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Purchase agreement and license to use

GREEN BUILDING AND LEED CORE CONCEPTS GUIDE
The U.S. Green Building Council, Inc. (USGBC) devoted significant time and resources to create its
LEED

Guides. USGBC authorizes individual use of the Guide. In exchange for this authorization,
the user agrees:
(1) to retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained in the Guide,
(2) not to sell or modify the Guide, and
(3) not to reproduce, display, or distribute the Guide in any way for any public or commercial
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(4) not to assign, transfer, or license this Agreement or any of my rights, benefits or obligations
under it without the prior written consent of USGBC.
Unauthorized use of the Guide violates copyright, trademark, and other laws and is prohibited.
The text of the federal and state codes, regulations, voluntary standards, etc., reproduced in the
Guide is used under license to USGBC or, in some instances, in the public domain. All other text,
graphics, layout, and other elements of content in the Guide are owned by USGBC and are protected
by copyright under both United States and foreign laws.
NOTE: for downloads of the Guide:
Redistributing the Guide on the internet of otherwise is STRICTLY prohibited even if offered free
of charge. DOWNLOADS OF THE GUIDE MAY NOT BE COPIED OR DISTRIBUTED. THE USER
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
GREEN BUILDING 3
Life Cycle of Built Environments
Integrative Approach
Green Building Costs and Benefits
U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL AND ITS PROGRAMS 15
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Green Building Certification Institute
LEED Rating Systems

SUSTAINABLE SITES 25
Transportation
Site Selection
Site Design and Management
Stormwater Management

WATER EFFICIENCY 37
Indoor Water
Outdoor Water
Process Water

ENERGY AND ATMOSPHERE 43
Energy Demand
Energy Efficiency
Renewable Energy
Ongoing Energy Performance

MATERIALS AND RESOURCES 53
Waste Management
Life-Cycle Impacts

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 59
Indoor Air Quality
Thermal Comfort, Lighting, and Acoustics

INNOVATION AND DESIGN 65
GLOSSARY 69
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1
Green building is an integrative effort to transform the way built
environmentsfrom individual buildings to neighborhoods and
even entire communitiesare designed, constructed, and operated.
The scope of green building reaches from the earliest stages of
planning to beyond the end of a structures life. It runs up and down
the supply chain. It encompasses the production and fate of every
substance that goes into or out of a project. The sweeping scope of
green building requires a cross-cutting, interdisciplinary approach.
INTRO
This guide presents green building concepts and strategies and introduces
the ideas and practices that serve as the foundation for more detailed study
of green building, particularly as it relates to the green building rating systems of the Leader-
ship in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program and to individual market segments, such
as homes, commercial new construction, and neighborhood developments.
We first describe how green building aspires to transform the design, construction, and operation of
built environments and shift practice toward higher performance, lower environmental impact, and
ultimately regenerative designs. The section that follows describes the certification approach used
by the U.S. Green Building Council and its LEED rating systems. LEED is not an end in itself but a
tool that helps create high-performance, more sustainable built environments by providing a frame-
work for design, construction, and evaluation. It is up to green building professionals to use this tool
as part of an integrated planning and design process to achieve real results on the ground.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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2 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

Green building requires a holistic, integrated approach but in practice depends on new strategies in
the various aspects of design and construction. Accordingly, the heart of this book is an introduction
to the six categories used in LEED:

Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency

Energy and Atmosphere

Materials and Resources

Indoor Environmental Quality

Innovation and Design
Each chapter reviews the basic concepts and strategies associated with each credit category, while
recognizing that they are all intimately linked and must be considered together during effective in-
tegrative processes.
Throughout, the reader will find references to sources of
information for green building professionals. We also offer
examples of challenging questions facing the green building
communitymany of which lack straightforward answersto
encourage more detailed study based on real-world projects.
At the end, a glossary defines terms that may be unfamiliar to some readers or have specific mean-
ings in the context of green building.
Having absorbed the basics of green building concepts and strategies, the reader can move forward
on more specialized pathways. Depending on ones field in the building industry, a logical next step
might be to study the relevant LEED reference guide:
Green Building Design and Construction Reference Guide, which covers the New
Construction, Core & Shell, Schools, Healthcare, and Retail rating systems;
Green Interior Design and Construction Reference Guide, which covers the Commercial
Interiors and Retail Interiors rating systems;
Green Building Operations & Maintenance Reference Guide, which covers the Existing
Buildings and Existing Schools rating systems; or
LEED for Homes Reference Guide, which covers the Homes rating system.
Specialized educational programs also offer detailed understanding for the rating systems. Readers
interested in more in-depth technical training may wish to focus on specific elements, such as en-
ergy modeling or lighting design. More information about educational opportunities in all of these
areas is available at www.usgbc.org.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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3
GREEN
Why is green building necessary?
The answer is rooted in the effects of conventional buildings and land use on people, the environ-
ment, and our shared natural resources. The cumulative impact of the design, construction, and op-
eration of built environments has profound implications for human health, the environment, and
the economy. For example, with conventional development practices,
clearing of land for development often destroys wildlife habitat;
extracting, manufacturing, and transporting materials contribute to the pollution of water and
air, the release of toxic chemicals, and the emission of greenhouse gases;
building operations require large inputs of energy and water and generate substantial waste
streams; and
building-related transportation, such as commuting and services, contributes to a wide range
of impacts associated with vehicle use, energy consumption, and harmful environmental
effects.
The green building movement strives to create a permanent shift in
prevailing design, planning, construction, and operational practices
toward lower-impact, more sustainable, and ultimately regenerative
built environments. This transformation will never be complete, since
green building is fundamentally a process of continual improvement.
In this process, todays best practices become tomorrows standard
practices and the foundation for ever-higher levels of performance.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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4 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

In the United States, buildings account for a high proportion of resource use and waste generation:
14% of potable water consumption;
30% of waste output;
38% of carbon dioxide emissions;
40% of raw materials use;
24% to 50% of energy use; and
72% of electricity consumption.
1
Modifying the conventional way in which homes, schools, offices, shopping centers, hospitals, and
cities are designed can have a beneficial effect on the environment. Green building practices can
minimize human use of natural resources while generating economic benefits that include lower
operational costs and higher human productivity. Green buildings are efficient and comfortable,
and they contain the amenities needed for a better quality of life, including improved health.
Many of the elements of green building are not new or even
unique. For example, energy efficiency, Smart Growth, water
conservation, and indoor air quality have been the focus of
various programs and incentives, both governmental and market
driven. What distinguishes green building is its focus on all of
these issues in an effort to contribute solutions to pressing
health, environmental, and economic challenges through the
location, design, construction, and operation of buildings.
The trend in the United States toward green building practices has quickened in the past decade,
contributing to a market transformation in the supply of building products, and servicesand in
the demand for skilled professionals. The value of green building construction is projected to in-
crease to $60 billion by 2010.
2
The facts are staggering. The Green Building Alliance anticipates that
the market for green building products will be worth $30 billion to $40 billion annually by 2010.
3

