ISA101andHMIWorkshop

BridgetA.Fitzpatrick WoodGroupMustang

MESAKNOWS

SUSTAINABILITY&ECOEFFICIENCY LEAN METRICS&PERFORMANCEMANAGEMENT INFORMATIONINTEGRATION SAFETY ASSETPERFORMANCEMANAGEMENT B2MML QUALITY&COMPLIANCE PRODUCTLIFECYCLEMANAGEMENT AUTOMATION

Doyouknow MESA?

Topics
Industry yGuidelinesandStandards ISA101Status,Purpose,Scope ISA101Lifecycle KeyHumanFactorsIssues DisplayTypes UserInteraction Performance T i i Training Questions
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Bridgets Bridget sbackground

WoodGroupMustang,~9years
PracticeLeadforHMI,AbnormalConditionManagementandHuman FactorsEngineering ResponsibleforQualityonallHMI(515kdisplaysperyear)

CelaneseAG, AG ~15 15years

OptimizationEngineer EnergyTeamLead ControlSectionLead ControlEngineer ProcessDesignEngineer

ISAVolunteer,>20 0years
ISA101VotingMember,ClauseLeader(2clauses) ISA18VotingMember,WG6Cochair ISA84and106,InformationMember
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Guidelines/StandardsonHMI
ISA101HumanMachineInterfacesforProcessAutomationSystems(draft) API1165RecommendedPracticeforPipelineSCADADisplays ASMConsortiumGuidelinesRev32008EffectiveOperatorDisplayDesign ANSI/HFES1002007HumanFactorsEngineeringofComputerWorkstations ANSI/HFES2002008HumanFactorsEngineeringofSoftwareUserInterfaces ISO9241Ergonomicrequirementsforofficeworkwithvisualdisplayterminals ISO11064Ergonomicdesignofcontrolcentres EEMUA201Processplantcontroldesksutilisinghumancomputerinterfaces:a guidetodesign,operationalandhumancomputerinterfaceissues NUREG0700Rev.22002HumanSystemInterfaceDesignReviewGuidelines

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ISA101StandardCommittee
ThecurrentcochairsofISA101HMICommitteeare:
Dr. D M Maurice i Wilki Wilkins(Yokagawa) (Y k )and dG GregL Lehmann h (URS)
Clause 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Title General Scope Normative References Definition of Terms and Acronyms HMI System Management Human Factors/Ergonomics Display Types User Interaction Performance Documentation and Training
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Leaders Maurice Wilkins, Yokagawa Maurice Wilkins, Yokagawa Nick Sands, Dupont & Dale Reed, Rockwell Nick Sands, Dupont & Dale Reed, Rockwell Bridget Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick, Wood Group Mustang & Ian Nimmo, UCDS, Inc. Beth Vail, URS & Traci Laabs, Pfizer Dave Lee, UCDS, Inc. & J h B John Benitz, i Applied A li d Control C l Engineering E i i Bridget Fitzpatrick, Wood Group Mustang & Alan Bryant, Oxy Inc. Mark Nixon, Emerson Dawn Schweitzer, Eastman Kodak

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StatusofISA101Standard
Editorsreviewing gandresolving gcommentsfromDraft31. CommitteeconsensusthatthiswillbeaStandard. TechnicalReportsandRecommendedPracticeswillbe developedaswarranted.

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PurposeoftheStandard
Addressthedesign, g ,implementation, p ,andmaintenanceof humanmachineinterfaces(HMIs)forprocessautomation systems. Use U of fthis thi standard t d dshould: h ld
Provideguidancetodesign,build,operate,andmaintaineffective HMIswhichresultinsafer,moreeffective,andefficientcontrolofthe process,inbothnormalandabnormalsituations. Improvetheusersabilitiestodetect,diagnose,andproperlyrespond toabnormalsituations.

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ScopeoftheStandard
ThisstandardaddressesHMIsforequipmentandautomatedprocesses. Ifthestandard,recommendedpractices,andmethodologyarefollowed, theresultshouldenabletheuserstobemoreeffectiveinyielding:
improvedsafety, quality, productionand reliability. y

Thepracticesinthisstandardareapplicabletocontinuous,batch,discrete processes,andanyprocessusinganHMIforinterfacingtoacontrolled system.

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IntendedAudience
Users
Responsibleforsafeandproductiveoperationofequipmentand facility

Integrators, Integrators Designers, Designers Engineers

DesignandbuildtheHMIapplications

Vendors
DevelopthesoftwaretoolsneededtobuildtheHMIapplication Developtheinterfaces/driversneededforanHMItotransferdata and a dinformation o at o toand a dfrom o multiple u t p esources sou ces

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BenefitsofStandards
Consistency yinexecution
Easiertoimplementnewapplications Easiertohandofftothirdpartydevelopers

Lesstime L ti t totrain t i users Lessoperatorerrorasaresultofconsistenteffectivedesign EasiertomovebetweenplatformsorversionsofanHMI Savestimeandmoney!

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WhytheConcernaboutHMIs?

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HMIintheNews2
BPTexasCity3/23/05
The h control lboard b ddisplay d l didnotprovideadequate informationonthe imbalanceofflowsinand outof fthe h towertoalert l theoperatorstothe dangerouslyhighlevel.

Texaco,MilfordHaven,UK 7/24/94
Controlpanelgraphicsdid notprovidenecessary processoverviews overviews.

BesttokeeptheHMIoutof thenews!

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HMIBasicDefinitions
Definitionsinclude:
Console, Station, PointingDevice, Device Keyboard, Display, Popup, GraphicSymbols, Graphic p Elements.

