General Chemistry Lecture # 1: Definition of Chemistry and Measurement Prepared by: Engr. Norman Giovanni M.

Guevarra Chemistry Is the branch of natural science that is concerned with the description and classification of matter with the changes with matter undergoes and with the energy associated with each of these changes. It is a physical science for studies of various atoms molecules crystals and other aggregates of matter whether in isolation or combination which incorporates the concepts of energy and entropy in relation to the spontaneity of chemical processes. Modern chemistry evolved out of alchemy following the chemical revolution !"##$%.

Branches of Chemistry ". &rganic Chemistry o 'tudy of the compounds of carbon

(. Inorganic Chemistry o 'tudy of all the elements and compounds other than organic compound

$. )nalytical chemistry o 'tudy of what is present and how much is present

*. Physical Chemistry o 'tudy of theoretical aspects of the structure and changes of matter such as how and why are bonds are formed and energy changes that ta+es place.

,. -iochemistry o 'tudy of the chemistry of biological important elements and compounds

The Scientific Method ". Gather the facts Involves factual survey or observations of natural occurrences as well as the result of e.perimentation

(. )nalysis of facts /he data are analy0ed and evaluated to find the similarities or differences /hey are grouped according to the essential characteristics and a tentative e.planation may be formulated of the related facts.

$. Proposed hypothesis and theory 1rom the relationship that was found and with the help of previous e.periences the scientist formulates hypothesis of possible e.planation of the causes of the phenomenon under observation. /he hypothesis may or may not be answer to the problem

 &n the basis of the hypothesis further e.periments and observation will be made and if the hypothesis can e.plain satisfactorily closely related phenomena then the hypothesis becomes a theory *. /est the theory ,. Conclusion

Scientific notation also +nown as standard form or as e.ponential notation is a way of writing numbers that accommodates values too large or small to be conveniently written in standard decimal notation. 'cientific notation has a number of useful properties and is often favored by scientists mathematicians and engineers who wor+ with such numbers. In scientific notation all numbers are written li+e this: a . "2b !3a times ten to the power of b3% where the e.ponent b is an integer and the coefficient a is any real number called the significand or mantissa !though the term 3mantissa3 may cause confusion as it can also refer to the fractional part of the common logarithm%. If the number is negative then a minus sign proceeds a !as in ordinary decimal notation%.

Ordinary decimal notation Scientific notation (normalized) 3102 4103 5.72109 6.1109

300

4,000

5,720,000,000

0.0000000061

Significant Figures Meaningful digits in a measured or calculated 4uantity /he last digit is understand to be uncertain Guidelines ". 5*, ".(,6 )ny non 0ero digit is significant (. 626 *2,2" )ny 0ero between non 0ero digits are significant $. 2.( 2.2225 7eros to the left of non 0eroes is not significant because it denotes place *. 2.82 9( 2.2*(2 9$ 2.$22, 9*

2.2(*,,2 9, If a number is less than " 0ero to the right of non 0ero and between non 0ero are significant ,. (.2 9( *2.26( 9, $.22 9$ If a number is greater than " 0eroes to the right of the decimal point are significant. Rounding off figures If succeeding digit : , drop remaining If succeeding digit ; , add

Measurement and Units Measurement is the process of assigning a number to an attribute !or phenomenon% according to a rule or set of rules. /he term can also be used to refer to the result obtained after performing the process. SI Base Units ". metre !m% :'I unit of length (. second !s% :'I unit of time $. +ilogram !+g% :'I unit of mass *. +elvin !<% :'I unit of temperature ,. mole !mol% :'I unit of amount of substance 6. ampere !)% :'I unit of electric current #. candela !cd% :'I unit of luminous intensity -asic =uantities ". Mass =uantity of matter it contain in a particular sample of matter (. >eight Gravitational force of attraction between the body mass and the mass of the planet on which it is weight. /hus the weight of a body varies depending on where it is weight. $. ?ength Is simply measured with a ruler or meter stic+. *. @olume )mount of space it occupies Can be measured by a graduated cylinder pipet volumetric flas+ etc. Can be measured also by its density

Aensity 9

Mass @olume

>here Bnit: gC ml D g C cc D gC cm$

Property Mass

?ength

@olume

/ime

English (.(2, lbs " lb " ounce " ton !(222 lbs% (.,* cm " foot " yard !$ feet% " mile !,(22 ft% " ml " gallon " ft$ " 4uart ".26 4uarts " min " hour " day

Metric C 'I " +g *,* g (5.$, g 82#.2( +g ".,* cm $2.*5 cm 2.8"** m ".628 +m " cm$ $.#5, ? (5.$ ? 2.8*6 ? "? 62 s $622 s 56*22 s

E.ercises: ". Convert ", cm to in (, cm E " inC (.,* cm 9 ,.8" in (. Convert , yards to meter , yards E 2.8"** m C " yard 9 *.,#(2 m $. Convert , pounds to +ilogram , lbs E *,* g C I lb E " +g C "222 g 9 (.(# +g *. /he speedboat runs "2 mile C hr to reach Manila -ay. >hat is the speed of the boat in +m C sF "2 mile C hr E ".628 +m C " mile E " hr C $622 s 9 2.22**6 +m C s ,. ) cube of nic+el measures * cm on each edge and has a mass of (22 g. Calculate the density in g C cc. Aensity 9 massC volume Mass 9 (22 g @olume 9 6* cc Aensity 9 (22g C 6* cc 9$."(, g C cc Tem erature /he degree of hotness and coldness of a body E.pressed in terms of ". Celsius (. 1ahrenheit $. <elvin *. Gan+ine ". Celsius o C 9 ,C8 ! o1 H $(%

(. 1ahrenheit o 1 9 8C,!oC% I $( $. <elvin < 9 oC (#$.", *. Gan+ine o G 9 o1 I *62 E.ample: ". $#$ < to o1 o o 1 9 8C,!oC% I $( 1 9 8C,!oC% I $( o < 9 oC (#$.", 1 9 8C,!88.5,% I $( o o C 9 < J (#$.", 1 9 ("".#$ o C 9 $#$ H (#$.", o C 9 88.5, 'pecific Keat /he 4uantity of heat re4uired to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by a degree. 'p. Keat 9 cal C gJ oC >here heat energy is often measured in calorie or +ilocalorie /he amount of heat necessary to raise temperature of " g of K(& by " oC >here: " calorie 9 *."5* Loules

Calorie

1ormula for the total heat gained or lost by a substance = 9 mCpM/ >here: = 9 heat calorie M 9 mass gain Cp 9 specific heat cal C g JoC M/ 9 !/" H /(% loss in temp 9 !/(J/"% gained in temp 'pecific Keat Cal C gJ C K(& )l Pb 'ugar )g NaCl " 2.("# 2.2$" 2.(88 2.2,6 2.(2*
o

'ubstance

Noule C +gJ< *."5 *.2# ".$2 ".(, (.$* 5.,$ E E E E E E "2$ "2( "2( "2$ "2( "2(

E.ample: ". Kow many calories would be re4uired to raise the temperature of (2 g of Pb from ,2 oC to "(2 oCF >hat is the unit of heat in LouleF Given : M 9 (2 g

/( 9 "(2 oC

/i 9 ,2 oC Cp 9 2.2$" calC gJ oC 'olution: = 9 mCpM/ 9 !(2 g%!2.2$" cal C gJ oC%!"(2J,2% oC 9 *$.* cal E !*."5* Loules C " cal% 9 "5".,8 Loules