THEORY ANSWERS

Problem I: Oil Extraction

I 1 (1.0 points). The initial pressure of the gas in the deposit:

The pressure at the top of the deposit is found from the relationship Ps=sgh (0.7 points ) Pi =3000101500=45106 Pa (0.3 points)
I 2a (0.5 points). Mass of the gas in the deposit: I 2b (0.5 points). Mass of the oil in the deposit:

The equation of state for the gas PV=m/ RT => RT m PV (0.1 points) Here we need the volume of the gas to calculate its mass. From the equation for a sphere segment
(3 ) 3 V 1 h2 R h = 3 2002 (3 300 200) 28 106 3 3 1 m

(0.2 points) Substituting the data Mg=45106281060.016/(8300)=84108 kg (0.2 points) is the amount of the gas in the deposit. To obtain the volume of oil, we need to subtract the volume of gas from the total volume of the sphere. Here we obtain the volume of the oil to be
3 6 3

80 10 3 V 4 R V m q
o

(0.3 points) The mass of the oil will be Mo=oVo=80080106=64109 kg (0.2 points)
I 3a (0.5 points). Indicate the position of the well: 8

The well has to be drilled as shown in the figure such that the amount of gushed oil is maximum.
I 3b (0.5 points). The justification of the finding.

To confirm if the point does give the maximum gushed oil rate, we have to check that when the gas has expanded, its pressure is still sufficient to pump the oil out. First lets find the final pressure of the gas upon expansion. Taking the temperature to be constant P1V1=P2V2 P1=45106 Pa V1=28106m3 V2= 3
2 3 2 R3 33003=54106
6 6

m3 => P2=P1V1/V2=

54 10 45 10 28 10

=233.3105 Pa

The hydrostatic pressure of the oil in the well can be found from the equation Po=ogh =800101800=144105 Pa It is seen that Po < P2 , which means that chosen point will result in a successful oil gush.
I 4 (0.5 points). The maximum amount (mass) of oil that gushes: 9

The gas can expand until occupying the half of the volume of the deposit. The maximum amount of oil that will be pumped up during this process is Vmax= (3 ) 26 10
3 2 6 3

3 1 3 2R h R h m (0.3

points) Mmax= Vmaxo=26106800=208108 kg (0.2 points)

I 5 (2.0 points).The of the oil gush method: 1

To calculate the OPC we need to evaluate the amount of work necessary to drill the well first. Since the depth of the well is h=1800m, we can find the amount of work done from the following diagram.

From the similarity of the triangles 1000

800 500 E =>

E=400 kJ/m (0.4 points) E1800=1100 + E=1500 kJ/m (0.2 points) The amount of energy necessary to drill this well will then be W1t= 800
2 1000 1100 1500 2

209104 kJ=209107 J (0.5 points) And the amount of energy that will be obtained from the gush oil is equal to Eo=EEomo=45106208108=9361015 J (0.4 points) OPC=
1000 1100
1t p

E E
7 15

209 10 936 10 4.48108 (0.5 points) I 6 (1.0 points). Indicate the position of the second well: 1

To extract all the oil and gas a second well has to be drilled down to the topmost point of the deposit. Water will be pumped in from he first well and oil will be obtained from the second one. The depth of this second well has to be1500m.
I 7 (1.5 points). The work done to pump the water:

No energy will be spent on water pumping until the oil reaches the bottom of the well. Once the oil starts to be pumped through the well, energy has to be spent to expel all the oil from the deposit. The volume of the water that will expel the oil from the deposit is then equal to the volume of the oil left. V= 54 10
3 6 3

3 2R m (1.0

points) To pump this amount of water, work of

VEwater =54106100=54108 J has to be done. (0.5 points)

I 8 (2.0 points). The total : 1

To compute the total OPC we need to calculate the energy obtained from all the oil and petrol and the work done to drill the two wells. Lets calculate the amout of work done to drill the second well with the help of the following diagram. Again from the similarity of the triangles
1000 500 500 E =>

E=250 kJ/m E1500=1100 + E=1350 kJ/m (0.4 points) The amount of work needed to drill the second well is W2t= 500
2 1000 1100 1350 2

166.25104 kJ=166.25107 J (0.4 points) The total energy obtain from the oil is Eot=EEomot=4510664109=2881016 J (0.2 points) And the total energy obtained from the gas is Eg=EEgmg=4810684108=40.321016 J (0.2 points) The total energy obtained from the resources Et= Eot+Eg=2881016+40.321016=328.321016 J (0.2 points) The total work done Er= W1t+ W2t+ W=166.25107+209107+54108=915.25107 J (0.2 points) And the total OPC is
1000 1100