As more green products and technologies become available, the more mainstream green building
becomes.
Federal, state, and local governments have all adopted more sustainable building practices. For ex-
ample, the U.S. General Services Administration requires that all new federal government construc-
tion projects and substantial renovations achieve LEED certification, and it encourages projects to
achieve at least a Silver rating. Government agencies, utility companies, and manufacturers increas-
ingly offer financial incentives for developers and owners to enhance the environmental perfor-
mance of their buildings.
1 Energy Information Administration. 2005. EIA Annual Energy Review and Energy Information Administration. Emissions of
Greenhouse Gases in the United States.
2 McGraw-Hill Construction. 2008. Key Trends in the European and U.S. Construction Marketplace: SmartMarket Report.
3 Green Building Alliance. 2006. USGBC Green Building Facts. http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=3340.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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5 Green Building
THINK ABOUT IT
The future of the built environment. Conventional building practices
are not sustainable. They use too much energy, create too much waste, and
sometimes even undermine the health and comfort of occupants. Conventional
patterns of energy use, waste, and pollution do not support widely accepted
goals for greenhouse gas emissions reductions and public health. Recognizing
the problem, however, is only the first step toward a solution. What might the
built environment of 2030 look like? How can we break from the status quo and
achieve results at scale?
Primary Resources: Energy usage in buildings
Buildings are exceptionally
costly investments. Their
owners must have access
to large amounts of capital
and sufficient revenue to
meet operations and main-
tenance costs. The design,
construction, and opera-
tion of buildings also have
social, economic, and en-
vironmental consequences
for occupants and society.
9%
38%
20%
8%
7%
7%
6%
3%
3%
1%
1% Office Equipment, 64 trillion Btu
3% Personal Computers, 148 trillion Btu
3% Cooking, 167 trillion Btu
3% Refrigeration, 354 trillion Btu
7% Ventilation, 384 trillion Btu
7% Cooling, 431 trillion Btu
8% Water Heating, 448 trillion Btu
20% Lighting, 1,143 trillion Btu
38% Space Heating, 2,203 trillion Btu
9% Other, 478 trillion Btu
Total Consumption, 5,820 trillion Btu
Figure 1. Distribution of Building Energy Use (Source: U.S.
DOE, Energy Information Administration)
Since 1979, the U.S. De-
partment of Energys Energy
Information Administration
(EIA) has collected data on
both commercial and resi-
dential buildings through
its energy consumption sur-
veys, which provide periodic
national assessments.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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6 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

According to a recent Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, in 2003 the
United States had 4.9 million commercial buildings with 71.6 billion square feet of
floor space. These buildings used 6,500 trillion Btus of energy, of which electricity
accounted for 55% and natural gas, 32%. Of this energy, 36% was used for space
heating and 21% for lighting. In 2003, owners and operators of commercial build-
ings spent $92 billion on energy, not including transportation-related energy costs.
For an average 13,000-square-foot building, this amounted to nearly $20,000 per
year, or $1.43 per square foot.
EIAs 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey collected data from 4,381 house-
holds that statistically represented the 111.1 million housing units in the United
States. The results indicated that U.S. households spent a total of $201 billion on
energy in 2005, equivalent to $1,810 per household, or $0.83 per square foot.
A focus on green building and energy efficiency can
dramatically reduce such costs for both commercial
and residential owners, and the savings continue to
grow throughout the lifetime of the building.
In 2001, the EIA estimated that Americans drove 2,287 billion vehicle miles, con-
suming 113 billion gallons of gasoline and spending $150.3 billion on fuel. The
combustion of all that fuel released 837 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO
2
)
into the atmosphere. Our dependence on cars affects local air quality, public safety,
and quality of lifeimpacts that could be significantly reduced by smart location of
buildings and better land-use planning.
Energy Information Administration, end-use energy consumption data and analyses.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption/index.html.
2003 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/
cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/detailed_tables_2003.html#consumexpen03.
2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/
recs2005/c&e/detailed_tables2005c&e.html.
LIFE CYCLE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
Sustainability is not a singular event; it has no crisp beginning or end. Rath-
er, it is a process of continual improvement. When applied to built environments,
sustainability begins at the inception of an idea and continues seamlessly until the project reaches
the end of its life and its parts are recycled or reused. The study of this continual process, known as
life-cycle assessment, encompasses planning, design, construction, operations, and ultimately re-
tirement and renewal. The analysis considers not only the building itself but also its materials and
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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7
components, from their extraction,
manufacture, and transport to their
use, reuse, recycling, and disposal.
The intent of life-cycle assessment is
to inform the choice of building ma-
terials and systems and thereby min-
imize the negative impacts of build-
ings and land use on people and the
environment. Moreover, as sustain-
able design and operations improve,
we aspire to create environments
that truly regenerate their surround-
ings, creating positive impacts.
Sustainable design requires consid-
eration of the entire life of a building. This perspective contrasts with the conventional narrow focus
on capital or construction costs, and it allows for a balance between initial costs (or first costs, or
capital costs) and costs incurred during operations and at the end of life. Life-cycle cost analyses
permit a comparison of different designs and identify the best long-term investmentthe approach
that offers the lowest overall cost of ownership consistent with the project goals and available re-
sources. All the building expenses that can be calculated are included in the analysis: initial costs
(design and construction), operating costs (energy, water, other utilities, and personnel), and main-
tenance, repair, and replacement costs. Life-cycle cost analysis identifies which high-performance
building systems will save money over the life of a project, despite their higher initial cost, and thus
it allows owners to invest in long-term performance.
INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
In many endeavors, disciplinary boundaries and linear planning and design
processes can lead to inefficient solutions. The concept of an integrative approach has
emerged as a new paradigm that emphasizes connections and communication among professionals
throughout the life of a project. Bringing building owners, operators, architects, planners, engineers,
and contractors together and working through an iterative process of observation and analysis allow
building teams to cross traditional barriers and develop innovative solutions. The term integrative
design is most often applied to a new construction design process; however, the concept of integra-
tive design is applicable to any phase in the life cycle of a building or land-use project.
Todays typical building
Todays efficient building
Green, high-performance building
Years
G
H
G

e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
Figure 2. GHG Emissions over Lifecycle of Different Buildings (Source: CTG Energetics,
Inc. 2009)
Green Building
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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8 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

The building design process begins when the basic
programmatic needs and requirements for the project are
determined. Schematic design follows, as the basic scheme
that will be used to meet the project goals is developed.
During design development, the scheme is further refined
into a design, and each component of that design is fleshed
out. Finally, construction documents are prepared to
translate the design into something that can then be built.
In a conventional design process, the architect, the engineers (civil, mechanical, electrical, plumb-
ing, structural), the landscape architect, the construction contractors, and others all work relatively
independently on their individual scopes of work, handing off work products to other professionals
along the way. This separation of the disciplines and generally linear design process can limit oppor-
tunities for integration and synergy, particularly with construction contractors and other special-
ists who traditionally become engaged only toward the end of the process.
In contrast, in an integrative design process, all the disciplines come together at the beginning to
discuss the project goals and requirements. A clear statement of sustainability and performance
goals guides this team to find new approaches to the project. As the project progresses through the
design phases, each element of the design is reviewed to verify that it meets the original goals and
intent of the owner. In this way, the project team engages in a more iterative approach that allows for
deeper integration and collaborative problem solving.
In an integrative process, the property owner, facility managers, designers, construction contrac-
tors, and other project team members establish a mutual understanding of the projects goals, prior-
ities, and budget as early as possible. Input from the major stakeholders and members of the design
team is essential before schematic design begins, particularly since many of the decisions associated
with environmental impacts are made early in the design process, starting with the location of the
project. Site selection can have substantial long-term impacts on building performance and deter-
mine how the building affects the natural environment, as these examples indicate:
Walkable access to public transit or shops and services can reduce transportation-related
energy and associated environmental impacts.
Building orientation can increase the availability of natural daylight, which can be used to
reduce demand for artificial lighting and the need for mechanical heating and cooling.
Building and site design and orientation can change the amount and quality of open space
and management of stormwater.
Integrative design also provides opportunities to approach resources in new ways. For example,
in the conventional process, plumbing engineers, mechanical engineers, civil engineers, and land-
scape designers all consider waterpotable water supply, wastewater disposal, stormwater runoff,
irrigation demandbut make their plans separately. An integrative design process, in contrast, al-
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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Dockside Green
Dockside Green in Victoria, British Columbia, is one of the most
innovative examples of integrative design in the world. A 15-acre mixed-use
harbor community with commercial space and three residential neighborhoods, the facility
is distinguished by its comprehensive attention to integrative design. The project team
aggressively pursued synergies to achieve sustainability goals. The project has multiple
closed-loop systems where the output from one process serves as the input to another:
rainwater is captured for domestic use, for example, and domestic wastewater is then used
for landscape irrigation. The project uses state-of-the-art strategies for onsite biomass
heat generation, onsite stormwater and sewage treatment, strict water conservation
measures, and provisions for alternative transportation. The result is an exceptionally
energy-efficient facility with very low greenhouse gas emissions. These features helped
the Dockside Green community achieve a LEED Platinum certification while creating new
jobs, supporting local suppliers, and providing educational opportunities.
For more information, visit http://docksidegreen.com/sustainability/overview/overview.
html.
Project Case Study
Green Building
Melissa Raddatz (Busby Perkins+Will)
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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10 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