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PotentialComplianceRequirements
Documentsrequired q
HMIPhilosophy HMIStyleGuide HMIToolkit HMIDesignDocumentation HMITrainingMaterials

Workpracticesthatalignwiththelifecyclestagesdefinedin thestandard
Testing, Testing Commissioning Commissioning,Training ManagementofChange

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ISA101LifeCycleforHMI

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LifeCycleConcept Stages
SystemStandards
DocumentsthatsetthefoundationforallHMIdesigndecisions

Design
Allhardware a d a eand a dsoftware so t a easpectsof o the t eHMI(review) (e e )

Implement
CreationoftheHMIinthetargetplatformandhardwarefrom buildingthroughtest,train,commissionandqualify

Operate
Includesthenormaloperationandmaintenance,aswellas decommissioning

Continuous
Managementofchange,AuditandValidation
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KeyDocuments Documents inSystemStandards

HMIPhilosophy HMIStyleGuide HMIToolkit(Documentation)

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WhatisanHMIPhilosophy?
TheHMIPhilosophy p yisastrategic g documentaddressing gthe guidingprinciplesthatgovernthedesignstructureoftheHMI. Definesthealignmentwith:
humanfactors, user,taskandfunctionalrequirementsforallmodesofoperationthat requireHMIsupport, designstandards,and workpracticesforthedevelopmentandmanagementoftheHMI.

Provideafoundationofconceptssuchthatnewdevelopers anduserscangrasptheunderlyingprinciplesandtechnical rationales.

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WhyAllModes?3
CATASTROPHICLOSS ESDFails UnitShutdown EmergencyShutdownSystem(ESD)Acts EmergencyOperations Significantefficiencyandqualityissues Significantequipmentdamage Injuries,environmentaldamage Significantlossofproduction

OPERATORINTERVENTI ION

UpsetOperations Large L efficiency ffi i and dquality lit issues i Minorequipmentdamage NormalOperations Someefficiencylossesinrawmaterialsandenergy Someoffspecorlowerqualityproduct OptimalOperations Peakefficiencyandquality

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ConsiderWhattoShowCarefully3
RealtimeOptimization andManufacturingExecutionSystems RTO/MES ExpertorOther Advisory Systems KnowledgebasedControl

OPERATORUPSETKNOW WLEDGE

Multivariable Control(DMC)

NeuralNetworks orOthers Models

MultivariableControl

Feedforward Control BasicLoop Control

Code Control

Logic Blocks ControlScheme Monitoring

EnhancedControl

LoopTuning

BasicControl

Field Indication
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Field Fi ld(Local) L l) Controllers

Fi ldControl Field C t l

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WhatisanHMIStyleGuide?
AStyle y Guidewillincludegeneral g design g principles p p forthe displaysandimplementationstandards. ShouldreinforcetheguidingprinciplesfromthePhilosophy, i l di support including tfor: f
humanfactors, users,taskandfunctionalrequirements,and designstandards.

Alsoincludes:
Work W kpractices ti recommended d dto t managethe th HMI, HMI Guidanceondisplaytypesandtheirpreferreduse, GuidanceonexpectedHMIperformancetargets.
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HMIToolkit
Typicallyplatformdependent
SomayhavemorethanoneToolkit

May ybevendorsupplied, pp ,customdeveloped, p ,ora combinationofthetwo p andexamples p ofallnecessary y Includestemplates graphicsymbolsandelementstoimplementanHMI applicationthatmeetstheStyleGuiderequirements

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SystemStandardsStage
Activity Objectives Inputs Outputs HMI Philosophy Provides guiding principles and conceptual foundation for HMI design. This includes details on how th HMI is the i used d and d designed. d i d (Independent of platform). User Experience, Conceptual User Functional Requirements, Best Practices, Standards, Guidelines and H Human F Factors t Engineering E i i Considerations.

HMI Phil Philosophy h Document

HMI Style S l Guide

Turns the guiding principles and concepts of the HMI Philosophy and turns them into implementation examples and guidance. (This does HMI Philosophy, not include all technical details, Platform experience and expertise (to though the style guide needs to be confirm feasibility; develop early proof of feasible in all target platforms). concept designs). Generate all requirement graphical symbols and other supporting elements as required to implement th St the Style l G Guide. id

HMI Style Guide Document HMI Toolkit

HMI Toolkit

HMI Style Guide Document, Platform experience and expertise, Conceptual U User, T Task, k Functional F ti l Requirements. R i t 23

(Platformspecific). ifi )

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DesignSteps
ConsoleDesign
Whathardwareandsoftwarewillbeinuse (thisisiterativewithrequirements)

HMISystemDesign
Useraccounts accounts,operatingsystems systems,toolkits toolkits, network,etc.

User,Task,FunctionalRequirements
Oncethebasicuserrolesand requirementsaredefined,theactualtasks tobeperformedbytheusersarecaptured, reviewedandpotentiallyoptimized.

DisplayDesign
Finally,theactualdisplays

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User,Task,FunctionalRequirements
Avarietyofsimpleandmorecomplextechniquescanbe used:
HierarchicalTaskAnalysis
Acomprehensivelistofthetasksthatmakeupajoborfunctionare clustered l t d/grouped dt toshow h th therelationships l ti hi for f decision d i i making. ki

TimelineAnalysis
Tasksarebrokendownintoeventsandshownonachartoverthetime horizon.

