consists o! !eed & m&$ economiser 'oiler dr m s &er heater$ t r'ine and condenser. 4. $'at +on,i,t, o( +ooling water +ir+)it an. +oal 0 a,' +ir+)it in ,tea& -ower -lant/ The cooling #ater circ it consists o! a & m&$ condenser and cooling to#er. The coal and ash circ it consists o! coal deli)er($ &re&aration o! coal$ handling o! coal to the 'oiler ! rnace$ ash handling and ash storage. 1. $'at i, t'e &ain -)r-o,e o( t'e re,er2oir/ The main & r&ose o! reser)oir is to store #ater recei)ed !rom catchments areas d ring the rain( seasons and s &&l( the same d ring the dr( season. 3. $'at i, t'e &ain -)r-o,e o( t'e .a&/ The main & r&ose o! the dam is to increase the height o! #ater le)el and also to increase the #or*ing head o! the h(dra lic &o#er &lant. 4. $'5 tra,' ra+6 i, ),e./ The trash rac* is sed to &re)ent the entr( o! de'ris$ #hich might damage the t r'ine r nners and choc* & the no++le o! im& lse t r'ine. 7. $'at i, t'e ),e o( ,)rge tan6/ The s rge tan* is sed to &ro)ide 'etter reg lation o! #ater &ress re in the s(stem. The s rge tan* controls the #ater #hen the load on the t r'ine decreases and s &&lies #ater #hen the load on the t r'ine increases. Th s$ s rge tan* controls the &ress re )ariations res lting !rom the ra&id changes in #ater !lo# in &enstoc* and hence &re)ents #ater hammer.

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8. $'at i, t'e ()n+tion o( Fore 9a5/ "ore 'a( is considered as nat rall( &ro)ided s rge tan*. It is tem&orar( #ater storage #hen the load on the &lant is red ced and &ro)ides #ater !or initial increment on increasing load. %:. E;-lain a9o)t -en,to+6/ The &i&e 'et#een s rge tan* and &rime mo)er is *no#n as &enstoc*. It is designed to #ithstand high &ress re. It is made & o! rein!orced concrete. In )er( cold areas$ the &enstoc* is ' ried to &re)ent ice !ormation and to red ce the e/&ansion 0oints. %%. $'at i, t'e ),e o( ,-ill $a5,/ S&ill#a( is li*e a sa!et( )al)e o! the dam. It discharges ma0or !lood #itho t damaging the dam. It *ee&s the reser)oir le)el 'elo# the ma/im m le)el allo#ed. %2. $rite a9o)t -ri&e &o2er,/ -rime mo)er con)erts the *inetic energ( o! #ater into mechanical energ( to &rod ce electrical energ(. -elton #heel$ t r'ine$ "rancis t r'ine$ 1a&lan t r'ine and -ro&eller t r'ine are &rime mo)ers sed in h(dra lic &o#er &lants. %3. $'at are t'e ),e, o( air (ilter an. ,)-er+'arger, in .ie,el engine -ower -lant/ The & r&ose o! air !ilter is to !ilter the air !rom d st and other s s&ended &articles. The & r&ose o! s &er charger is to increase the &ress re o! the engine to increase &o#er o! the engine. %4. $'at i, t'e ),e o( .ra(t t)9e/ The dra!t t 'e is sed to regain the *inetic energ( o! #ater coming o t o! reaction t r'ine. It ena'les the reaction t r'ine to 'e &laced o)er tailrace le)el. %1. $'at i, t'e ()n+tion<o( +ooling ,5,te& in #ie,el -ower -lant/ The ! nction o! cooling s(stem is to remo)e heat !rom the engine c(linder to *ee& the tem&erat re o! the c(linder in lo# range and e/tend engine li!e. %3. $'at +on,i,t, o( l)9ri+ation ,5,te& in .ie,el engine -ower -lant/ The l 'rication s(stem consists o! oil & m&s$ oil tan*s$ !ilters$ coolers and connecting &i&es. The & r&ose o! the l 'rication is to red ce the !riction o! mo)ing &arts and also &i&es to red ce the #ear and tear o! mo)ing &arts. %4. $'at i, t'e -)r-o,e o( inter+ooler in ga, t)r9ine -ower -lant/ Since the &o#er re2 ired to com&ress the air is less in isothermal &rocess it is re2 ired to maintain the$ tem&erat re o! air constant as !ar as &ossi'le. 3ence the air lea)ing the 4.-. com&ressor is cooled '( intercooler and then &assed to the 3.- com&ressor. %7. Na&e two +o&9ine. -ower +5+le,/ Com'ined c(cle o! gas t r'ine and steam &o#er &lant.