lows these professionals to think holistically about water as a resource. This kind of collaboration
can lead to the design of systems that capture stormwater and graywater to meet water supply and
irrigation needs while reducing runoff and protecting water quality.
The overall benefits of a sustainable building are maximized through an integrative approach. Stra-
tegic planning that focuses on sustainability, starting early in design and continuing through the
project, can open up opportunities for better indoor air quality, reduced environmental impacts,
improved occupant comfort, low or no increase in construction costs for sustainable elements, op-
timized return on investment, and reduced operations and maintenance costs.
Primary Resources: Integrative Design
The integrative approach requires a fundamental shift in the mindset of project
teams. In many cases, team members must step out of their traditional silos and
jump into often unfamiliar processes, such as systems thinking and nonhierarchical
leadership.
Developing Sustainable Planned Communities (Urban Land Institute, 2007).
Green Building through Integrated Design, by Jerry Yudelson (McGraw-Hill
GreenSource, 2008).
The Integrative Design Guide to Green Building, by Becker Reed (John Wiley & Sons,
2009).
Sustainable Building Technical Manual: Green Building Design, Construction,
and Operations (U.S. Green Building Council, 1996). http://www.scribd.com/
doc/7423187/Sustainable-Building-Technical-Manual.
GREEN BUILDING COSTS AND BENEFITS
On average, green buildings perform better than conventional ones. They save
energy, use less water, generate less waste, and provide healthier, more comfortable indoor environ-
ments. A recent study by the New Buildings Institute found that in green buildings, average energy
use intensities (energy consumed per unit of floor space) are 24% lower than in typical buildings.
The U.S. General Services Administration surveyed 12 green buildings in its portfolio and found
these savings and improvements:
13% lower maintenance costs;
26% less energy usage;
27% higher levels of occupant satisfaction; and
33% lower CO
2
emissions.
4

4 General Services Administration, Public Buildings Service. 2008. Assessing Green Building Performance: A Post Occupancy
Evaluation of 12 GSA Buildings.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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11
The study concluded that the federal
governments green buildings out-
perform national averages in all mea-
sured performance areasenergy,
operating costs, water use, occupant
satisfaction, and carbon emissions
and that buildings achieving LEED
Gold certification achieve the best
overall performance. The agency at-
tributed this performance to a fully
integrated approach to sustainable
design that addressed environmen-
tal, financial, and occupant satisfac-
tion issues.
Making buildings more comfortable and productive for
their occupants has special significance in light of studies
conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), which found that people in the United States spend,
on average, 90% of their time indoors, where they may be
exposed to pollutant concentrations two to 100 times higher
than outdoor levels. Occupants of green buildings typically
have significantly greater satisfaction with air quality and
lighting than occupants of conventional buildings. Case
studies show that these benefits can translate into a 2% to
16% increase in workers and students productivity. And
even small increases in productivity dramatically increase
the value of the building.
What is the cost of these benefits? If we view sustainability as an added feature of a building, we
would consider efforts to reduce energy costs or improve indoor environmental quality comparable
to specifying a better grade of countertop or a more impressive front door: any improvement be-
yond a minimally code-compliant baseline is an added cost. This perspective often leads to conclu-
sions that green buildings cost slightly more than conventional buildings, with estimates ranging
from 2% to more than 5%. If, however, we consider energy improvements as part of an integrative
design, the added costs are often balanced by new savings. For instance, specification of more costly,
high-performance windows may allow for the use of a smaller, lower-cost heating, ventilation, and
air-conditioning (HVAC) system. More fundamentally, if we view sustainable design as part of the
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ENERGY USE INTENSITY
(kBtu/sf/yr)
Figure 3. Energy Use Intensities for Sustainably Designed U.S. Government Buildings
(Source: GSA 2008)
The red bar indicates the national average energy use intensity.
Green Building
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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12 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

