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MIT8 02SC Lectureslides08

This document discusses electric potential and Gauss's law. It defines how an electric field (E) can be derived from an electric potential (V) by taking the gradient of V. It also explains how Gauss's law can be used to find V from a given E. Configuration energy, the work required to assemble a system of charges, is defined as the sum of potential energies between each pair of charges. An example problem calculates the configuration energy of three charges and how it would change upon adding a fourth charge.

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Prakhar Bhargava
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33 views

MIT8 02SC Lectureslides08

This document discusses electric potential and Gauss's law. It defines how an electric field (E) can be derived from an electric potential (V) by taking the gradient of V. It also explains how Gauss's law can be used to find V from a given E. Configuration energy, the work required to assemble a system of charges, is defined as the sum of potential energies between each pair of charges. An example problem calculates the configuration energy of three charges and how it would change upon adding a fourth charge.

Uploaded by

Prakhar Bhargava
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Module 08: Electric Potential

and Gausss Law; Configuration


Energy
1
Module 08: Outline
Deriving E from V Deriving E from V
Using Gausss Law to find V from E g
Configuration Energy
2

E Field and Potential: Creatingg


A point charge q creates a field and potential around it:
q q
r
U iti f
2

; E r
e e
q q
k V k
r r

Use superposition for
systems of charges
B
They are related:
3
; E E s
B
B A
A
V V V V d

r r
r

E Field and Potential: Effects E Field and Potential: Effects
If you put a charged particle, (charge q), in a field:
F E q
r r
F E q
To move a charged particle (charge q) in a field To move a charged particle, (charge q), in a field
and the particle does not change its kinetic energy
th
W U qV
then:
4
W
ext
U qV
Deriving E from V
5
Deriving E from V g
E s
B
V d =

r
r
A ( ) B ( )
A

i
r
A = (x,y,z), B=(x+x,y,z)
s i x =
( ) ( , , )
E s
x x y z
V d
+
=

r
r
E s
r
r

( ) E i
x
x E x = =
r
E
V V E
x
= Rate of change in V
( , , ) x y z
6
E
x

V
x

V
x
x
ate o c a ge
with y and z held constant
Deriving E from V
If we do all coordinates:
g

E i + j k
V V V


= +



r
x y z




i j k V



E V =
r
i + j k V
x y z


= +



Gradient (del) operator:


i j + k
x y z

+

7
x y
Concept Question Question: Concept Question Question:
E from V
8
Concept Question: E from V p
Consider the point charges you looked at earlier:
V P
( )
kQ a
( )
Q
You calculated V(P). From that can you derive E(P)? ( ) y ( )
1. Yes, its kQ/a
2
(up)
2 Y it kQ/
2
(d ) 2. Yes, its kQ/a
2
(down)
3. Yes in theory, but I dont know how to take a gradient
9
4. No, you cant get E(P) from V(P)
5. I dont know
Problem: E from V
10
(
V
)

5
t
e
n
t
i
a
l

5 0 5
0
P
o
t

-5 0 5
Z Position (mm)
A potential V(x,y,z) is plotted above. It does
not depend on x or y.
What is the electric field everywhere?
10
What is the electric field everywhere?
Are there charges anywhere?
What sign?
Demonstration:
Making & Measuring
Potential Potential
(Lab Preview) (Lab Preview)
11
Two Concept Question
Questions:
P t ti l & E Fi ld Potential & E Field
12
Concept Question: E from V p
The graph above shows a potential V as a function g p p
of x. The magnitude of the electric field for x > 0 is
1. larger than that for x < 0 1. larger than that for x 0
2. smaller than that for x < 0
3 equal to that for x < 0
13
3. equal to that for x < 0
4. I dont know
Concept Question: E from V
The above shows potential V(x). Which is true?
1. E
x > 0
is > 0 and E
x < 0
is > 0
2 E is > 0 and E is < 0 2. E
x > 0
is > 0 and E
x < 0
is < 0
3. E
x > 0
is < 0 and E
x < 0
is < 0
14
4. E
x > 0
is < 0 and E
x < 0
is > 0
5. I dont know
Potential from E
15

Potential for Nested Shell Potential for Nested Shells


From Gausss Law

E
Q


r
From Gauss s Law
r
2
0

,
4
0 l h
r
Q
a r b
r

< <



0, elsewhere


B

r
E s
B A
A
V V d

r
Use
( ) ( )
V V
Region 1: r > b
r

No field
16
( ) ( )
0
V r V


123
0
r
dr



0
No change in V!
Potential for Nested Shells
Region 2: a < r < b
dr
Q
4
2
b
r

( ) ( )
V r V r b
4
0
r
2
b

0
14243
Q
r
r

Q
4
0
r
r b
r

1
4
Q
1
r

1
b
j
(
,
\
,
(
4
0
r b
( ,
Electric field is just a point charge.
17
Electric field is just a point charge.
Electric potential is DIFFERENT surroundings matter
2
Potential for Nested Shells
Region 3: r < a
dr 0
a
r

0
( ) ( )
V r V r a
14243
1 1
kQ
a b
j \

, (
( ,
V r
( )
V a
( )

Q
4
0
1
a

1
b
j
(
,
\
,
(
r
4
0
a b
( ,
Again, potential is CONSTANT since E = 0.
18
Again, potential is CONSTANT since E 0.
Configuration Energy Configuration Energy
19
Configuration Energy g gy
How much energy to put two charges as pictured?
1) First charge is free ) g
2) Second charge sees first:
U W V
1
q
1
q
2
U
12
W
2
q
2
V
1

4
o
1 2
r
12
20
o 12
t

Configuration Energy g gy
How much energy to put three charges as pictured?
1) Know how to do first two
2) B i i hi d 2) Bring in third:
W q V + V
( )

q
3
q
1
+
q
2
j
,
\
(
W
3
q
3
V
1
+ V
2
( )
4
0
r
13
+
r
23
(
,
,
(
Total configuration energy:
U W
2
+ W
3

1
4
q
1
q
2
r
+
q
1
q
3
r
+
q
2
q
3
r
j
(
,
\
,
(
U
12
+ U
13
+ U
23
21
4
0
r
12
r
13
r
23
( ,
Problem: Build It
1) How much energy
did it take to assemble
the charges at left?
2) How much energy
would it take to add a
4
th
charge +3Q at P? 4 charge 3Q at P?
22
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu
8.02SC Physics II: Electricity and Magnetism
Fall 2010
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

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