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Com'ined c(cle o! gas t r'ine and diesel &o#er &lant. %8. #e(ine t)r9o +'arging in +o&9ine. ga, t)r9ine an. .ie,el +5+le,/ In the com'ined c(cle$ the e/ha st gas !rom the diesel engine is e/&anded in the t r'ine$ #hich is co &led #ith com&ressor #hich s &&lies &ress ri+ed air to the diesel engine. This increases diesel engine o t& t. This arrangement is *no#n as t r'o charging. 2:. $'at i, t'e &ain -)r-o,e o( 'ig'<-re,,)re 9oiler,/ The high%&ress re 'oilers are sed to increase the e!!icienc( o! the &lant and to red ce the cost o! electricit( &rod ction. 2%. State i&-ortant a.2antage, o( 'ig'<-re,,)re 9oiler,/ The amo nt o! scale !ormation is less$ since the )elocit( o! #ater thro gh &i&es are more. All &arts o! the s(stem are heated ni!orml($ so there is no danger o! o)erheating.

22. Na&e i&-ortant 'ig' -re,,)re 9oiler,/ 4a Mont 'oiler Benson 'oiler 4oe!!ler 'oiler Velo/ 'oiler.

23. $rite a9o)t La Mont 9oiler/ $'at i, t'e &a*or .i,a.2antage o( La Mont 9oiler/ 4a Mont 'oiler is a !orced circ lation high &ress re #ater t 'e 'oiler. The ma0or disad)antage is the !ormation o! ' ''les$ salt and sediment on the inner s r!aces o! the heating s r!aces. This red ces the heat !lo# and steam generation.

24. $rite a9o)t =en,on 9oiler/ State ,o&e i&-ortant a.2antage, o( =en,on 9oiler/
Benson 'oiler is the high &ress re$ )ertical !ire t 'e 'oiler. This 'oiler has no dr m and is 6designed to o&erate at critical &ress re o! 557 'ar. Benson 'oiler has no dr m. So the total #eight o! the Benson 'oiler is red ced '(%589$ #hen com&ared to other 'oilers. o The erection o! Benson 'oiler is easier and 2 ic*er. 21. $rite a9o)t Loe((ler 9oiler/ The ma0or disad)antage in 4a Mont 'oiler is the de&osition o! salt and sediment on the inner s r!ace o! the #ater t 'es. It red ces the heat trans!er and ltimatel( the steam generating ca&acit(. In 4oe!!ler 'oiler$ this &ro'lem is sol)ed '( &re)enting #ater !rom !lo#ing thro gh the 'oiler t 'es. The steam is generated o tside the t 'es. 23. E;-lain Re'eat +5+le/ I! the dr(ness !raction o! steam lea)ing the t r'ine is less than 8.::$ then$ corrosion and erosion o! t r'ine 'lades occ r. To a)oid this sit ation$ reheat is sed.

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In the reheat c(cle$ the e/&ansion o! steam ta*es &lace in one <or= more%t r'ines. Steam is e/&anded in the 3- t r'ine !irst$ and then it is reheated. The reheated steam is again e/&anded in. the 4- t r'ine. 24. $'at are t'e i&-ortant a.2antage, o( Re<'eating/ D e to reheating$ net#or* done increases 3eat s &&l( increases Thermal e!!icienc( increases D e to reheating$ the t r'ine e/it dr(ness !raction increases so moist re decreases % so 'lade erosion 'ecomes minim m % so li!e o! the t r'ine #ill 'e increased.

27. Na&e .i((erent &et'o., o( re'eating/ <a= Gas Reheating <'= 4i)e % steam reheating <c= Com'ined gas li)e steam reheater. 28. #e(ine 9lee.ing in ,tea& -ower -lant/ Ass me I *g o! steam is e/&anded in the t r'ine. Be!ore com&lete amo nt o! steam %is e/&anded$ some amo nt o! steam <m *g= is %e/tracted > E/tracting the steam in the t r'ine 'e!ore e/ha st is called 'leeding. This 'led steam is sed to heat the !eed #ater. 3:. E;-lain t'e ter& Regeneration/ Regeneration means heating the !eed #ater '( steam ta*en !rom the t r'ine. The steam is e/ha sted <'led= !rom the t r'ine at se)eral locations 'e!ore e/ha st and is s &&lied to regenerator <!eed #ater heater= to heat the !eed #ater. 3%. State ,o&e a.2antage, o( Regeneration +5+le/ 3eat s &&lied to 'oiler 'ecomes red ced Thermal e!!icienc( is increased since the a)erage tem&erat re o! heat addition to the c(cle is increased. D e to 'leeding in the t r'ine$ erosion o! t r'ine d e to moist re is red ced.

32. Na&e .i((erent &et'o., ),e. to e;tra+t ,tea& (or 'eating t'e (ee. water/ Direct contact heater Drain & m& method All drains to hot #ell Cascade s(stem

33. #e(ine t'e ter& wa,te 'eat re+o2er5/ ?aste heat is the heat #hich is not at all sed and e/ha sted o t as a #aste &rod ct. ?aste heat is normall( a)aila'le !rom the ind str( in the !orm o! &rocess steam and #ater at high tem&erat re. Also$ the #aste heat is discharged #ith the e/ha st gases in so man( ind stries. This heat can 'e reco)ered !or se! l & r&ose. This &rocess is *no#n%as #aste heat reco)er(. 34. $'at are t'e wa,te &aterial,, w'i+' +an 9e ),e. (or ()el (or -ower generation/

