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Handbook of Industrial Engineering Equations, Formulas and Calculations

The document provides examples of common number patterns and closed-form mathematical expressions. It lists patterns formed by multiplying numbers by 8 or 9 and adding another term. It also gives examples of closed-form expressions including geometric series, logarithmic series, and expressions involving factorials, gamma functions, and derivatives.

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artust
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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396 views

Handbook of Industrial Engineering Equations, Formulas and Calculations

The document provides examples of common number patterns and closed-form mathematical expressions. It lists patterns formed by multiplying numbers by 8 or 9 and adding another term. It also gives examples of closed-form expressions including geometric series, logarithmic series, and expressions involving factorials, gamma functions, and derivatives.

Uploaded by

artust
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Appendix A:

Mathematical Patterns,
Series, and Formulae
Number Sequence and Patterns
Numbers can have interesting patterns. Here we list the most common patterns and how
they are made.
18+1 = 9
12 8 + 2 = 98
123 8 + 3 = 987
1234 8 + 4 = 9876
12345 8 + 5 = 98765
123456 8 + 6 = 987654
1234567 8 + 7 = 9876543
12345678 8 + 8 = 98765432
123456789 8 + 9 = 987654321

1 9 + 2 = 11
12 9 + 3 = 111
123 9 + 4 = 1111
1234 9 + 5 = 11111
12345 9 + 6 = 111111
123456 9 + 7 = 1111111
1234567 9 + 8 = 11111111
12345678 9 + 9 = 111111111
123456789 9 + 10 = 1111111111

A-1

A-2 Handbook of Industrial Engineering Equations, Formulas, and Calculations

9 9 + 7 = 88
98 9 + 6 = 888
987 9 + 5 = 8888
9876 9 + 4 = 88888
98765 9 + 3 = 888888
987654 9 + 2 = 8888888
9876543 9 + 1 = 88888888
98765432 9 + 0 = 888888888

11 = 1
11 11 = 121
111 111 = 12321
1111 1111 = 1234321
11111 11111 = 123454321
111111 111111 = 12345654321
1111111 1111111 = 1234567654321
11111111 11111111 = 123456787654321
111111111 111111111 = 12345678987654321
111, 111, 111 111, 111, 111 = 12, 345, 678, 987, 654, 321

18+1 = 9
12 8 + 2 = 98
123 8 + 3 = 987
1234 8 + 4 = 9876
12345 8 + 5 = 98765
123456 8 + 6 = 987654
1234567 8 + 7 = 9876543
12345678 8 + 8 = 98765432
123456789 8 + 9 = 987654321

Appendix A: Mathematical Patterns, Series, and Formulae

A-3

1 9 + 2 = 11
12 9 + 3 = 111
123 9 + 4 = 1111
1234 9 + 5 = 11111
12345 9 + 6 = 111111
123456 9 + 7 = 1111111
1234567 9 + 8 = 11111111
12345678 9 + 9 = 111111111
123456789 9 + 10 = 1111111111
9 9 + 7 = 88
98 9 + 6 = 888
987 9 + 5 = 8888
9876 9 + 4 = 88888
98765 9 + 3 = 888888
987654 9 + 2 = 8888888
9876543 9 + 1 = 88888888
98765432 9 + 0 = 888888888
11 = 1
11 11 = 121
111 111 = 12321
1111 1111 = 1234321
11111 11111 = 123454321
111111 111111 = 12345654321
1111111 1111111 = 1234567654321
11111111 11111111 = 123456787654321
111111111 111111111 = 12345678987654321

Closed-Form Mathematical Expressions


An expression is said to be a closed-form expression if, and only if, it can be expressed
analytically in terms of a bounded number of certain well-known functions. Typically,
these well-known functions are defined to be elementary functions: constants, one variable
x, elementary operations of arithmetic (+, , , ), nth roots, exponent, and logarithm
(which thus also include trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric functions).

A-4 Handbook of Industrial Engineering Equations, Formulas, and Calculations

Here we will see some common forms of closed-form expressions:


xn
n=0


xn

k


xn =

x x k+1
,
1x

x = 1,

xn =

x 2 x k+1
,
1x

x = 1,

n=2

pn =

1
,
1p

2x 2

n=0

(1 x)

6x 3

n3 x n =

(1 x)

n=0
M


if |p| < 1,

nx n =

(1 x)2

n=0

n2 x n =

x
(1 x)

6x 2

(1 x)

x=0

k=1

=
+

x(1 + x)
(1 x)3
x
(1 x)2

(1 x)2




r +x1

(1)k+1

x = 1,

x[1 (M + 1)x M + Mx M+1 ]

nx n =

n=0

x = 1,

n=1

x k+1 1
,
x1

k


n=0

1
1x

xn =

n=0

k


= ln

n=0

= ex ,

n!