LinkAnalysis
Demonstratesthefrequencyoflinkagebetweentasks.Usefulfor streamliningtasksandoptimizingdisplaycontent.

OthermoreadvancedtechniquessuchAbstractionHierarchical Analysis,CognitiveWorkAnalysisandEcologicalAnalysisexistbut may requireHumanFactorsEngineering(HFE)expertiseto complete.

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DesignStage
Activity User, Task and Functional Requirements Objectives Identify primary and secondary requirements that must be supported in the HMI. Inputs HMI Phil Philosophy, h HMI St Style l Guide, Console Design, User, Task and Functional Requirements Analysis. User, , Task, , Functional Requirements. Control System Design Standards, Network Design Standards, Preliminary Network Design. Outputs Requirements document(s).

HMI System Design

Console Design

Display Design

.Identify design basis for the HMI system. T provide To id h hardware d and d software ft design for the Console. This includes .User, Task, Functional Requirements; Vendor furniture and supporting systems Specifications, Human Factors .Console design (phone, radio, LAN PC, cameras, etc.). Engineering Design Standards. documents. Identifies conceptual design for HMI Philosophy, HMI Style displays and the navigation hierarchy. (This may include some prototype Guide, User, Task, Functional displays on complex applications or Requirements document(s), Display design processes). User Input in Review(s). document(s). 26

HMI system design documents.

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ImplementSteps
BuildDisplays
Yes,really,finally

BuildConsole
Thesystem y torunthemon

Test
Doesitwork?

Train
Makesureitreallyworks

Commission
Put P titto t work. k

Qualification
Extrapaperworkinsomeindustries.
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ImplementStage
Activity Objectives Inputs Outputs Build Displays Complete construction of displays and supporting items. Complete construction of Build Console console hardware and software. Display design documents. Displays.

Test

Integrated Test of HMI and Console.

Train Train Users.

Console design documents. User, Task, Functional Requirements documents, Usability and performance standards standards. Console and Displays. HMI Philosophy, HMI Style Guide, Display design documents. Console and Displays.

Console HMI Ready to Commission Testing Commission, documents. Training materials, Training records, Trained Users. HMI Ready to Qualify (as required), Commissioning documents. Qualification documents, HMI Ready to Operate.

Commission

Final testing of HMI in Production Environment.

Console, Displays, User Manuals and Online Help (as required). Qualification Plan, Commissioning documents. 28

Qualification Verify HMI Ready to Operate.

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OperateSteps
InService
Finally!

Maintain
E Errorfixes, fi tweaking t ki after ft patches t h to t maintainfunctionality

Decommission
Partialdecommissioningprobablythe mostrisky BUT, ,weg generally yfind~30%abandoned inplace0

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OperateStage
Activity Objectives Inputs Commissioning/Qualification Approval, User Manuals and Online Help. Outputs

In Service HMI In Service.

HMI in Service.

Maintain

Ensure HMI is V lid and Valid dR Reflects fl t Current Process Conditions.

Approved Change Management t to t fix fi errors or to t add dd requests enhancements or updates to reflect changes in the process.

Management of Change L Logs, U Updated d t d HMI HMI, U User Manuals, Training Materials and Online Help. HMI (or part of HMI) removed from use, archived for approved records period.

HMI Removed from Service Decommission (End of Life).

Change Management Change Requests.

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ContinuousWorkProcesses
MOC
Managementofchange(mainlyoutsidethescope)

Audit
Nokidding,thisshouldhappen

Validation
Formalstepsrequiredinsomeindustries

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ContinuousWorkProcesses
Activity Objectives Manage change, ensuring consideration of all impacts. Inputs Changes in process or User, Task and Functional Requirements Outputs Change completed following the approved work practices Audit Records, Change q to Correct any y requests Deviations, Updates (as needed) to HMI Philosophy, HMI Style Guide HMI Toolkits and Guide, Related Documents Validation System, Validation Records

Management of Change (MOC)

Audit

Verify V if th that t the th HMI is being managed under the approved work practices

HMI Philosophy, HMI Style Guide, Related Documents

Validation

Verify HMI meets User, Task and Functional Requirements

Validation Plan

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WhatelseisintheStandard?
HumanFactorsEngineering g g&Ergonomics, g , DisplayTypes, UserInteraction, Performance, Training.

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HumanFactorsEngineering
Generalprinciples p p Operatorprocessinteractionmodel Usersensorylimits Usercognitivelimits

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HumanFactorsEngineering
HMIoperationshouldbeintuitivetotheuser.
Relationshipofeachdisplayanditsfunctionalityshouldbecleartothe user.

TheHMIshouldsupporttasksrelatedtoallcommonly expectedmodesofoperation.
Nounnecessaryinformationorcontrols. Useseparatedisplaysforinformationrequiredonlyintermittently ForcomplextasksrequiringHMIinteraction,followthenormalwork flowindisplayoperationasmuchasispossible.

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HumanFactorsEngineering
Presentinformationinformsorformatsthatareappropriate totheusersgoals. Controloptionsshouldincludethecommonlyexpectedrange ofuseractions. actions
Supportforallpotentialactionsshouldbeprovided,thoughnon routineactionscanbesupportedonseparatedisplays.

Itemssupportingthemostfrequenttasksshouldbereadily availabletotheuser.
Procedures andinstructionsusedtostartup papiece p ofequipment, q p ,or startabatchprocess.

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SituationAwareness
Situationawarenessisdefinedas:
Therelationshipbetweentheoperator'sunderstandingoftheplant's conditionanditsactualconditionatanygiventime.