necessary functional requirements for building an energy-efficient structure and providing a safe,
healthful indoor environment, we can compare the cost of the green building with that of other
buildings in the same class rather than against an artificial baseline.
A landmark study by the firm Davis Langdon found no
significant difference between the average cost of a LEED-
certified building and other new construction in the same
category: there are expensive green buildings, and there are
expensive conventional buildings. Certification as a green
building was not a significant predictor of building cost.
Interestingly, the public dramatically overestimates the marginal cost of green building. A 2007 pub-
lic opinion survey conducted by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development
5
found
that respondents believed that green building features added 17% to the cost of a building, whereas a
survey of 146 green buildings found an actual average marginal cost of less than 2%.
Yet green building is a significant predictor of tangible improvements in building performance,
and those improvements have considerable value. Studies have shown that certified green build-
ings command significantly higher rents. A University of CaliforniaBerkeley study
6
analyzed 694
certified green buildings and compared them with 7,489 other office buildings, each located within
a quarter-mile of a green building in the sample. The researchers found that, on average, certified
green office buildings rent for 2% more than comparable nearby buildings. After adjusting for occu-
pancy levels, they identified a 6% premium for certified buildings. The researchers calculated that at
prevailing capitalization rates, this adds more than $5 million to the market value of each property.
Primary Resources: The cost of green
Statistically, green buildings cost no more than their conventional counterparts. Fig-
ure 1 illustrates findings for academic buildings. Total design and construction costs
range between approximately $250 and $575 per square foot. Certified buildings
have a wide range of costs, and they are statistically indistinguishable from conven-
tional buildings.
Cost of Green Revisited: Reexamining the Feasibility and Cost Impact of Sustainable
Design in the Light of Increased Market Adoption, by Lisa Fay Matthiessen and
Peter Morris (Davis Langdon, 2007). http://www.davislangdon.com/USA/Research/
ResearchFinder/2007-The-Cost-of-Green-Revisited/.
5 Green Buildings and Communities: Costs and Benefits, by Greg Kats et al. (Good Energies, 2008).
6 Doing Well by Doing Good? Green Office Buildings, by Piet Eichholtz, Nils Kok, and John M. Quigley (Institute of Business and
Economic Research, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, 2008). http://www.mistra.org/download/18.39aa239f11a8dd8de6b8000264
77/IBER+Green+Office+Buildings+NKok+et+al.pdf.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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13
Costing Green: A Comprehensive Cost Database and Budgeting Methodology, by
Lisa Fay Matthiessen and Peter Morris (Davis Langdon, 2004). http://www.usgbc.org/
Docs/Resources/Cost_of_Green_Full.pdf.
Doing Well by Doing Good? Green Office Buildings, by Piet Eichholtz, Nils Kok,
and John M. Quigley (Institute of Business and Economic Research, University of
CaliforniaBerkeley, 2008). http://www.mistra.org/download/18.39aa239f11a8dd8de
6b800026477/IBER+Green+Office+Buildings+NKok+et+al.pdf.
Greening Buildings and Communities: Costs and Benefits, by Greg Kats et al. (Good
Energies, 2008). http://www.goodenergies.com/news/research-knowledge.php?WYSES
SID=j1lrode5oi105htjjcjtbi5ud1.
THINK ABOUT IT
The cost of green building. Does green building cost more, and does achieving
higher levels of LEED certification add cost? Can LEED certification be achieved
in ways that lower costs?
Green Building
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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15
U.S. GREEN
USGBCS MISSION
To transform the way buildings and communities are designed, built, and
operated, enabling an environmentally and socially responsible, healthy, and prosperous envi-
ronment that improves the quality of life.
The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is the nations foremost
coalition of leaders from every sector of the building industry
working to promote buildings that are environmentally responsible,
profitable, and healthful places to live and work. USGBC is a
nonprofit organization whose members represent more than 15,000
organizations across the industry and include building owners and
end users, real estate developers, facility managers, architects,
designers, engineers, general contractors, subcontractors, product
and building system manufacturers, government agencies, and
nonprofits. USGBC provides educational opportunities to learn more
about sustainable design strategies. Green building professionals
can join one of the more than 70 regional USGBC chapters across
the country that provide green building resources, education, and
networking opportunities.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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16 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Rating Sys-
tem was created by USGBC to provide a framework for meeting sustainability goals and as-
sessing building performance. Voluntary and consensus-based, LEED addresses all building types.
LEED is a third-party green building certification program
and the nationally accepted benchmark for the design,
construction, and operation of high-performance green
buildings and neighborhoods. LEED gives building owners
and operators the tools they need to have an immediate
and measurable impact on their buildings performance.
LEED promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability
by recognizing performance in location and planning,
sustainable site development, water savings, energy
efficiency, materials selection, indoor environmental quality,
innovative strategies, and attention to priority regional
issues.
LEED measures and enhances the design and sustainability of buildings based on a triple bottom
line approach. The term was coined by John Elkington in 1994 to refocus the measurement of corpo-
rate performance from the perspective of a shareholder (predominantly financially driven) to that
of a stakeholder (anyone affected by
the actions of a firm) and coordinate
three interests: people, planet, and
profit. USGBC has adapted the
triple bottom line to establish met-
rics and rating systems to measure
and recognize building projects
based on their performance in the
three corresponding dimensions of
sustainability: society, the environ-
ment, and the economy.
The three dimensions are often lik-
ened to the three legs of a stool. If
the legs are not all equal, the stool
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PROSPERITY
The Triple
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S
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Figure 4. The Triple Bottom Line
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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17
will wobble and be unable to perform its function. Projects certified under the LEED rating systems
demonstrate, through compliance with a range of requirements, that they have addressed elements
that balance and enhance all three areas of the triple bottom line, all three dimensions of sustain-
ability.
GREEN BUILDING CERTIFICATION INSTITUTE
In 2007, the Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI) was established
as a separately incorporated entity with the support of the U.S. Green Build-
ing Council. GBCI administers credentialing programs related to green building practice. US-
GBC handles the development of the LEED rating systems and offers LEED-based education and re-
search programs; GBCI administers the LEED Professional Accreditation program independently,
to allow for balanced, objective management of the credential.
GBCI manages all aspects of the LEED Professional Accreditation program, including exam devel-
opment, registration, and delivery. Accreditation is available at three levels:
LEED Green Associate
LEED Accredited Professional
LEED Fellow
GBCI also oversees the development and implementation of a credential maintenance program for
LEED Accredited Professionals. Establishing continuing education requirements for LEED Accred-
ited Professionals ensures that the credential continues to distinguish those building profession-
als who have a thorough understanding of green building principles and practices plus the skills to
steward the LEED certification process.
GBCI administers all LEED project certification through third-party certification bodies accredited
by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
LEED RATING SYSTEMS
The LEED rating systems are tools for encouraging, evaluating, and recog-
nizing green buildings and neighborhoods, with the ultimate goal of market
transformation. Comprehensive and flexible, LEED is relevant to buildings in any stage in their
life cycles. New construction, the ongoing operations and maintenance of an existing building, and a
significant tenant retrofit to a commercial building are all addressed by LEED rating systems. The rating
systems and their companion reference guides help teams make the right green building decisions for
their projects through an integrated process, ensuring that building systems work together effectively.
Updated regularly, the rating systems respond to new technologies and policies and to changes in the
built environment through an ongoing, consensus-based refinement process.
U.S. Green Building Council and its Programs
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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18 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

The LEED rating systems address the following types and scopes of projects:
LEED for New Construction
LEED for Core & Shell
LEED for Commercial Interiors
LEED for Schools
LEED for Healthcare
LEED for Retail
LEED for Existing Buildings Operations & Maintenance
LEED for Homes
LEED for Neighborhood Development
The LEED for New Construction Rating System, which addresses the full design and construction
of most commercial buildings and large (more than four stories) multifamily residential projects,
was the first version of LEED to be developed; it has served as the basis for the other rating systems.
LEED for Core & Shell is for projects restricted to the design and construction of the core and ex-
terior shell, and LEED for Commercial Interiors addresses only interior design and tenant fit-outs.
Each rating system follows a similar structure, with green building strategies divided into the fol-
lowing categories:

Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency

Energy and Atmosphere

Materials and Resources

Indoor Environmental Quality

Innovation and Design
A seventh category, Regional Priority, has been developed by
USGBC chapters to address regionally important issues, such
as water conservation in the Southwest. At the publication of
this guide, the details were still being finalized by USGBC.
LEED for Schools, LEED for Healthcare, and LEED for Retail are derivatives of LEED for New Con-
struction and LEED for Commercial Interiors. These rating systems are customized to the unique
nature of each market segment. For example, LEED for Schools provides additional focus on class-
room acoustics, master planning, mold prevention, and environmental site assessment. LEED for
Retail addresses the types of spaces that retailers need for their distinctive product lines.
LEED for Existing Buildings Operations & Maintenance focuses on the ongoing operation of existing
buildings, rather than on design and construction. This system has the same categories as the above
systems but is geared toward the sustainability strategies associated with building operations.
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LEED for Homes, for single-family and small multifamily homes, includes two additional catego-
ries:
Location and Linkages
Awareness and Education
LEED for Neighborhood Development is designed to address the land-use planning of an entire
neighborhood, including buildings, infrastructure, street design, and open space. This system,
which was developed in partnership with the Congress for New Urbanism and the Natural Resourc-
es Defense Council, is organized into entirely different categories:
Smart Location and Linkage
Neighborhood Pattern and Design
Green Infrastructure and Buildings
Prerequisites and Credits
Each category in a LEED rating system consists of prerequisites and cred-
its. Prerequisites are required elementsgreen building strategies that must be included in any
LEED-certified project. Credits are optional elementsstrategies that projects can elect to pursue
to gain points toward LEED certification. LEED prerequisites and credits work together to provide
a common foundation of performance and a flexible set of tools and strategies to accommodate the
circumstances of individual projects.
LEED rating systems generally have 100 base points plus 6 Innovation and Design points and 4 Re-
gional Priority points, for a total of 110 points (LEED for Homes is based on a 125-point scale, plus
11 Innovation and Design points). Projects achieve certification if they earn points according to the
following levels:
Certified, 4049 points
Silver, 5059 points
Gold, 6079 points
Platinum, 80+ points
Credit Weightings
Each credit is allocated points based on the relative importance of the build-
ing-related impacts that it addresses. The result is a weighted average that combines
building impacts and the relative value of the impact categories. Credits that most directly address
the most important environmental impacts and human benefits are given the greatest weight; the
market implications of point allocation are also considered.
U.S. Green Building Council and its Programs
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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20 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

