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A Poker-Dealing Machine Is Supposed To Deal Cards at Random, As If From An Infinite

1) A chi-square test was performed on card counting data to determine if the suits were equally likely. The chi-square statistic was above the critical value, so the null hypothesis that the suits were random was rejected. There were too many jokers compared to the other suits. 2) Another chi-square test on card counting data including jokers still showed a chi-square statistic above the critical value, indicating the suits were not random. 3) A chi-square test on observed ratios from a genetic cross found the chi-square statistic was below the critical value, so the null hypothesis that the observed ratios matched the predicted ratios could not be rejected.

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224 views

A Poker-Dealing Machine Is Supposed To Deal Cards at Random, As If From An Infinite

1) A chi-square test was performed on card counting data to determine if the suits were equally likely. The chi-square statistic was above the critical value, so the null hypothesis that the suits were random was rejected. There were too many jokers compared to the other suits. 2) Another chi-square test on card counting data including jokers still showed a chi-square statistic above the critical value, indicating the suits were not random. 3) A chi-square test on observed ratios from a genetic cross found the chi-square statistic was below the critical value, so the null hypothesis that the observed ratios matched the predicted ratios could not be rejected.

Uploaded by

Lhiza
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHI-SQUARE PRACTICE PROBLEMS (Answers are also on this page at the otto!" 1. A po#er-$ealing !

a%hine is s&ppose$ to $eal %ar$s at ran$o!' as i( (ro! an in(inite $e%#) In a test' *o& %o&nte$ +,-- %ar$s' an$ o ser.e$ the (ollowing/ Spa$es Hearts 2ia!on$s Cl& s 0-0 010-34,

Co&l$ it e that the s&its are e5&all* li#el*6 Or are these $is%repan%ies too !&%h to e ran$o!6 2. Sa!e as e(ore' &t this ti!e 7o#ers are in%l&$e$' an$ *o& %o&nte$ +,,1 %ar$s' with these res&lts/ Spa$es Hearts 2ia!on$s Cl& s 9o#ers 0-0 010-38, :1

a) How !an* 7o#ers wo&l$ *o& e;pe%t o&t o( +,,1 ran$o! %ar$s6 How !an* o( ea%h s&it6 ) Is it possi le that the %ar$s are reall* ran$o!6 Or are the $is%repan%ies too large6 3.A genetics engineer was attempting to cross a tiger and a cheetah. She predicted a phenotypic outcome of the traits she was observing to be in the following ratio 4 stripes only: 3 spots only: 9 both stripes and spots. When the cross was performed and she counted the individuals she found 5 with stripes only! 4" with spots only and #5 with both. According to the $hi%s&uare test! did she get the predicted outcome'

4. (n the garden pea! yellow cotyledon color is dominant to green! and inflated pod shape is dominant to the constricted form. $onsidering both of these traits )ointly in self% fertili*ed dihybrids! the

progeny appeared in the following numbers: "93 green! inflated "#4 yellow constricted 55+ yellow! inflated +" green! constricted ,o these genes assort independently' Support your answer using $hi%s&uare analysis.

ANSWERS +)
expected expected observed (percent) (counts) 404 0.25 400 420 0.25 400 400 0.25 400 376 0.25 400 chi-squarecritica" va"uez 0.200 1.000 0.000 -1.200 2.4!0 7.!15

Co!p&te ea%h < (ro! its own row as (o ser.e$-e;pe%te$"=s5rt(e;pe%te$") Be s&re to &se the %o&nts in this (or!&la' not the per%entages) The %hi-s5&are statisti% is the s&! o( the s5&ares o( the <-.al&es) The n&! er o( $egrees o( (ree$o! is 3 (n&! er o( %ategories !in&s +") The %riti%al .al&e is (ro! a ta le *o&>ll ha.e on the e;a! (&sing ? -)-8") 1)
expected expected observed (percent) (counts) 404 0.2407 400.1 420 0.2407 400.1 400 0.2407 400.1 356 0.2407 400.1 !2 0.0370 61.6 1662 1662 chi-squarecritica" va"uez 0.1#4 0.##4 -0.006 -2.205 2.606

12.6!0 #.4!!

This ti!e' the %hi-s5&are statisti% (+1),:" is a o.e the ?-)-8 %riti%al .al&e' so *o& %o&l$ re7e%t the n&ll h*pothesis an$ $e%lare that the %ar$s are not ran$o!) The pro le! is %learl* that there are too !an* 7o#ers at the e;pense o( %l& s @ *o& %an see that (ro! the < statisti%s) 3. A genetics engineer was attempting to cross a tiger and a cheetah. She predicted a phenotypic outcome of the traits she was observing to be in the following ratio 4 stripes only: 3 spots only: 9 both stripes and spots. When the cross was performed and she counted the individuals she found 5 with stripes only! 4" with spots only and #5 with both. According to the $hi%s&uare test! did she get the predicted outcome' $hi%s&uare - (O-E"1=E 2)A) Bal&e + 3):0+ 1 8)CC+ 3 4):+8 Set &p a ta le to #eep tra%# o( the %al%&lations/

E;pe%te$ ratio 0 stripes 3 spots C stripes=spots +, total

O ser.e$ D 80+ :8 +4, total

E;pe%te$ D 00 33 CC +4, total

O-E , : -+0 - total

(O-E"1 3, ,0 +C,

(O-E"1=E -):1 +)C0 +)C: S&! ? 0)40

4."+ / "0+ - e1pected 2 of stripes - 44 3."+ / "0+ - e1pected 2 of spots - 33 9."+ / "0+ - e1pected 2 stripes.spots - 99 ,egrees of 3reedom - 3 % " - 4 53 different characteristics % stripes! spots! or both6 Since 4.04 is less than 5.99"! ( can accept the null hypothesis put forward by the engineer. 0)" Eenes assort in$epen$entl* (are FOT on the sa!e %hro!oso!e an$ FOT lin#e$" i( the* (ollow the C/3/3/+ r&le (on the +, s5&are P&nnett s5&are" res&lting (ro! a $ih* ri$ %ross) In this $ih* ri$ %ross/

O ser.e$ E;pe%te$

88, 88C

+:0 +:,

+C3 +:,

,+ ,1

The total o ser.e$ is CC0' so I (o&n$ the e;pe%te$ .al&es as so/ C=+,? ;=CC0 3=+,? ;=CC0 +=+,? ;=CC0 ;? 88C ;? +:, ;? ,1

Chi s5&are? G(88,-88C"2 /559] + [ (184-186)2/186] + [ (193-186)2/ 186] + [(61-62)2/62] = (0.016) = 0.312 df= 3 p value from table at 0.05 is 7.815 My calculated value is much lower than the p value from the table, so we cannot reject the null hypothesis. The genes assort independently according to a 9:3:3:1 ratio and are not on the same chromosome. + ( 0.02) + ( 0.26) + (0.016)

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