ux = (1 u)r ,

|x| < 1,

|x| < 1,
|x| < 1,

if |u| < 1,

1
1 1 1 1 1
= 1 + + + = ln 2,
k
2 3 4 5 6

(1)k+1

k=1

1
1 1 1 1

= 1 + + = ,
2k 1
3 5 7 9
4
(1)k x k =

k=0
n

k=1

(1)k

1
,
1+x

 
n
= 1,
k

1 < x < 1,

for n  2,

A-5

Appendix A: Mathematical Patterns, Series, and Formulae


n  2

n

k=0
n



=


2n
,
n

k = 1+2+3++n =

k=1
n


k2 = 1 + 4 + 9 + + n2 =

k=1
n1


k2 x k =

n(n + 1)
,
2

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
,
6

(x 1)2 n2 x n 2(x 1)nx n+1 + x n+2 x 2 + x n+1 x


(x 1)3

k=0
n



k3 = 1 + 8 + 27 + + n3 =

k=1
n


n(n + 1)
2

2
,

(2k) = 2 + 4 + 6 + + 2n = n(n 1),

k=1
n


(2k 1) = 1 + 3 + 5 + + (2n 1) = n2 ,

k=1

(a + kd)r k = a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r 2 + =

k=0
n

k=1

a
rd
,
+
1 r (1 r)2


 n 2
2
2
2

n(n
+
1)
(n
+
1)
n
=
=
k3 = 1 + 8 + 27 + + n3 =
k ,
4
2
k=1


1
1 1
= 1+ + +
x
2 3
x=1
k

m=0

mam =

(does not converge),

k

k
k+1
[1

(k
+
1)a
+
ka
]
=
mam ,
(1 a)2
m=1

n


(1) = n,

k=0
n  

n
k=0

= 2n ,

A-6 Handbook of Industrial Engineering Equations, Formulas, and Calculations

(a + b) =
n

n  

n
k=0

an = e(

n=1

ln


6

ak bnk ,


n=1


an =

n=1

ln(an ))

ln an ,

n=1





1 x1 k

ln(x) =

k=1

1
x ,
2

lim (1 + h)1/h = e,


x n
lim 1 +
= ex ,
n
n
lim

n

en nr

K!

k=0

lim

xk
k!

1
= ,
2


= 0,

|x + y|  |x| + |y|,
|x y|  |x| |y|,
ln(1 + x) =


(1)k+1

k=1


xk
,
k

if 1 < x  1,

 

1
= ,
2

( + 1) = (),

(n 1)!

, for odd n,
= n1 1
2
2 ( 2 (n 1))!

ex x n1 dx,
(n) =
n

 
n1

1
n
= (n2 n) =
k,
2
2
k=1

  
n+1
n
=
+ n,
2
2

Appendix A: Mathematical Patterns, Series, and Formulae

2 4 6 8 2n =

n
6

A-7

2k = 2n n!,

k=1

2n 1
(2n 1)!
= 2n2 ,
1 3 5 7 (2n 1) = 2n2
2
(2n 2)!
2
n
 k
Derivation of closed-form expression for
kx :
k=1
n

k=1

kx k = x

n


kx k1

k=1
n

d k
=x
[x ]
dx
k=1
 n

d  k
=x
x
dx
k=1


d x(1 x n )
=x
dx
1x


(1 (n + 1)x n )(1 x) x(1 x n )(1)
=x
(1 x)2

x 1 (n + 1)x n + nx n+1
, x = 1,
=
(1 x)2

Derivation of the Quadratic Formula


The roots of the quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
is given by the quadratic formula
x=

b2 4ac
.
2a

The roots are complex if b2 4ac < 0, the roots are real if b2 4ac > 0, and the roots are
real and repeated if b2 4ac = 0. Formula:
ax 2 + bx + c = 0.
Dividing both sides by a, where a  = 0, we obtain
b
c
x 2 + x + = 0.
a
a
Note if a = 0, the solution to ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is x = c /b.

A-8 Handbook of Industrial Engineering Equations, Formulas, and Calculations

Rewrite

b
c
x2 + x + = 0
a
a

as

b2
c
b 2
2 + = 0,
2a
4a
a
2

2
b
c
b2 4ac
b
= 2 =
,
x+
2a
4a
a
4a2


b
b2 4ac
b2 4ac
x+
=

=
,
2a
4a2
2a

b
b2 4ac
x=
,
2a
2a

b b2 4ac
.
x=
2a


x+

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