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M nici&al #aste Ind strial #aste -a&er #aste R ''er #aste. 31 $rite a9o)t wa,te 'eat 9oiler,/ The #aste heat 'oilers se the #aste heat in gases coming o t o! diesel engines and gas t r'ines at high tem&erat re <or= se the #aste as a ! el in the incineration. Some 'oilers se the ind strial dirt( gases !or &o#er generation. 33. $rite a9o)t (l)i.i,e. 9e. 9oiler,/ ?hen the high )elocit( gas is &assed thro gh a &ac*ed 'ed o! !inel( di)ided solid &articles$ the &articles 'ecome s s&ended in the gas stream and the &ac*ed 'ed 'ecomes a !l idised 'ed. ?hen the gas )elocit( is )er( high$ the !l idised 'ed 'ecome t r' lent and ra&id mi/ing o! &articles occ rs. Altimatel($ the$ 'eha)io r o! mi/t re solid &articles and %gas 'ecome a !l id. B rning o! a ! el in s ch a state is *no#n as "l idised Bed Com' stion. The 'oiler &lant sing this !l idised 'ed com' stion is *no#n as !l idised 'ed 'oilers. 34. State ,o&e a.2antage, o( (l)i.i,e. 9e. 9oiler,/ An( t(&e o! ! el % solid$ li2 id <or= gaseo s ! el <or= domestic and ind strial #aste can 'e sed in "BC s(stem. An( t(&e% o! com' sti'le matter can 'e ' rned '( ad0 sting the !actors as si+e$ air )elocit( and rate o! !eed. 3igh heat trans!er rate is &ossi'le to the s r!aces immersed in the 'ed$ 'eca se solid mi/ing is e/tremel( &ossi'le. 3igh com' stion e!!icienc(. The solid ! el need not 'e & l)erised in !l idised 'ed 'oilers.

37. Na&e t'e two t5-e, o( +oal 'an.ling/ O t &lant handling In%&lant handling.

38. $rite a9o)t o)t<-lant 'an.ling/ O t &lant handling incl des the handling o! coalmine to the thermal &o#er &lant. These handlings are o tside the &lant in the !ollo#ing #a(s. Trans&ortation '( sea <or= ri)er Trans&ortation '( rail Trans&ortation '( road Trans&ortation o! coal '( &i&eline. 4:. $rite a9o)t in-lant 'an.ling o(<+oal/ In order to handle large 2 antit( o! coal inside the &lant$ some mechanical handling s(stems are &ro)ided !Br smooth$ eas( and 'etter controlled o&eration. The in&lant coal handling is di)ided$ into !ollo#ing categories. Coal nloading Coal &re&aration Coal trans!er Coal storage

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4%. $'5 t'e -re-aration o( +oal i, ne+e,,ar5/ The coal !rom coal nines cannot 'e directl( !ed into the ! rnace. -ro&er &re&aration o! coal sho ld 'e done 'e!ore !eeding the coal to the ! rnace. In the coal &re&aration$ the coal &asses thro gh the di!!erent e2 i&ments li*e .. Cr shers 5. Si+ers ;. Driers and Magnetic Se&arators. 42. Na&e t'e .i((erent t5-e, o( +oal tran,(or&ing e>)i-&ent,/ .. Belt con)e(ors 5. Scre# con)e(ors ;. B c*et ele)ators @. Gra' ' c*et ele)ators 7. S*i& hoists B. "light con)e(ors. The coal trans!er starts '( carr(ing o! coal !rom% nloading &oint to the storage site. 43. $'at i, t'e ),e o( 9elt +on2e5or,/ Belt con)e(ors are mostl( sed !or trans&orting coal o)er long distance #ith large 2 antit(. An endless 'elt is made to r n o)er a &air o! end dr ms and & lle(s and s &&orted '( series o! roller at reg lar inter)als. 44. $rite a9o)t ,+rew +on2e5or an. 9)+6et +on2e5or,/ In scre# con)e(or$ an endless helicoid scre# is !itted to the Cha!t. On one end o! the sha!t$ the dri)ing mechanism is !itted and the other end o! the sha!t is s &&orted on a 'all 'earing. ?hile the scre# is rotating$ the coal is trans!erredD !rom one end to the other end. B c*et con)e(ors are sed as )ertical li!ts. The coal is loaded at the 'ottom and nloaded at the to& in the ' c*et con)e(ors. 41. #e(ine .ra)g't, w'at i, t'e ),e o( .ra)g't in t'er&al -ower -lant,/ Dra ght is de!ined as a small &ress re di!!erence re2 ired 'et#een the ! el 'ed <! rnace= and o tside air to maintain constant !lo# o! air and to discharge the gases thro gh chimne( to the atmos&here. Dra ght can 'e o'tained '( chimne($ !an$ steam 0et <or= %air 0et <or= com'ination o! these. The ses are To s &&l( re2 ired 2 antit( o! air to the ! rnace !or com' stion o! ! el. To dra# the com' stion &rod cts thro gh the s(stem. To remo)e ' rnt &rod cts !rom the s(stem 43. $rite a9o)t +la,,i(i+ation o( .ra)g't/ Dra ght is classi!ied as .. Nat ral dra ght 5. Arti!icial dra ght The arti!icial dra ght is ! rther classi!ied as <a= Steam 0et dra ght <'= Mechanical dra ght <c= Ind ced dra ght <d= "orced dra ght 44. #e(ine t'e ter& Nat)ral .ra)g't an. w'at are t'e a.2antage, o( nat)ral .ra)g't ,5,te&/