Thereareanumberofcommonfactorsthatundermine situationawareness,suchas:
Attentiontunneling. Shorttermmemorytrap. Workload,anxiety,fatigue,andotherstressors. Dataoverload.Overwhelming gamountsofdatacanreduceSA. Misplacedsalience. Complexitycreep.

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Operator ProcessModel4
Reference/ Objective OperatorSubSystem Deviation Detect Diagnose Respond Action Process/ P / System Disturbance/ Malfunction

Measurement

Rememberthattheoperator p hastoDetect Diagnose g Respond. p ThenAssessiftheactionhasaddressedtheissue!

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PerformanceShapingFactors
Detect
Operatorsexperience Trainingandexperience Fatigue Redundantcoding(e.g.color,shape&location) Alarmeffectiveness Detectionmechanisms Displayeffectiveness(howwellinformationisbeingpresented) Console, ,station, ,andscreenlayout y Environmentalfactors Displaydensity

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PerformanceShapingFactors
Diagnose g
Console,station,andscreenlayout Displayorganizationandnavigation Displaylevels Trainingandexperience Directionprocessistrending Relianceonshorttermmemory Howwelltheoperatorsmentalmodelmapstotheprocess Displaycalluptimes Environmentalfactors Fatigue Displaychangetime

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PerformanceShapingFactors
Respond p
OperatingProcedures Training Fatigue Operatormessaging HelpDisplay Expertsystems SystemResponsiveness Crew Environmentalfactors

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PerformanceShapingFactors
Assess
Writetime Writerefreshtime ControlStrategy Operatorsmentalmodel Processresponsetime

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UserSensoryLimits
Visualconsiderations
Ambientlightingandscreenluminance Color Informationdensity Visualdynamics(animation)

Auditoryconsiderations
Designbasics Considerationofpartialhearingimpairmentandlocalconditions

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AWordonColor
Thechosencolorsshouldbedistinguishablefromeachother,generally involvingusabilitytesting. Asageneralrule,colorshouldbeusedforemphasizingkeyinformation suchasalarmsandabnormalconditions.
Colorsusedfordisplaydesignshouldbeconsistentwiththefacilitysalarm philosophy. Colorsusedforalarmpresentationshouldbereservedandnotusedforany otherpurposeinordertostrengthentheircognitivemeaningandspeedup operatorresponsetoalarms.

Thesalienceof colorsusedonadisplayshouldreflecttheimportanceof theinformationbeingpresented. presented

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MoreWordsonColor
Colorcanbeusedforemphasisandclarity;however,coloraloneshould notbereliedupontoconveymeaning.
Colorgradientsshouldnotbeusedforstaticornondynamicelementsonthe display,butmaybeusedtohighlightadynamicelement.

Colorshouldbeusedconservativelyandconsistently. Colorperceptiondeficienciesandcolorcombinationsshouldbe consideredduringdesign. Colorand/orflashingofsymbolsshoulddirecttheoperatorsattentionto newlydevelopingsituations.

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Colorblindness
SignificantIssue
Oneofthedriversforlesscolor Other,ofcourse,isusingcolorsparingly tomakeitactuallyMEANsomething InNorthAmericanOperatorpopulation canbeashighas30%

EasytoDesignAround
Needtoruntheanalyses Canoptimizethebackgroundcolorto getsomeoffset

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CommonColorExamples
Normal

Protanopia

Deuteranopia

Tritanopia

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OtherOptionsforValves
Hollow/Gray
Type Normal Protanopia Deuteranopia Tritanopia Color 450 401 403 400 Brightness 135 134 135 135

White/Green
T Type Normal Protanopia Deuteranopia Tritanopia C l Color 637 520 531 458 B i ht Brightness 180 149 161 157

Hollow/Green
Type Normal Protanopia Deuteranopia Tritanopia Color 592 474 486 413 Brightness 165 134 146 142

Black/Green
Type Normal Protanopia Deuteranopia Tritanopia Color 128 244 233 306 Brightness 75 105 93 97

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PracticalAdvice
Thefancy yLPthatoptimizes p thecolorseparation p and optimizesthecolorshiftoffneutralforthebackgroundisall wellandgood,but
Thevideocardandmonitorhaveahugeimpact. impact Asdoestheambientlightinginthecontrolcenter. Checkthetheoryinreality!

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AnEmbarrassingStory
Thereisnewresearchtosuggest gg thatthechromatic aberrationthatcomeswiththeagingoftheeye(lens yellowing)happensearlier.
Weusedtothinkonlytheretiredoldgeezershadanissue. issue

Iusedtothinkthattheolderoperatorswerewhiny,when theysaidthatcouldnotreallyseesomeofthebluePVson grayorthepurpleabnormalongray.

ButIamgettingolderandIcanseetheirpoint. Don Dont tgetmestartedaboutmynewbifocalseither!

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AlarmColorsonGray
Normal
CRITICAL

Protanopia
CRITICAL

Deuteranopia
CRITICAL

Tritanopia
CRITICAL

WARNING1

WARNING1

WARNING1

WARNING1

WARNING2

WARNING2

WARNING2

WARNING2

WARNING3

WARNING3

WARNING3

WARNING3

ADVISORY SO

ADVISORY

ADVISORY

ADVISORY

ABNORMAL

ABNORMAL

ABNORMAL

ABNORMAL

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AlarmColorsonTan
Normal
CRITICAL

Protanopia
CRITICAL

Deuteranopia
CRITICAL

Tritanopia
CRITICAL

WARNING1

WARNING1

WARNING1

WARNING1

WARNING2

WARNING2

WARNING2

WARNING2

WARNING3

WARNING3

WARNING3

WARNING3

ADVISORY

ADVISORY

ADVISORY

ADVISORY

ABNORMAL

ABNORMAL

ABNORMAL

ABNORMAL

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Doesnt Doesn tHavetobeGray

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UserCognitiveLimits
Ausersp performanceandtheunderlying y gcognitive g p processes areaffectedbytheworkloadlevel,situationawareness,and taskcompatibility. We W likely lik l know k this, thi but b titis i important i t tto t remember b th that t understress,cognitivelimitsareimpairedfromnormal.