The credit weightings are based on impact categories
defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
on category weights established by the National Institute
of Standards and Technology and modified by USGBC. The
combination of impact categories and category weights
provides a quantitative basis for determining the point value
of each credit in the LEED rating systems.
Overall, the credit weights emphasize energy efficiency, renewable energy, reduced transportation
demand, and water conservation, based on their direct contribution to reducing high-priority im-
pacts, particularly greenhouse gas emissions.
Figure 2 illustrates the relative importance of impacts based on priorities in the 2009 versions of
the LEED rating systems; the height of each bar reflects its relative influence on the distribution of
points across the system.
Carbon Overlay
The U.S. Green Building Council is a signatory to the Wingspread Principles
on a U.S. Response to Global Warming, a set of propositions signed by individuals and
organizations declaring their commitment to addressing the issue of climate change. These princi-
ples are based on recognition that global climate change is a critical challenge that requires changes
in our economy, policies, and behaviors. The Wingspread Principles call for urgent and effective ac-
tion to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 60% to 80% below 1990 levels by midcentury.
LEED-rated buildings typically have lower greenhouse gas
emissions than comparable conventionally built structures.
However, some green buildings have greater reductions than
others, sometimes because of the specific strategies used
to achieve LEED certification, and sometimes because of
the circumstances of the project, such as its location or
source of purchased electricity. Accordingly, USGBC now
identifies and prioritizes LEED credits based on their relative
value for greenhouse gas emissions reduction. This carbon
overlay is a quantitative index of the relative importance of
individual credits.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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The score for each LEED credit is estimated based on the carbon footprint for a typical LEED build-
ing. A buildings carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas emissions associated with its construc-
tion and operation, with its construction and operation:
energy used by building systems;
building-related transportation;
embodied emissions of water (electricity used to extract, convey, treat, and deliver water);
embodied emissions of solid waste (life-cycle emissions associated with solid waste); and
embodied emissions of materials (emissions associated with the manufacture and transport of
materials).
The carbon footprint for constructing and operating a typical 135,000-square-foot office building is
represented in Figure 5, which illustrates the sources of emissions of the annual total of 4,700 metric
tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. This distribution can be used to prioritize credits based on their
potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The credits addressing the most important emissions
sources receive the highest scores in the carbon overlay. The carbon overlay is included in the LEED
2009 workbooks, including LEED for New Construction, LEED for Operations & Maintenance, and
LEED for Neighborhood Development.
Carbon Footprint Building Systems
Transportation
Water
Materials
Figure 5. Carbon Footprint Distribution of Typical Ofce Building (Source: USGBC LEED 2009 Weightings Workbook)
More information about carbon overlays in LEED 2009 is available at http://www.usgbc.org/Dis-
playPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1849.
U.S. Green Building Council and its Programs
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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22 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

THINK ABOUT IT
LEED and greenhouse gas reduction. Many government agencies and
organizations have established requirements for LEED certification as a way
of meeting their climate change goals. Do green buildings rated with flexible,
voluntary standards always reduce greenhouse gas emissions? What factors
can complicate the relationship between green building and greenhouse gas
emissions reduction?

Certification Process
Achieving LEED certification requires satisfying all prerequisites and earning
a minimum number of points as described in the applicable rating system.
Each LEED rating system corresponds with a LEED reference guide that explains credit criteria, de-
scribes the benefits of complying with the credit, and suggests approaches to achieving credit com-
pliance.
The LEED process begins with registration. The project team submits a registration form and a fee
to USGBC. Once registered, the team receives information, tools, and communications that will
help guide the certification process.
When the team is ready for USGBC to review its application, it submits the appropriate fee, which is
based on project square footage, and documentation. Submission of documentation for review can
be done in either one or two stages. The team can wait until the building project is complete to sub-
mit documentation for all the credits it is pursuing. Or the team can seek review of its design-related
prerequisites and credits before completion, and then apply for construction-related credits after
the project is finished.
Whether the design and construction credits are submitted
together or separately, each credit undergoes one preliminary
review. The reviewer may request additional information or
clarification. The team then submits final documentation.
After completion of the final review, teams may appeal any
adverse decisions on individual credits to USGBC for an
additional fee.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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All projects document credit compliance through LEED-Online, a data collection portal through
which the team can upload information about the project. It provides credit templates to be com-
pleted and signed by a specified member of the team (architect, engineer, general contractor, land-
scape architect, owner, etc.). In the near future, LEED-Online will provide dynamic, context-depen-
dent prompts for data collection.
Two LEED rating systems follow slightly different processes, reflecting differences in planning and
development.
LEED for Homes involves a multistep review, based on the phases in the design and construction of
new homes, with participation by project team members, including a LEED for Homes provider, the
homebuilder, a green rater, and a home energy rater. The verification process has five steps:
Step 1. Early planning
Step 2. Design
Step 3. Build
Step 4. Verification and certification
Step 5. Reflection on achievements
LEED for Neighborhood Development follows the typical neighborhood development process
which can take years or even decadesfrom the earliest steps of project entitlement (acquiring the
necessary permits) to the completion of the project. This process is segmented into three stages for
review:
Stage 1. Review prior to completion of the entitlement (permitting) process
Stage 2. Certification of an approved development plan
Stage 3. Review of a completed neighborhood development
USGBC provides comprehensive information about the LEED process on its project certification
webpage, http://www.usgbc.org/displaypage.aspx?cmspageid=64.
Credit Interpretation
The LEED rating systems are intended to be flexible, voluntary tools to im-
prove the performance of buildings and promote market transformation. Over
time, experience with LEED projects has generated findings that document reviewers responses
to questions about credit requirements or their application in specific circumstances. These credit
interpretation rulings constitute precedents.
Reviews of thousands of projects have generated a substantial foundation of experience, some of
which has been described in case studies. The rulings also indicate how particular credits have been
reviewed under different circumstances and whether a teams approach will be acceptable. Project
teams must consult rulings and errata that have been posted prior to their registration date and
U.S. Green Building Council and its Programs
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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24 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

comply with any guidance that applies. Any rulings that are posted following the date of registra-
tion may be incorporated if they benefit the team, but reviewers will not hold teams responsible for
complying with rulings issued after their registration date.
If a new issue arises, a project team can submit a credit interpretation request. Guidelines
for submitting credit interpretation requests are available at http://www.usgbc.org/showfile.
aspx?documentid=1510.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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The location of a project is the foundation for the sus-
tainability of individual buildings or an entire neighbor-
hood. The sustainability of a project site has several
aspects:
transportation;
site selection;
site design and management; and
stormwater management.
These elements encompass the interaction between
a project and its local and regional circumstances, as
well as the projects impact on ecosystems and water
resources. The most sustainable sites are locations that
reduce transportation demand, restore degraded or con-
taminated areas, minimize impacts such as light pol-
lution, and manage stormwater to protect water quality
and aquatic ecosystems.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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26 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