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The tall chimne( creates the nat ral dra ght '( the tem&erat re di!!erence 'et#een hot gases in the chimne( and cold atmos&heric air o tside the chimne(. The ad)antages are No e/ternal &o#er is re2 ired Air &oll tion is less since gases are discharged at high le)el. No maintenance cost Ca&ital cost is less than arti!icial dra ght. 47. $rite a9o)t arti(i+ial .ra)g't/ In modem &o#er &lants$ the dra ght sho ld 'e !le/i'le to meet the !l ct ating loads and it sho ld 'e inde&endent o! atmos&heric conditions. To achie)e this$ the aid o! dra!t !ans 'ecomes m st and '( em&lo(ing the dra!t !ans$ the height o! the chimne( #o ld 'e red ced. 48. $rite a9o)t (or+e. .ra)g't ,5,te&/ In this s(stem$ the 'lo#er <!orced dra!t !an= is located at the 'ase o! the 'oiler near the grate. Air is !orced to the ! rnace '( !orced !an and the !l e gases are !orced to chimne( thro gh economiser and air &reheater. 1:. $'at are t'e a.2antage, o( (or+e. .ra)g't ,5,te& 1%. Since the !an handles cold air$ the !an si+e and the &o#er re2 ired are less. No need o! #ater cooled 'earings 'eca se the air 'eing handled is cold air$ -ress re thro gho t the s(stem is a'o)e atmos&heric &ress re so the air lea*age into the ! rnace is red ced. ow t'e in.)+e. .ra)g't i, wor6ing/

In an ind ced dra ght s(stem$ a 'lo#er <ind ced dra!t !an= is &laced near <or= at the 'ase o! the chimne(. The !an s c*s the !l e gas !rom the ! rnace creating a &artial )ac m inside the ! rnace. Th s atmos&heric air is ind ced to !lo# thro gh the ! rnace to aid the com' stion o! ! el. The !l e gases dra#n '( the !an &asses thro gh chimne($ to the atmos&here. 12. $'5 t'e 9alan+e. .ra)g't ,5,te& i, -re(erre. t'an ot'er ,5,te&/ In the ind ced dra ght s(stem$ #hen the ! rnace is o&ened !or !iring$ the cold air enters the ! rnace and dilate the com' stion. In the !orced dra ght s(stem$ #hen the ! rnace is o&ened !or !iring$ the high &ress re air #ill tr( to 'lo# o t s ddenl( and ! rnace ma( sto&. 3ence the ! rnace cannot 'e o&ened !or !iring <2= ins&ection in 'oth$ s(stems. Balanced dra ght$ #hich is a com'ination o! ind ced and !orced dra ght$ is sed to o)ercome the a'o)e stated di!!ic lties. 13. $'at i, t'e .i((eren+e 9etween ,to+6er (iring an. -)l2eri,e. ()el (iring/ The stoc*er !iring method is sed !or !iring solid coal #here as & l)erised !iring method is sed !or !iring & l)erised coal. 14. $'at are<t'e .i((erent t5-e, o( ,to+6er,/ .. O)er !eed stoc*ers Tra)elling grate stoc*ers S&read stoc*ers 5. Ander !eed stoc*ers Single retort stoc*er M lti retort stoc*er
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11. $'at i, t'e ),e o( -)l2eri,er an. na&e .i((erent t5-e, o( -)l2eri,ing &ill,/ The & l)eriser is sed to & l)erise the coal in order to increase the s r!ace e/&os re. - l)erised coal ena'les ra&id com' stion. The di!!erent t(&es o! & l)erising mills are .. Ball mill 5. 3ammer mill ;. Ball and race mill. 13. Na&e t'e two &et'o., o( -)l2eri,e. ()el (iring ,5,te&/ .. Anit <or= direct s(stem 5. Bin <or= central s(stem. 14. $'at are a.2antage, o( )nit ?or@ .ire+t ,5,te& o( -)l2eri,e. ()el (iring/ .. The la(o t is sim&le and economical 5. It gi)es direct control o! com' stion ;. Coal trans&ortation s(stem is sim&le @. Maintenance cost is less 17. ow t'e a,' 'an.ling ,5,te& i, +la,,i(ie./ .. Mechanical handling s(stem 5. 3(dra lic s(stem ;. -ne matic s(stem @. Steam 0et s(stem 18. $'5 a,' 'an.ling ,5,te& i,A nee.e./ To remo)e the ashes !rom the ! rnace ash ho&&er To trans&ort the ashes !rom ! rnace ash % ho&&er to a storage To dis&ose the ashes !rom the storage