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CognitiveLimitConsiderations
Informationdisplayed p y indirectly yusableformat( (nomath!). ) Shouldnotrelyonrecallmemoryforcodesorcomplex commands. Usethesimplestdesignthatconsistentwithfunctionaland taskrequirements. Foritemsneededonlyintermittently intermittently,provideeasyaccess, access but donotclutterthemaindisplay. Useadesignthatfitstheusersmentalmodelofthesystem.

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DisplayTypes&Styles
Display p ytypes yp definehowinformationisp presentedand organizedtoconveyinformationinaconsistentmanner. Displaystylesrefertohowtheinformationonasingledisplay i presented. is t d

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SelectionofTypeofDisplay
Selectionmay ybeimpacted p by yfunctional, ,technological g and physicallimitationsoftheHMIused. Forexample: Positionofthedisplay, Physicalsizeofthescreen, Densityofinformationthatcanbehandledbytheuser. user

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DisplayStyles
ListStyles y ProcessStyles OverviewStyles TopologyStyles GraphStyles HierarchicalStyles DashboardStyles LocationStyles y GroupStyle PointDetailDisplayStyle LogicMonitorStyles SequenceStyles ProcedureStyles Health/DiagnosticsStyles

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PlanViewExample

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PlanViewDrillDown

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Fire&GasDisplays
Clearvisualdistinctionofconfirmedeventversussensor issue. Broadoverviewalwayscleartoshowanyescalation. Chattysensorsneedtobeclearlydepicted. Dotheengineeringefforttomaketheseeffectivetoolsinreal time. time
Consideranoffshoreplatform,wherethereisalsoaneedto understandthelevelsoftheplatform.

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WasteWaterOperator Operators sFavorite

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PlanViewMassiveFail
Thingsthatmattered:
Outfallpermits,mixofinstantaneousanddailytotals Disposalwellpermits Disposalwellsteadinessofpressureandflow Totalvolumeleftforwasteandrainwater,mixofvolumeandtimeatcurrent rates Bugsdyingornot,reactorsandtheoutfall

Eurekamomentofplanviewwithroadsandtanks
Fancyalarmgroupingsandeasydrilldownnavigation

Failedbecausethatwasnothowtheoperators p envisionedthep plant Movedtofunctionalgroupingoverview

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ExampleFunctionalGrouping5
Boxesforareas Keycontrolsandindication Bestsymbols

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AWordonDisplayHierarchy
Commonlyafourleveldisplayhierarchyisrecommendedtonotdiminish theoperatorsperformanceonmanagementactivities. Eachlevelisdefinedaccordingtothetypeandlocationofdisplayalong withtheinformationcontentofthedisplay. Informationcontentwillconveyincreasinglevelsofdetailandfocus,with Level1havingthebroadestscopeandLevel4havingthemostfocused scope. Althoughhierarchicalinnature,displaylevelsarenotnecessarilyaligned withanavigationhierarchywhichmayhavefewerormorelevels.

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AFewThoughtsonNavigation
Thebestnavigation g depends p onthenatureofthep process andthelevelofinstrumentation. Oldersystemmaynothaveenoughinstrumentationto support tmultiple lti l levels l l of fd drill illdown. d
Particularlyiftheshutdownsystemisrelaybasedandverylimited troubleshootingbroughtintothesystem.

Level14isnottheonlyandmaynotbethebestconceptfor yourprocess

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Navigation g NetworkDesigns g
Hierarchical Thisisthemostcommonly yusedstructure.
Inahierarchicalstructure,informationisorganizedlikeaninvertedtreein whichthelowerbranchesprovideincreasinglyspecificinformationrelatedto theupperbranchesandbackbone. Thereisextensiveresearchinhierarchicalstructuresandthedepthand breadthrecommended.

Relational Relationaldisplaynetworkstructureshave multiplelinksbetweennodes,whicharebasedonavarietyof relationships. Sequential Asequentialdisplaynetworkorganizesdisplay pagesinaseries.Thiscanbeeffectiveinbatchenvironments wheretheprocessflowssequentialthroughalogical structure.

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UserInteraction
SoftwareMethods
Dataentrymethods, Navigationmethods, Erroravoidancemethods, Useraccesssecurity, Offsystemmessaging.

HardwareInterfaces
HMIDevices, Monitorsand UserInputDevices Devices.
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UserInteractionDesign
Keydesignprinciplestoconsiderinclude:
consistencyinexecutionacrossallmodesofinteraction, timelyfeedbackfordataentryandcontrolactions, streamlineduserinteraction(minimizednumberof selectionsoramountoftyping), useof fappropriate i salience li for f errormessagesand dli limited i d useofcomplexmodalmethods.

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DataEntryMethods
Consistentp presentationofdataentry. y
Commonconventionsinclude:insetentryfields,clearindicationofcurrent selection,grayeditemsthatarenotavailableforentry,andhandcursor presentation. Itisalsoeffectivetogivetheoperatorvisualcluesastotheformatofthe entryifthisisnotknown.