Assessments and Measurements
To evaluate the performance of site-related strategies, the following mea-
sures and metrics can be used. Some of these, like community connectivity, are qualitative
measures, while others lend themselves to quantitative measurement, such as the solar reflectance
rating of a surface or the number of footcandles of lighting.
Brownfield. Previously used or developed land that may be contaminated with hazardous
waste or pollution. Once any environmental damage has been remediated, the land can be
reused. Redevelopment on brownfields provides an important opportunity to restore degraded
urban land while promoting infill and reducing sprawl.
Community connectivity. The amount of connection between a site and the surrounding
community, measured by proximity of the site to homes, schools, parks, stores, restaurants,
medical facilities, and other services and amenities.
Development density. The total square footage of all buildings within a particular area,
measured in square feet per acre or units per acre.
Diversity of uses or housing types. The number of types of spaces or housing types per acre.
A neighborhood that includes a diversity of usesoffices, homes, schools, parks, stores
encourages walking, and its residents and visitors are less dependent on personal vehicles.
A diversity of housing types allows households of different types, sizes, ages, and incomes to
live in the same neighborhood.
Floodplain. Land that is likely to be flooded by a storm of a given size (e.g., a 100-year
storm).
Floor-area ratio. The relationship between the total building floor area and the allowable land
area the building can cover. In green building, the objective is to build up rather than out
because a smaller footprint means less disruption of the existing or created landscape.
Footcandle. A measure of the amount of illumination falling on a surface. A footcandle is
equal to one lumen per square foot. Minimizing the number of footcandles of site lighting
helps reduce light pollution and protect dark skies and nocturnal animals.
Imperviousness. The resistance of a material to penetration by a liquid. The total
imperviousness of a surface, such as paving, is expressed as a percentage of total land
area that does not allow moisture penetration. Impervious surfaces prevent rainwater from
infiltrating into the ground, thereby increasing runoff, reducing groundwater recharge, and
degrading surface water quality.
Native and adapted plants. Native plants occur naturally in a given location and ecosystem.
Adapted plants are not native to a location but grow reliably with minimal attention from
humans. Using native and adapted plants can reduce the amount of water required for
irrigation, as well as the need for pesticides or fertilizers, and may provide benefits for local
wildlife.
Prime farmland. Previously undeveloped land with soil suitable for cultivation. Avoiding
development on prime farmland helps protect agricultural lands, which are needed for food
production.
Site disturbance. The amount of a site that is disturbed by construction activity. On
undeveloped sites, limiting the amount and boundary of site disturbance can protect
surrounding habitat.
Solar reflectance index (SRI). A measure of how well a material rejects solar heat; the index
ranges from 0 (least reflective) to 100 (most reflective). Using cooler materials helps
prevent the urban heat island effect (the absorption of heat by roofs and pavement and its
radiation to the ambient air) and minimizes demand for cooling of nearby buildings.
Street grid density. An indicator of neighborhood density, calculated as the number of
centerline miles per square mile. Centerline miles are the length of a road down its center. A
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27 Sustainable Sites
community with high street grid density and narrow, interconnected streets is more likely to
be pedestrian friendly than one with a low street grid density and wide streets.
Transportation demand management. The process of reducing peak-period vehicle trips.
Vehicle miles traveled (vmt). A measure of transportation demand that estimates the travel
miles associated with a project, most often for single-passenger cars. LEED sometimes uses a
complementary metric for alternative-mode miles (e.g., in high-occupancy autos).
THINK ABOUT IT
Green building and transportation. Transportation is a fundamental impact
associated with the built environment. What does it mean to have a green
building in an auto-dependent location? Is consideration of transportation an
opportunity or a barrier to projects considering LEED certification?
TRANSPORTATION
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, transportation ac-
counted for 32% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2007. Buildings
generate much of the demand for transportation, and they can be an important part of efforts to
reduce the social, economic, and environmental impacts of transportation. Land-use decisions and
the design, construction, and operation of buildings can reduce the length and frequency of vehicle
trips and encourage shifts to more sustainable modes of transportation.
Considering transportation may be a new issue for many
building design professionals. Some owners, architects,
engineers, and other professionals have questioned why
LEED 2009 increases the emphasis on this issue. Conversely,
land-use and transportation planning professionals are often
frustrated by claims of green buildings in auto-dependent
locations.
LEED recognizes that creating a building or neighborhood can create new demand for transporta-
tion; however, projects also have opportunities to reduce transportation impacts by using a wide
variety of practical strategies, such as providing alternative modes of transportation, encouraging
walking and bicycling, providing fueling facilities for alternative-fuel vehicles, and reducing the
number and length of automobile trips. Taken together, these strategies can significantly reduce the
impacts of building-associated transportation.
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28 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

The drivers of transportation impacts include location, vehicle technology, fuel, and human behav-
ior. Location determines the number and frequency of trips. Vehicle technology determines the
quantity and types of energy and support systems needed to convey people and goods to and from
the site. Fuel determines the environmental impact of vehicle operation. Human behavior ultimate-
ly combines all of these elements in daily mobility choices. Green buildings emphasis on integrative
approaches calls for the coordinated, synergistic consideration for each of these elements.
In practice, green building often assesses the elements of transportation through proxy measures
and metrics. For example, density stands in for many elements of land-use design. Project sites in
urban areas are likely to have the density required for the sustainable operation of mass transpor-
tationsystems that are less energy intensive than single-passenger vehicles. By building in a rela-
tively high density area or on an infill site already served by mass transit, the project can reduce the
vehicle miles traveled by its occupants and visitors and more easily integrate into existing transpor-
tation networks.
Sites without access to public transportation start at a
disadvantage and may require additional attention to
transportation impacts, particularly local land-use design
and alternative fuels. It is still possible for such a project
to substantially reduce its transportation impacts by
focusing on local connectivity and the energy efficiency of
the vehicles used to serve its needs. For example, an office
complex without transit access might provide incentives for
carpooling, incorporate diverse land uses that allow workers
to walk to basic services, or facilitate the use of alternative-
fuel vehicles like plug-in hybrids.
Consideration for transportation provides many opportunities for integrative planning, such as
specifications for parking. Typically, parking is sized for annual extreme events, like shopping on
the day after Thanksgiving; during the other 364 days of the year, parking capacity is unused, and un-
necessary expanses of asphalt or concrete have environmental impacts, causing urban heat islands
and stormwater runoff. A project team can reduce the number of parking spaces provided for single-
passenger vehicles, thereby discouraging vehicle use, reducing environmental impacts, and lower-
ing the cost of construction. Project teams can go further and designate preferred parking spaces for
alternative-fuel vehicles. Incentives for low-impact behavior may become more appealing as tech-
nologies like plug-in hybrids become more common.
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29 Sustainable Sites
Promoting alternative transportation as a convenient and viable option through site selection, de-
sign, and incentives benefits both the building occupants and the developer. Recognizing the impor-
tance of alternative transportation in reducing negative environmental impacts, the LEED rating
systems include multiple credits that give project teams flexibility when considering site-specific
needs and opportunities.
Strategies to address transportation:

Locate near mass transit. Select a project site in an area served by an existing transportation
network.
Limit parking. The lack of parking spaces on the project site will spark interest in alternative
transportation options.
Encourage carpooling. Designate preferred spaces for carpool vehicles in the parking area.
Promote alternative-fuel vehicles. Provide a convenient refueling station on the site.
Offer incentives. Develop an alternative commuting incentive program for building occupants.
Support alternative transportation. Promote alternatives to single-occupancy car commuting
at the building and/or city level.
Primary Resources: Transportation, energy, and greenhouse
gas emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation are the result of three fundamental
factors: vehicle technology, transportation fuels, and land use.
Although efforts are underway to improve vehicle fuel efficiency and reduce the
carbon intensity of motor fuels, recent research suggests that these efforts may be
insufficient to meet greenhouse gas reduction goals without significant changes in
land use. Land use is what ultimately drives growth in transportation demand, and
urban sprawl is increasing transportation demand faster than vehicles and fuels can
improve. The result may be a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions despite sub-
stantial investments in technology and alternative energy. Green building profession-
als can help prevent this outcome by helping reduce transportation demand and slow
or reverse the long-term growth in vehicle miles traveled.
Commuting guide for employers. www.self-propelled-city.com.
Growing Cooler: The Evidence on Urban Development and Climate Change, by Reid
Ewing, Keith Bartholomew, Steve Winkelman, Jerry Walters, and Don Chen (Urban
Land Institute, 2008).
Smart commuting. www.smartcomute.org.
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30 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