3:. Na&e .i((erent t5-e, o( .),t +olle+tor,/ .. Mechanical D st collector Gra)itational se&arators Bag ho se d st collector There are three t(&es o! 'ag ho se d st collector O&en &ress re t(&e Closed &ress re t(&e Closed s ction t(&e 5. C(clone. Se&arators ;. Elector Static -reci&itator <ES-= 3%. $'at i, t'e &ain -)r-o,e o( +'i&ne5/ The main & r&ose o! chimne( is to emit the !l e gases at a considera'le height to a)oid n isance to the s rro nding &eo&le. 32. $'at are t'e .i((erent t5-e, o( loa. a+t on t'e +'i&ne5/ There are t#o t(&es o! loads acting on the chimne( namel(.

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Its o#n #eight #hich is considered to as a single )ertical !orce acting thro gh the centroid$ and The ?ind &ress re$ #hich is considered as the hori+ontal !orce acting on the centroid o! )ertical &ro0ected area.

33. Na&e .i((erent t5-e, o( +'i&ne5/ .. Steel chimne( 5. Site constr cted chimne( ;. -lastic chimne( 34. #e(ine (or+e. .ra(t an. in.)+e. .ra(t +ooling tower,

I! the !an is located at the 'ottom o! the to#er and air is 'lo#n '( the !an & thro gh the descending #ater it is called as !orced dra!t cooling to#ers I! the !an is located at the to& o! the to#er and air enters thro gh the lo )ers located on the to#erFs side and dra#n & and discharge thro gh the !an casing$ it is called as ind ced dra!t. 31. $'at are t'e a.2antage, o( in.)+e. .ra(t +ooling tower o2er (or+e. .ra(t +ooling tower/ i. The o tlet #ater comes in contact #ith the driest air and #armest #ater comes in contact #ith most h mid air. ii. The re%circ lation is seldom a &ro'lem. iii. The !irst cost is lo# d e to the red ction in & m& &o#er cons m&tion. 33. $'at are t'e a.2antage, o( '5-er9oli+ nat)ral<.ra(t +ooling tower,/ Since no !ans are sed &o#er cost and a /iliar( e2 i&ments cost is red ced. 3(&er'olic to#er chimne( creates its o#n dra!t e)en #hen there is no #ind Gro nd !ogging and #arm air re%circ lation are a)oided in h(&er'olic to#ers The str ct re is more or less sel!%s &&orted.

34. $'at are t'e (a+tor, t'at a((e+t t'e rate o( e2a-oration o( water in +ooling tower,/ Amo nt o! #ater s r!ace area e/&osed The time o! e/&os re The relati)e )elocit( o! air &assing o)er the dro&lets The R3 o! air The direction o! air!lo# relati)e to #ater.

37. $'at i, t'e wor6ing -rin+i-le o( Cooling !ower,/ The hot #ater is s&ra(ed !rom the to& o! the to#er$ #hile the air is made to !lo# !rom the 'ottom o! the to#er to the to&. This air cools the hot #ater in the cooling to#er. Air )a&orises a small &ercentage o! #ater$ there '( cooling the remaining #ater. The air a'sor's the heat and lea)es at the to& o! the to#er and cooled #ater lea)es at the 'ottom and recirc lated to the condenser.

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38. Na&e .i((erent t5-e, o( +ooling tower,/ The cooling to#ers are classi!ied as !ollo#s. <a= According to the constr ction o! material .. Tim'er % !or small to#er 5. "erro concrete % !or large ca&acit( stations. ;. M lti dec* concrete to#ers % !or large steam stations @. Metallic <'= According to the nat re o! air dra ght% .. Atmos&heric <or= Nat ral dra ght cooling s(stem 5. Mechanical dra ght cooling to#er. 4:. ow t'e at&o,-'eri+ ?or@ nat)ral .ra)g't +ooling tower,< are +la,,i(ie./

In atmos&heric <or= nat ral cooling to#ers$ the nat ral air &ro)ides the re2 ired cooling #itho t the se o! !ans. This is classi!ied into three t(&es. .. Nat ral dra!t s&ra( !illed to#ers 5. Nat ral dra!t &ac*ed t(&e to#ers.> ;. 3(&er'olic cooling to#ers 4%. ow &e+'ani+al .ra(t +ooling tower, are +la,,i(ie./ Mechanical dra!t cooling to#er is classi!ied into three t(&es .. "orced dra!t to#er. 5. Ind ced dra!t co nter !lo# to#er ;. Ind ced dra!t cross !lo# to#er. 42. ow t'e .r5 t5-e +ooling tower, are +la,,i(ie./ The dr( t(&e cooling to#ers are classi!ied into t#o t(&es >as !ollo#s. .. Indirect dr( t(&e <or= 3eller cooling s(stem 5. Direct dr( t(&e%cooling s(stem 43. $'at are t'e &et'o., to re.)+e t'e e((e+t, o( -arti+)late,/ The e!!ects o! &artic lates can 'e red ced '( the !ollo#ing methods. Coal cleaning Asing im&ro)ed electrostatic &reci&itator design Controlling the d st #ithin allo#a'le limit. This can 'e done '( increasing the height o! chimne( there'( red cing the concentration 44. $'at are t'e e>)i-&ent, ),e. (or a,' +olle+tion/ Electrostatic &reci&itator "l( ash scr ''ers Cinder catcher C(clone d st collector