Informationispresentedinaconsistentmannerforalltypes ofinteractions.
Commonoperatorinteractionneedsshouldbecontainedonthedisplayorin apopuporfaceplatestyledisplaythatonlychangesaportionofthescreen. Theoperatorshouldonlyberequiredtochangescreensornavigatedeeper intotheHMIstructurefornonroutineandnoncriticalinteractions.

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NumberPresentationandEntry
Thefontselectedshouldbediscernablefromthenormal operatorposition. Numberswithdecimalformattingshouldbejustifiedwith respect tto t the th decimal d i lpoint. i t Presentation P t ti should h ldfollow f ll the th appropriatedecimalformatresolutionrequiredbyusers.
Range g 100 - 9999.9 10 - 99.99 1 - 9.999 0 - 0.9999 Display p y Format XXXX XX.X X.XX X.XXX

Ifautomaticrescalingofthedecimalformatisused,care shouldbetakentosuppressrapidchangesindecimal formattingtoavoidrepetitiveshiftingofthedecimalpoint. point

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CriticalOperatingRanges
Whereappropriate, pp p ,numbersshouldbereferencedtonormal andcriticaloperatingranges. Thereferencetonormalandcriticalcanbeaccomplishedina variety i t of fmanners,including i l di the th useof fanabnormal b lcolor l or referencecurvesandlines. Criticalvaluescanbereferencedinasimilarmanner, ,with clearindicationofimpendingoractualcriticalrange violations.

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TextPresentationandEntry
Textshouldbeleftjustifiedwitharaggedrighthand edge.

MIXEDCASELETTERINGHASBEENSHOWNTOBEEASIERTOREADTHAN UPPERCASEANDSHOULDBEGENERALLYUSED. USED Ifaparagraphis required,the textwidth shouldbeat least50 characterswide forrapid scanning scanning.
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TextPresentationandEntry
Abbreviationsandacronymsshouldbeavoidedunlesstheyarepart of fth thenormal loperator t language. l Underliningforemphasisshouldnotbeused.Itisrecommended thatunderlinedtextbereservedforhyperlinks. Displayoftextshouldbeorientedhorizontallyunlessunavoidable orforclarity. Thefontselectedshouldhaveclearcharactersdefinition(themost commonissuerelatedtothepresentationof1,IandL). Affirmativestatementsratherthannegativestatementsshouldbe used. Activevoiceshouldbeemployed. p y Instructionsthatmustbeexecutedinordershouldbepresentedin order.

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CommandEntry
Forsimple p commands, ,any yformatsupported pp by ythelanguage g g andtrainingoftheuserislikelytobeappropriate. Allinputstoandeffectsofagivencommandshouldbevisible t the to th userwhere h possible. ibl Usersshouldbeincommandoftheentryprocessatalltimes, withaclearmeansforcancelling gtheoperation p orrecovering g quicklytopriorconfiguration.

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ComplexCommands
TheHMIshouldsupportmultipleselectionsbytheuser,followedby aconfirmation fi ti of fthe th i intended t d dcomposite it action. ti Ifselectionlistsarelong,artificialgroupingsshouldbeconstructed toallowforeasiernavigation,scanningandidentificationofdesired selection. selection Commanddialogsshouldbedesignedtosupporttheexpected workprocessoftheuser. Feedbackandhelpshouldbeprovidedforallcomplexsteps. Feedbackshouldbeprovidedforallentriesthatareoutsideofan expectedrange.
Ifaninputiscritical,acceptablelimitsonentryshouldbeenforced.

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Buttons
Buttonsshouldbeusedonlywhensuitableforthetask. Labelsshouldbecleartotheusers. Buttonsshouldbesizedlargeenoughtoallowuserstoselect themrapidlyandaccuratelywiththepointingdeviceinuseon theconsole. Buttonsthatinteractdirectlywiththeprocessshouldbe distinctfrombuttonsthatprovidenavigationlinkagesor launchapplications. Anybuttonsthatareunavailableshouldindicatetheir temporaryunavailabilitywithconsistentvisualcoding.

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Navigation g Methods
Thenavigation g design g isoneofthemostimportant p parts p of theoverallHMIdesign,sinceitdirectlyimpactsthespeed and accuracy withwhichtheoperatorcaninterveneandrespond toprocessneeds needs. Multiplenavigationmethodsshouldbeprovidedfor robustnessandtofacilitateaccesstodisplaysthatis: quick, logical, direct,and consistent.
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Navigation g MethodExamples p
Navigationmethodstoconsiderinclude: EmbeddedHyperlinksandDisplaySymbolswithHyperlinks, MenusandToolBars/Ribbons, Dashboard/Taskpanel, panel Buttonsonthedisplays, Customkeyboardbuttons(functionandothercustombuttons), Context C Menu( (e.g.,mouseb buttonright i h clicks li k for f adrop d down d menu), ) Show/hidemechanismsfordetailedinformation, LinkstoDirectoriesofDisplays,FilesorTrends, DisplayTransferButtons, Voicecommands, Yoking. Yoking
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Navigation g Guiding gPrinciples p

Displayaccessshouldbedesignedtominimizetheoperator keystrokeequivalentactions.
12keystrokesshouldbethemaximumrequiredtoviewanycriticalorhighpriority alarmincontextwiththeassociatedprocess. 23keystrokesareacceptableforallotherinformation.