THINK ABOUT IT
Electric cars and net-zero buildings. Buildings create the demand
for transportation. In the future, they may also supply the energy to fuel our
transportation system. What are the implications of the growing convergence
between vehicles and buildings? How will electrification of vehicles transform
transportation and buildings? How might it alter energy efficiency or onsite
renewable energy goals for buildings?
SITE SELECTION
The selection of a project site can provide opportunities to protect habitat
and restore degraded areas. Development or redevelopment on former industrial proper-
ties (so-called brownfields) may require the cleanup of contaminated soil or groundwater. Brown-
field redevelopment can be regenerative: it improves the quality of the environment. This strategy
also reduces pressure for the development of greenfield (undeveloped) sites, which in turn reduces
fragmentation of natural habitats. Some projects take the extra step of explicitly protecting addi-
tional habitat outside the project boundaries as part of the development process.
Strategies to address site selection:

Increase density. Create a smaller footprint and maximize the floor-area ratio or square
footage per acre.
Choose redevelopment. Build on a previously developed or brownfield site.
Protect habitat. Give preference to locations that do not include sensitive site elements and
land types.
LEED in Practice
Smart locations and LEED for Neighborhood Development
LEED for Neighborhood Development encourages development within and near existing commu-
nities or public transportation infrastructure. The goal is to reduce vehicle trips and miles traveled
and support walking as a transportation choice. This promotes public health and a vibrant commu-
nity life.
One measure of smart location is access to transit service. LEED recognizes projects that locate
at least 50% of dwelling unit entrances within a 1/4 -mile walk of bus or streetcar stops or a 1/2 -mile
walk from bus rapid transit, light or heavy passenger rail stations, ferry terminals, or tram terminals.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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31 Sustainable Sites
The variation in distances reflects
repeated observations that residents
are willing to walk farther to reach
certain types of transit.
For more information, see the LEED
for Neighborhood Development
Rating System, Smart Location and
Linkage, Prerequisite 1, Smart Loca-
tion.
Primary Resources: Brownfields
EPA defines brownfields as real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse
of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous
substance, pollutant, or contaminant. If found to be contaminated but then remedi-
ated, the land can be reused. Cleaning up and reinvesting in these properties takes
development pressure off undeveloped land, and it both improves and protects the
environment.
Brownfields provide exceptional opportunities for green building projects to go be-
yond just reducing their impacts on the environment. Restoration of brownfields
can also be regenerative and actually improve social, economic, and environmental
conditions. Encouraging regenerative projects is a long-term goal of USGBC. EPA
worked with USGBC to help recognize and reward projects that choose brownfields
with points in the LEED rating systems.
EPA offers a variety of resources for brownfield redevelopment:
Brownfields and land revitalization grants and funding. http://www.epa.gov/swerosps/
bf/pilot.htm.
Tools and technical information related to brownfield cleanup. http://www.epa.gov/
swerosps/bf/toolsandtech.htm.
Interactive maps of brownfield cleanup sites across the United States. http://iaspub.
epa.gov/Clea nups/.
Figure 6. Measuring Walking Distance to Public Transportation (Source: USGBC LEED
for Neighborhood Development)
A distance of one-half mile or less is one measure of a smart location.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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32 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

THINK ABOUT IT
Regenerative design. Buildings have traditionally been seen as having
adverse impacts on the environment. In fact, the whole concept of environmental
impact assessment often presumes that development has a net negative impact.
What are the implications of regenerative planning and design for environmental
policy in the United States?
SITE DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT
Sustainable landscapes reduce environmental impacts, minimize mainte-
nance costs, and contribute to the restoration and regeneration of an area.
Projects often achieve these goals by incorporating native and adapted plants, using water-efficient
irrigation systems, minimizing impervious area, and improving outdoor lighting design. Certain
plants can enhance soil nutrients and deter pests. Plants can also be selected to minimize evapo-
transpiration and create wildlife habitat for pest predators. Landscape design can thereby stabilize
the soil and reduce or eliminate the need for irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers.
Strategically locating functional and/or decorative hardscape on a project site may reduce the
amount of impervious area and site lighting required to provide adequate illumination while pre-
serving the integrity of the night sky. The choice of roofing and paving materials can accomplish
multiple purposes. For example, during the day the use of reflective materials (those with high SRI
values) contributes to reducing heat gain and peak air temperatures. This increases comfort and re-
duces demand for air-conditioning. In the evening, reflective materials help distribute light across
the site, reducing the number of fixtures needed to safely illuminate the area and saving energy.
Strategies for developing a sustainable site design:

Build small. Minimize the building footprint and maximize open space.
Minimize hardscape. Design driveways and paths intelligently, or substitute permeable
surfaces for traditional paving.
Minimize water usage. Install water-efficient irrigation systems that use nonpotable water and
evapotranspiration controllers, or design a landscape that needs no irrigation.
Use reflective materials. Specify exterior surfaces with high SRI values to enhance
illumination levels and reduce heat island impacts.
Develop a sustainable management plan. The plan should address the application of
chemicals and the cleaning of hardscape and building exterior, and it should include an
integrated pest management program.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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33 Sustainable Sites
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
Precipitation is part of the natural hydrologic cycle, but uncontrolled storm-
water is a major problem.
Conventional new development often increases the expanse of impervious surfaces and creates
new sources of pollution, like fertilized landscape plantings. Impervious materials prevent the per-
colation and infiltration of stormwater runoff, which then rushes off the site, causing soil erosion
and sedimentation in local waterways. This runoff can also carry harmful chemicals into the water
system, deteriorating surface water quality and harming aquatic life and recreation opportunities in
receiving waters.
LEED recognizes and encourages planning, design, and
operational practices that control stormwater and protect the
quality of surface and ground water. This begins with land-
use plans that limit the extent of impervious surface area,
often through local increases in density and the protection
of natural habitat and ecosystems. It continues with the use
of structural and site design features that slow and retain
water onsite, providing more time for natural infiltration and
contributing to more natural hydrologic conditions.
Stormwater management can also include the collection and reuse of this water for nonpotable uses,
such as landscape irrigation, toilet and urinal flushing, and custodial uses. This helps reduce storm-
water runoff while also avoiding the unnecessary consumption of expensive and energy-intensive
potable water.
Many water resource issues involve local rules and regional environmental conditions. For example,
in the eastern United States, onsite water collection is often encouraged as part of efforts to slow
stormwater runoff and reduce nonpoint source pollution. Conversely, in some western states, long-
standing water laws prohibit onsite water collection because the water is obligated to downstream
users.
Strategies for controlling and reducing stormwater runoff:

Minimize impervious areas. Increase the area of permeable surfaces, such as vegetated roofs,
porous pavement, and grid pavers.
Control stormwater. Direct runoff into dry ponds, rain gardens, bioswales, and similar
landscaping features designed to hold water and slow the rate of runoff.
Harvest rainwater. In many jurisdictions, the water collected can be used in building systems,
such as toilets or irrigation.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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34 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