41. $'at i, &eant 95 A#e,)l-')ri,ationA an. na&e t'e &et'o., a.o-te. (or .e,)l-')ri,ation/

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Des l&h risation o! ! el is the &rocess o! red cing the s l&h r content in the ! el. The !ollo#ing methods are ado&ted !or des l&h risation. .. Chemical treatment 5. "orth !lotation ;. Magnetic se&aration 43. $'at are t'e &et'o., a.o-te. to re&o2eA S:2 (l)e ga,e,/ .. ?et scr ''ing 5. Solid a'sor'ent ;. Catal(tic o/idation 44. $rite a9o)t C:2 re+or.er,/ In thermal &o#er &lants$ it is necessar( to *ee& the concentration O! C85 as lo# is necessar( as &ossi'le. To achie)e this$ a constant recording o! concentration O! C85 These recorders are 'ased on the three di!!erent &rinci&les$ as gi)en 'elo#. .. Thermal cond cti)it( cell 5. Chemical a'sor&tion cell ;. Densit( 'alance C5. ?hat is the% necessit( o! A tomatic controls !or !eed #aterG The electrical load on &o#er &lant )aries in an irreg lar manner. The a tomatic control &ro)ided at a steam &o#er &lant s ccess! ll( meets o)er the )aria'le load. The a tomatic control !or !eed #ater is necessar( sine the s &&l( o! !eed #ater de&ends &on &lant load. 47. Na&e ,o&e o( t'e a)to&ati+ +ontrolling &et'o., (or (ee. water/ .. Single element &ilot o&erated s(stem 5. Single element sel! o&erated s(stem ;. T#o element &ilot o&erated s(stem @. Three element &ilot o&erated s(stem 48. $'at i, t'e -)r-o,e o( a)to&ati+, +o&9),tion +3%ritrol/ The main & r&ose o! %a tomatic com' stion> control s(stem is to maintain load against demand$ to &re)ent smo*e$ to increase 'oiler ho se e!!icienc($ to carr( o t ro tine ad0 stments and to &ro)ide interloc*ing sa!e g ards. 7:. $'at are t'e a--lian+e, 6nown a, 9oiler a++e,,orie,/ The a&&liances sed to increase the e!!icienc( o! the 'oiler are *no#n as 'oiler accessories. The im&ortant 'oiler accessories are .. Economiser 5. S &erheater ;. Air &reheater @. "eed & m& 7. In0ector 7%. $'at are t'e &et'o., a.o-te. to re&o2e SO 2 (ro& .)e ga,e,/ .. ?et scr ''ing 5. Solid a'sor'ent ;. Catal(tic o/idation 72. $rite a9o)t C:2 re+or.er,/ In thermal &o#er &lants$ it is necessar($ to *ee& the concentration o! C85 as lo# as &ossi'le. To achie)e this > a constant recording o! concentration o! C85 is necessar(.
Com&iled '( Dr. S. ,ose&h Se*har M.E$ -h.D$ A-ME$ NI College o! Engineering

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These recorders are 'ased on the three di!!erent &rinci&les$ as gi)en 'elo#. .. Thermal cond cti)it( cell 5. Chemical a'sor&tion cell ;. Densit(% 'alance 73. $'at i, t'e ne+e,,it5 o( A)to&ati+ +ontrol, (or (ee. water/ The electrical load on &o#er &lant )aries irreg lar manner. The a tomatic man control &ro)ided at a steam &o#er &lant s ccess! ll( meets o)er the )aria'le load. The a tomatic control !or !eed #ater is necessar( sine the s &&l( o! !eed#ater de&ends &on &lant load. 74. Na&e ,o&e o( t'e a)to&ati+ +ontrolling &et'o., (or (ee. water/ A single element &ilot o&erated s(stem Single element sel! o&erated s(stem T#o element &ilot o&erated s(stem Three element &ilot o&erated s(stem