Itshouldnotbenecessaryforanoperatortotypeinthe displaynameorpointidentification,thoughsupportforthat interactionshouldbeprovided.

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Navigation g Guiding gPrinciples p

TheHMImustsupportworkflowfornormalandabnormal conditions. Displaysymbolsthatarenavigationtargetshaveconsistent anddistinctvisualcoding. coding Displaysymbolsthatareselectablehaveconsistentand distinctvisualcoding.

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Navigation g Guiding gPrinciples p

Displays p y shouldbeimplemented p inastandardizedcontent structurethatsupportsprogressiveexposureofdetailed information. Where Wh useful f land dappropriate, i t advanced d dHMItechniques t h i can beemployedtoautomaticallydisplayrelevantinformation. Thisautomaticdisplay p yiscommonly ycalled"yoking" y g andcan includesuchitemsas:
otherdisplaysinamultiwindowHMI, faceplate, p , trending,and relateddetaileddisplays.

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ExampleDisplayHierarchy
Level1
Overviewofoperatorsentirespanofresponsibility

Level2
Typicallytheoperatorsmaincontrolinterface Visibility b l of frelevant l alarms; l esp.high h hpriority

Level3
Detaileddisplays,usedfornonroutineoperations May M be b moret task kb based dfor f line li changes, h startup, t t etc. t Visibilityofallalarms

Level4
Rarelyusedfordiagnosticandtroubleshootingpurposes Interlockandpermissiveinformation(couldbeLevel3) Procedureandhelpdisplays(couldbeLevel3)

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BatchNavigationExample
Plant Overview

Area Overview

Reactor1 Display

Reactor2 Display

Reactor3 Display

Reactor1 Trend

Reactor2 Trend

Reactor3 Trend

Reactor1 Alarms

Reactor2 Alarms

Reactor3 Alarms

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MoreComplexNavigationExample
Navigate g horizontally yandvertically. y

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ErrorAvoidanceMethods
Considerationshouldbeg giventoerroravoidancetechniques q andconfirmationstepsforimportantitems. Theitemsshouldbelimitedtoavoiddilutingtheimportance of fthe th method. th d Forsafetycriticalitems,theerroravoidanceshouldbe executedinthecontrolsystem y application pp itself, ,ratherthan theHMI.
TheStyleGuideshouldclearlydefineerroravoidanceandtheuseof customscriptingintheHMI. HMI

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ErrorAvoidanceMethods
Theerroravoidancemethodsshouldnotexcessively hampertheoperatorsabilitytomakechangesrapidly, whereappropriate. Toavoidlossofeffectiveness,thesemethodsshouldbe usedsparinglyandbecarefullydesigned. Simpleconfirmationstepswithayestoconfirmhave beenshowntobesomewhatineffectiveatimproving accuracy.
Yes,yes,yes,yes.oops!

Itisalsoimportant p toensurethattheconfirmation employedisconsistentinlanguageandensurethatthe reasonfortheconfirmation,particularlywhenconfirming entriesoutsideofanexpectedrange.

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OffSystemMessaging
Offsystem y messaging g gmethodsareusedtohelp ptheoperating p g teammanagetheprocess. Theseoffsystemmessagingmethodsinclude:
Autodialervoicemessages, Remotealarms, Pagers, Digitalmessagepagers, Textmessages, Emails. Emails

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OffSystemMessaging
Careshouldbetakeninthedesign g ofthesesystems y toensure thatadequaterobustnessispresenttosupportthefunctional requirements. Ataminimum, i i the th systems t should h ldbe b automatically t ti ll monitoredforavailability. Inmorecriticalsystems, y ,abackup psystem y shouldbeinp placeto providetherequiredfunctionalityintheeventofanoutage.

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UserAccessSecurity
TheHMIsystem y g generally yhassomelevelofHMIapplication pp specificsecurity. Theoperatorenvironmentisdesignedtoberesistanttousers d damaging i th theprogramsord data t present tonthat th tworkstation, k t ti orgainingaccesstounintendedapplications. Thedegree g ofrestrictionisoftenuserconfigurable, g ,sothat theHMIisalsosuitableforusebytrustedandhigherskilllevel users. This Thi scopedoes d notinclude i l d the h overall lluseraccount management,whichiscoveredbyANSI/ISA99.

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UserAccessSecurity
HMIspecific p considerationsinclude:
TemporaryLogOver(abilitytoincreaseuserrightswithoutloggingoff completely)forspecifictasks, Conceptofmultiplerolesandprivilegeswithinanapplication(role basedrestriction), Locationbasedcontentrestriction, Useofelectronicsignatures, signatures Authenticationnotes(requirementofausertoaddareasonfora controlaction), Use U of fother h biometrics. bi i

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Hardware:HMIDevices
Monitorscanvary yfromhandhelddevicestoindoorand outdoormonitorsofvaryingsizestolargerpostorwall mountedmonitors. Selection S l ti should h ldinclude i l d consideration id ti of fviewing i i angles l and d resolutionforcolorperceptionandreadability,physicalreach forinputdevices,andrelatedenvironmentalfactors. Whenafixedworkstationisdesired,someconsiderationof sittingandstandingoptionsshouldbemade. With Wi hportable bl d devices, i the h battery b lif lifeand druggedness d are likelytobekeyconsiderations.
Wirelessdeviceshavespecialsecurityandreliabilityconsiderationsthatare outsidethescopeofthisstandard(seeISA100).
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DesignNotByFurnitureSalesRep
Keypoint,decidewhatyou need,thenpickthefurniture!