OPC=
r t

E E

(0.4 points)
1

Problem II: Metal Corrosion

II 1 (0.4 points). The oxidation reduction of iron induced by SRB cells Fe + H2SO4 + 3H2 FeS + 4H2O II 2a (0.55 points). The amount ( ) of in the first mixture = 51mg/L 1st mixture: 45 x 0.04 + 55 x 0.06 = 1.8 + 3.3 = 5.1 mg (0.50 points); 5.1mg /100ml = 51mg/L (0.05 points)

II 2b (0.55 points). The amount ( ) of in the second mixture = 49 mg/L 2nd mixture: 45 x 0.06 + 55 x 0.04 = 2.7 + 2.2 = 4.9 mg (0.50 points); 4.9mg/100ml = 49 mg/L (0.05 points) II 3 (0.3 points). The formula of precipitate FeS II 4a (0.6 points). The concentration ( ) of in the first mixture 0.021 mol/L II 4b (0.6 points). The concentration ( ) of in the second mixture 0.017 mol/L I mixture: 5.1 mg (FeS) = 0.0051 g; 0.1936 0.0051 = 0.1885 g = 0.0021 mol FeS (0.4 points) II mixture: 4.9 mg (FeS) = 0.0049 g; 0.1584 0.0049 = 0.1535g = 0.0017 mol FeS (0.4 points) I mixture: 0.021 mol/L (0.2 points) II mixture: 0.017 mol/L (0.2 points) II 5a (1.0 points). The concentration ( ) of in an original sample taken from Azeri oilfield 0.009 mol/L 1 II 5b (1.0 points). The concentration ( ) of in an original sample taken from Chirag oilfield 0.029 mol/L A x 0.04 + B x 0.06 = 0.0021 (0.8 points) A x 0.06 + B x 0.04 = 0.0017 (0.8 points) A = 0.009 mol/L H2SO4 in 1st sample (Azeri) (0.2 points) B = 0.029 mol/L H2SO4 in 2nd sample (Chirag) (0.2 points) II 6a (0.5 points). The mass percentage of iron nail lost in the first mixture 5.99% II 6b (0.5 points). The mass percentage of iron nail lost in the second mixture 4.76% I mixture: 0.1885 g FeS contains 0.1176 g (Fe2+); 0.1176/2 x 100 = 5.99% (0.5 points) II mixture: 0.1535 g FeS contains 0.0952 g (Fe2+); 0.0952/2 x 100 = 4.76% (0.5 points) II 7a (0.4 points). The average corrosion rate ( ) in the first mixture 1434 mg/year II 7b (0.4 points). The average corrosion rate ( ) in the second mixture 1160 mg/year 0.1176 g / 30 days = 1434 mg/y (0.4 points) 0.0952 g / 30 days = 1160 mg/y (0.4 points). II 8 (0.5 points). Write down the correct reason C The answer is c) was consumed II 9a (0.6 points). The concentration ( ) of bacterial cells in the first mixture 1 From second figure on 18th day concentration of bacteria: 1st mixture 106 bacteria cells/ml

II 9b (0.6 points). The concentration ( ) of bacterial cells in the second mixture 2nd mixture 105 bacteria cells/ml II 9c (1.0 points). The precipitate amount ( ) in the second mixture 850 mg/L 0.12g/100ml= 1200 mg/L, from first figure it was reached in 1 st flask on 18th day. (0.5 points) From first figure on 18th day precipitation concentration in 2nd glass was 850 mg/L. (0.5 points) II 10 (0.5 points). Write down the correct answer C The answer is c) no change 1

Problem III: Embryonic Development of Human

III 1 (11x0.2 points). Match the structures given in the text with the correct labels shown in the figures. Write only the corresponding roman numerals Number in text 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Roman numeral in the figure

III II IV V VI XI X I VII IX VIII

III 2a (0.4 points). Write down the correct label

VII
III 2b (0.4 points). Write down the correct label

VIII
III 3 (1.0 points). Put X in appropriate box

a b

III 4 (0.5 points). The number of the cells in the embryo 8 CELLS The formula to calculate the number of cells is and n=3 here. So, III 5 (3x0.3 points). Match the following. Write only the corresponding numbers or letters Event Cellular process Subcellular structure

III B 3
III 6 (0.3 points). Put X in appropriate box A III 7 (1.0 points). Put X in appropriate box 1 a

xcde

III 8 (0.6 points). Put X in appropriate box A B III 10 (1.2 points). Choose the right answer. Put X in appropriate box

xbcd
1 III 9 (1.5 points). Put X in appropriate boxes increases decreases stays the same 1 2 3

x x x