71. $'at i, t'e -)r-o,e o( a)to&ati+ +o&9),tion +ontrol/ The main & r&ose a tomatic com' stion control s(stem is to maintain load ad0 st demand$ to &re)ent smo*e$ to increase 'oiler ho se e!!icienc($ to carr( o t ro tine ad0 stments and to &ro)ide interloc*ing sa!e g ards. 73 $'at i, t'e ),e o( air -re'eater/ Air &re heater is sed to trans!er heat !rom the !l e gases to the air 'e!ore it &asses into the ! rnace !or com' stion. It is &laced 'et#een the economi+er and chimne(. The o)erall e!!icienc( o! the &lant ma( 'e increased '( .8 &er cent '( the se o! air &reheater. 74. $rite a9o)t 9oiler &o)nting,/ The de)ices sed !or the e!!icient o&eration$ &ro&er maintenance$ and sa!e o&eration 'oiler mo ntings. The di!!erent 'oiler mo ntings are .. ?ater ga ge <or= #ater le)el indicator 5. -ress re ga ge <or= steam ga ge ;. Sa!et( )al)es @. " si'le &l g 7. Sto& )al)e B. Blo# o!! coc* E. "eed chec* )al)e. 77. $'at i, &eant 95 9oiler trial/ Steam is generated in 'oilers nder certain conditions o! !eed #ater and e/ists as steam #hile a certain amo nt o! ! el is ' rnt. To st d( the &er!ormance o! 'oiler$ some e/&eriments are cond cted '( o&erating$ the 'oiler !or a certain length o! time and recording the data. This &roced re is *no#n as 'oiler trial. 78. State t'e o9*e+ti2e o( 9oiler trial/ ..To determine the thermal e!!icienc( o! the 'oiler #hen #or*ing at a de!inite &ress re. 5.To dra# & heat 'alance sheet !or the 'oiler to chec* the &er!ormance o! the 'oiler.

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8:. #e(ine .e&an. (a+tor/ Demand !actor is de!ined as the ratio o! ma/im m demand to connected load. Connected load is the s m o! ratings in *? o! e2 i&ment installed in the cons mer>s &remises. Ma/im m demand is the ma/im m load$ #hich a cons mer ses at an( time.

8%. #e(ine loa. +)r2e/ 4oad c r)e is a gra&hical re&resentation 'et#een load in *? and time in ho rs. It. sho#s )ariatiBn o! load at the &o#er station. The area nder the load c r)e %re&resents the energ( generated in a &artic lar &eriod. 82. #e(ine loa. (a+tor/ 4oad !actor is de!ined as the ratio o! a)erage load to the &ea* load <or= ma/im m demand. 83. $'at in+l).e, (i;e. +o,t/ "i/ed cost incl des the !ollo#ing cost. .. Cost o! land 5. Cost o! ' ilding ;. Cost o! e2 i&ment @. Cost o! installatiBn 7. Interest B. De&reciation cost E. Ins rance :. Management cost 84. $'at in+l).e, o-erating +o,t/ O&erating cost incl des the !ollo#ing cost. .. Cost o! ! el 5. Cost o! o&erating la'o r$ ;. Cost o! maintenance la'o rs and materials. @. Cost o! s &&lier li*e ?ater !or !eeding 'oilers$ !or condenser and !or general se. 4 'rication oil and$ grease. ?ater treatment chemicals. 81. $'at i, t'e nee. o( .e-re+iation +o,t/ De&reciation cost is the amo nt to 'e set aside &er (ear !rom the income o! the &lant to meet the de&reciation ca sed '( the age o! ser)ice$ #ear and tear o! the machiner( and e2 i&ments. De&reciation amo nt collected e)er( (ear hel&s in re&lacing and re&airing the e2 i&ment. 83. $rite a9o)t ato&i+ n)&9er/ The n cle s contains &rotons and ne trons. The n m'er o! &rotons in a gi)en atom is an atomic n m'er <H=. The atomic n m'er !or 3 is . and 3e %is 5. 84. $rite a9o)t i,oto-e, o( an ele&ent/ Some elements ha)e the same n m'er o! &rotons in the n cle s ' t di!!erent n m'er% o! ne trons. As a res lt$ these elements ha)e the same atomic n m'er ' t di!!erent mass n m'er. S ch t(&e o! elements #hich > ha)e the same atomic n m'er I same n m'er o! &rotons % the %same chemical &ro&erties ' t di!!erent mass n m'ers d e to di!!erent n m'er o! ne trons$ are *no#n as I the isoto&es o! an element.

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87. $'at are t'e re>)ire&ent, to ,),tain (i,,ion -ro+e,,/ The 'om'arded ne trons m st ha)e s !!icient energ( to ca se !ission The n m'er o! ne trons &rod ced m st 'e a'le to create the rate o! !ission The !ission &rocess m st generate energ( The !ission &rocess m st 'e controlled