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UserInputDevices
Considersounddesignforuseandselectionof:
Keyboards(QWERTYorotherindustrialtype), Keyboardswithprogrammablekeys, PointingDevices(mouse,trackball,etc.), Oth custom Other t k keyboards, b d Touchscreens, Videowallcontrols, Handwritinginputdevices devices, Voiceinput, Barcodescanners, RFIDs, Cameras, Pushbuttons/toggleswitches Others(biometricreadersforsecurity,etc.).
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Performance
PerformancebyHMICategories HMIDutyFactors HMIPerformanceShapingFactors

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HMICategories
Considerationinthestandardfor:
HighSpeedMachineControl SmallSystems ProcessSystems SCADA GeographicallyWidespreadRTUsystems

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HMIDutyFactors
Maximum Times (all units in seconds unless otherwise stated) HMI Category Process System y 10 5 3 6 5 5-15 5 5 3 5 1 5-15 Metric Call-up Time (Note 1) Display Refresh Rate (Note 2) Display yp Type Level 1, 4 Level 2, 3 Faceplate Yoke Trend History Level 1, 4 Level 2, 3 Faceplate Yoke Trend History Applies to all display types Machine Control 2 1 1 6 5 5-15 1 1 1 1 1 5-15 Small System y 10 5 3 6 5 5-15 2 3 3 2 1 5-15 SCADA System y 10 5 3 6 5 5-15 5 5 3 5 1 5-15 RTU System y 10 5 3 6 5 5-15 5 5 3 5 1 5-15 Based on dial up schedule and bandwidth Based on network topology (i.e. (i e may have to dial a modem) <5 minutes for very large systems 1

Write Time

Applies to all display types Write Refresh Time (Note 3)

3 Access to alarm l displays Alarm summary Alarm lists such as suppressed alarms Critical displays Non-critical displays Alarm summary System diagnostics Switching operators Language change 1

5 1

5 1

5 1

Recommendedmaxtimesfor: CallupTime, DisplayRefreshRate, WriteTime,, WriteRefreshTime, Access toAlarms. Also considers: Navigation, Switchingusers, Changing language.

5 1-2 clicks 3 clicks 1 click 1-2 clicks 5 5

5 1-2 clicks 3 clicks 1 clicks 1-2 clicks 5 5

5 1-2 clicks 3 clicks 1 clicks 1-2 clicks 5 5

5 1-2 clicks 3 clicks 1 click 1-2 clicks 5 5

5 1-2 clicks 3 clicks 1 clicks 1-2 clicks 5 5

Navigation (Note 4)

System state changes (Note 5)

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PerformanceShapingFactors
TheprinciplesbehindPerformanceShapingFactorsare:
controlsystemoperatordisplaysshouldbeaneffectivetoolforthe safeandefficientcontroloftheprocess,inbothnormalandabnormal situations, theHMIshouldassistintheearlydetection,diagnosis,andproper responsetoabnormalsituations, theHMIshouldbestructuredtoaidoperatortoprioritizeresponseto majorormultiplesimultaneoussystemupsets, the th HMIis i designed d i dfor f the th useof fthe th operator t in i running i the th process. ProperHMIdesignisthereforenotcompromisedforanyspecialuse purposesofmaintenance,engineering,staff,ortraining, failureofadisplayoritemsonthedisplayshouldbeimmediately apparenttotheoperator, aclear,butnotoverwhelming,indicationthatthegraphicisnot connectedtoorcommunicatingwiththesystemitislinkedto.

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Training
UserTraining
Operations, Maintenance, Engineering, Administrators, Management.

Documentation

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HMITraining
Adequatetrainingisabsolutelyessentialtosafeand effectiveoperationoftheHMI Materialsfortraining gshouldbeg generatedatthe DesignandImplementationStages gmaterialsshouldbeverifiedduring gthe Training TestingandCommissioningsteps Materialsshouldbeinaformatthatisconsistent withexistingproceduresandiseffectiveforthe audience
Paper,onlinehelptools,fullsimulation&testing
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Documentation
ApplicationspecificdetailsofHMIimplementation, generatedduringDesignStage:
Displayindexes, Displayfunctionaldescriptions, Navigationdiagrams,etc.

TheinformationneededtoreconstructtheHMI applicationifnecessary.

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ConcludingThoughts
Theresimplyisnosilverbullet.
Askhardquestionstoanyonethatsuggeststhatthereis

Wellconsideredandwellexecuted,theHMImaybethe h d engineering hardest i i that h youeverd do.

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References
1. 2. 3. ISAS101Draft:ISA,May2012. USChemicalSafetyandHazardIdentificationBoard,InvestigationReportBP TexasCity,TXRefineryExplosionandFire,Report200504ITX,March2007. Fitzpatrick,B.A.(2005).Section4.11:Managementofabnormalconditions.InB. Liptak(Ed.),InstrumentEngineers'Handbook:ProcessControl (pp.706718). Stamford,CT:CRCPress. Swain,A.andGuttman,H.,HandbookofHumanReliabilityAnalysiswith E h i onNuclear Emphasis N l Power P Plant Pl Applications A li i (Fi (Final l R Report) ),Washington, W hi DC DC: UnitedStatesNuclearRegulatoryCommission,1983. Tharanathan,A.,Bullemur,P.,Laberge,J.,Reising,D.,Mclain,R.,Functional VersusSchematicOverviewDisplays: p y Impact p onOperator p SituationAwarenessin ProcessMonitoring,presentedat54thAnnualHFESMeeting,September2010.

4.

5.

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