88. #e(ine &)lti-li+ation (a+tor o( a (i,,ion -ro+e,,. n m'er o! ne trons o! an( one generation *J n m'er o! ne trons o! immediatel( &receding generation. %::. #e(ine (ertile &aterial, an. 9ree.ing in rea+tor, There are materials li*e A5;7 and Th5;5 #hich are not !issile ' t can 'e con)erted into !issile materials '( the 'om'ardment o! ne trons. S ch materials are *no#n as !ertile materials. The &rocess o! con)erting more !ertile material into !issile material in a reaction is *no#n as 'reeding. %:%. $'at are t'e .e,ira9le -ro-ertie, o( a goo. &o.erator/ It m st 'e as light as &ossi'leIt m st slo#do#n the ne tron as 2 ic* as &ossi'le It m st ha)e resistance to corrosion It m st ha)e good machina'ilit( It m st ha)e good cond cti)it( and high melting &oint %:2. $'at are t'e .e,ira9le -ro-ertie, o( a +oolant/ It sho ld not a'sor' ne tron 3a)e high chemical and radiation sta'ilit( Non%corrosi)e 3a)e high 'oiling &oint Non%to/ic %:3. Na&e (ew t5-e, o( rea+tor,. "ast reactors$ Thermal reactors$ nat ral ! el reactors$ Enriched Arani m reactors$ #ater moderated reactors$ hea)( #ater moderated reactor$ gra&hite moderated reactor$ gas cooled reactors and Sodi m cooled reactors. %:4. $'at are t'e a.2antage, ),ing CO2 a, +oolant/ Gases do not react chemicall( #ith the str ct ral materials Gas can attain an( tem&erat re !or a &artic lar &ress re The( do not a'sor' ne tron The lea*age o! gas #ill not a!!ect the reacti)it( The gas coolant &ro)ides 'est ne tron econom( %:1. $'at are t'e a.2antage, o( 9ree.er rea+tor,/ It gi)es high &o#er densit( than an( other reactor 3igh 'reeding is &ossi'le 3igh ' rn% & o! ! el is achie)a'le

Com&iled '( Dr. S. ,ose&h Se*har M.E$ -h.D$ A-ME$ NI College o! Engineering

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The o&eration o! the reactor is not limited '( Xe &oisoning

%:3. $'at are t'e .e&erit, o( 9ree.er rea+tor/ 3ighl( enriched ! el is re2 ired Control is di!!ic lt and e/&ensi)e Sa!et( m st 'e &ro)ided against melt do#n 3andling o! sodi m is a ma0or &ro'lem %:4. $'at are t'e a.2antage, o( So.i)& in (a,t<9ree.er rea+tor,/ Sodi m has )er( lo# a'sor&tion cross%sectional area It &osses good heat trans!er &ro&erties at high tem&erat re and lo# &ress re It does not react #ith an( o! the str ct ral materials sed in &rimar( circ its %:7. Na&e t'e .i((erent t5-e, o( M # generator, O&en c(cle M3D Closed c(cle M3D Closed c(cle M3D #ith li2 id metal %:8. $'at i, t'e wor6ing -rin+i-le o( &agneto '5.ro.5na&i+ -ower -lant/ The #or*ing &rinci&le o! M3D is as li*e that o! d(namo. Instead o! solid cond ctor high tem&erat re &lasma is &assed thro gh the magnetic !ield at sonic s&eed. ?hen the gas is &assed thro gh magnetic !ield$ c rrent is ind ced. Electrodes collect this ind ced c rrent. %%:. $'at i, t'e -)r-o,e o( +ontrol ro.,/ The control rods are sed to start the chain reaction$ maintain the chain reaction at re2 ired le)el and to sh t do#n the reactor d ring emergenc(. %%%. $'at are t'e .i((erent t5-e, o( loa. a+ting on t'e +'i&ne5/ Its o#n #eight #hich is considered to act on a single )ertical !orce acting thro gh the centroid The #ind &ress re$ #hich is considered to act on the hori+ontal !orce acting on the centroid o! )ertical &ro0ected area.
%%2. $'at i, &eant 95 N)+lear (i,,ion/ Arani m e/ists in di!!erent isoto&es o! A5;:$ t-;@ and A5;7. O t o! these$ E-;7 is most nsta'le. ?hen nsta'le hea)( n cle s is 'om'arded #ith high%energ( ne trons$ it s&lits & ro ghl( into t#o e2 al !ragments and a'o t 5.7 ne trons are released and a large amo nt o! energ( is &rod ced. This &rocess is called n clear !ission. %%3. Na&e t'e .i((erent +o&-onent, o( n)+lear rea+tor/ .. N clear ! el 5. Moderator ;. Control rods @. Re!lectors 7. Reactor )essel B. Biological shielding E. Coolant %%4. State ,o&e a.2antage, o( Pre,,)riBe. $ater rea+tor/ The &ress ri+ed #ater reactor is com&act In this t(&e$ #ater is sed as coolant$ moderator and re!lector #ater is a)aila'le in &lent(= It re2 ires less n m'er o! control rods. %%1. $'at are t'e a.2antage, o( ga, +oole. rea+tor n)+lear -ower -lant/

chea&

and

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.. " el &rocessing is sim&le 5. The se o! C85 as coolant com&letel( eliminates the &ossi'ilit( o! e/&losion in reactor. ;. No corrosion &ro'lem %%3. $'at i, 9ree.ing in n)+lear rea+tor/ The &rocess o! &rod cing !issiona'le material !rom a !ertile material s ch as rani m 5;: <A5;:= and thori m 5;5 <Th 5;5 = '( ne tron a'sor&tion is *no#n as 'reeding. %%4. Na&e t'e +oolant, +o&&onl5 ),e. (or (a,t 9ree.er rea+tor,/ 4i2 id metal <Na <or= Na 1= 3eli m <3e= Car'on dio/ide.

Com&iled '( Dr. S. ,ose&h Se*har M.E$ -h.D$ A-ME$ NI College o! Engineering