Primary Resources: Low-impact development
A hard rain cleans the streetsand thats the problem. Precipitation falling on hard
surfaces does not infiltrate and recharge groundwater. Rather, it moves quickly, en-
training contaminants and conveying them into rivers and streams. EPA calls this
nonpoint source pollution, and it is one of the biggest threats to surface water quality
and aquatic ecosystems.
Low-impact development (LID) comprises a set of strategies that address how water
enters a site, is stored, and ultimately leaves the site. LID minimizes impervious
surfaces, protects soils, enhances native vegetation, and manages stormwater at its
source.
There are many types of LID programs, but they typically focus on a core set of strat-
egies. For example, the Department of Environmental Resources in Prince Georges
County, Maryland, uses a design approach that integrates five components: site plan-
ning, hydrologic analysis, integrated management practices, erosion and sediment
control, and public outreach. This integrated design approach protects surface water
by managing stormwater onsite and creating buffers between development and water
resources.
Low-Impact Development Design Strategies: An Integrated Design Approach (U.S.
EPA, 1999). http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/lidnatl.pdf.
Some of the design elements identified in LID strategies must be coordinated and
balanced with other elements of neighborhood or community design. For example,
LEED for Neighborhood Development encourages street grids to promote walkability
and reduce auto dependence. However, a conventional street grid may increase total
impervious surface area relative to potential alternative designs. LEED for Neighbor-
hood Development encourages projects to balance small-scale stormwater manage-
ment features with the regional benefits of compact development patterns. Creating
compact, high-density development patterns is one strategy to prevent sprawl, which
spreads impervious surfaces across larger areas: impermeability may increase within
high-density centers but is minimized across entire watersheds.
Green building professionals must understand the trade-offs of stormwater manage-
ment, recognize the full range of available strategies, and apply the combination
of approaches that best achieve the intent of protecting water quality and aquatic
ecosystems for any specific project.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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35 Sustainable Sites
Stormwater management
LEED for Neighborhood Development. http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.
aspx?CMSPageID=148.
Low-impact development (LID) (U.S. EPA). http://www.epa.gov/nps/lid/.
Stormwater strategies (Natural Resources Defense Council, 1999). http://www.nrdc.
org/water/pollution/storm/stoinx.asp.
Urban Stormwater Management in the United States (National Research Council,
2008). http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12465.
Heat island effect
Alternative paving materials. www.cleanaircounts.org/Resources%20Package/A%20
Book/Paving/other%20pavings/coolpave.htm.
Cool Colors Project (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory). www.coolcolors.lbl.gov/.
Heat island effect (U.S. EPA). www.epa.gov/heatisland.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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Americans use of the limited public water supply con-
tinues to increase as development expands. Municipally
provided potable water is delivered to users for domes-
tic, commercial, industrial, and other purposes and is
the primary source of water for most buildings, but high
demand is straining limited supplies. The wastewater
then overwhelms treatment facilities, and the untreated
overflow can contaminate rivers, lakes, and sources of
potable water with bacteria, nitrogen, toxic metals, and
other contaminants. Additional municipal supply and
treatment facilities must be built, at public cost.
LEED encourages and recognizes efficiency measures
that significantly reduce the amount of potable water
used by buildings while still meeting the needs of the
systems and the occupants. These measures involve all
the water usage associated with buildings:
indoor water for restrooms;
outdoor water for landscaping; and
process water for industrial purposes and
building systems.
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38 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

Efficiency strategies, combined with monitoring that tracks water consumption and identifies prob-
lems, can dramatically improve water conservation compared with comparable conventional build-
ings. Many LEED-rated buildings reduce potable water use by more than 50%, with direct benefits
for the bottom line and the environment.
Assessments and Measurements
Baseline versus design. The amount of water that the design case conserves over the
baseline. All Water Efficiency credits use a baseline case against which the facilitys design
case is compared. The baseline case represents the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct 1992)
flow and flush rates.
Gallons per flush (gpf). The amount of water consumed by flush fixtures (water closets, or
toilets, and urinals). The baseline flush rate for water closets is 1.6 gpf, and for urinals, 1.0
gpf (EPAct 1992).
Gallons per minute (gpm). The amount of water consumed by flow fixtures (lavatory faucets,
showerheads, aerators, sprinkler heads).
Irrigation efficiency. The percentage of water delivered by irrigation equipment that is actually
used for irrigation and does not evaporate, blow away, or fall on hardscape. For example,
overhead spray sprinklers have lower irrigation efficiencies (65%) than drip systems (90%).
INDOOR WATER
Indoor water use refers to the water that occupied buildings typically need
to operate on a day-to-day basiswater for water closets, urinals, lavatories, showers,
and kitchen or break room sinks. Indoor water use reduction can be achieved by installing water-
efficient fixtures, using nonpotable water for flush functions, and installing submeters to track and
log water use trends.
Low-flow fixtures use less water than specified in the EPAct
1992 requirements. Low-flow models are now available for
all indoor plumbing fixtures. Projects can further reduce
their potable water consumption by designing and installing
plumbing systems that can use captured rainwater or
graywater in flush fixtures.
Submetering gives commercial building projects a way to monitor water use, track fixture perfor-
mance, and identify problems. With submeters, teams can better understand how much water is be-
ing used for plumbing fixtures, as well as be alerted to any leaks or other problems that waste water.
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39 Water Efciency
Strategies for reducing indoor water use:
Install efficient plumbing fixtures. Replace water-intensive fixtures with new low-flow fixtures.
If porcelain replacement proves cost-prohibitive, install new flush valves or flow restrictors
(e.g., aerators) to achieve water savings.
Use nonpotable water. Strive to use the right water for the right purpose, including captured
rainwater, graywater, or municipal reclaimed water for flush fixtures.
Install submeters. Meter indoor water systems and monitor the data to track consumption
trends and pinpoint leaks.
Primary Resources: Water usage in buildings
The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that the United States uses 400 billion gallons
of water per day. The operation of buildings, including landscaping, accounts for ap-
proximately 47 billion gallons per day12% of total water use.
The value of any particular measure for overall water conservation efforts depends
on the distribution of end usesthe points of consumptionin a given building. For
example, office buildings typically lack extensive laundry and kitchen facilities, and
water is used for HVAC systems, restrooms, and landscaping. In contrast, kitchen
sinks and dishwashers dominate the end use for restaurants. A water end-use profile
can help project teams identify the largest users of water and evaluate the cost-effec-
tiveness of specific conservation strategies, whether its low-flow fixtures, irrigation
technology, or efficient cooling tower systems.
Water: Doing More with Less (Environmental Building News, 2008). http://www.
buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/ID/3829/.
Residential End Uses of Water (American Water Works Association Research
Foundation, 1999). http://www.aquacraft.com/Publications/resident.htm.
THINK ABOUT IT
Waterless urinals. Non-water-using urinals are the ultimate low-flow fixtures.
What might be some reasons they are not specified for every new commercial
building project?
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40 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

OUTDOOR WATER
Landscape irrigation is a significant component of many commercial build-
ings water use and thus an opportunity to conserve water. A reduction in irriga-
tion water use can be achieved by specifying water-wise landscaping and water-efficient irrigation
technology, using nonpotable water for irrigation, and installing submeters to track and log irriga-
tion trends.
Project teams should incorporate native and adapted species in the landscape design, since these
plants tend to thrive without irrigation, pesticides, or fertilizer. Drought-tolerant and xeriscape
plantings are also preferable because of their extremely low water needs.
High-performance irrigation systems include efficient
water supply and control technology, such as drip and
bubbler distribution systems and weather-based irrigation
controllers, which respond to weather conditions. Potable
water use for irrigation can be further reduced by using
nonpotable waterharvested rainwater, graywater, or
municipal reclaimed water.
Submetering is a way to understand how much water is being used for irrigation purposes. Metering
irrigation water can even provide an immediate economic benefit because facilities can receive credit
from the utility company for sewer charges, given that the water is not entering the sewer system.
Strategies for reducing outdoor water use:
Choose locally adapted plants. Landscape with native and adapted plants that require less
water.
Use xeriscaping. Especially in arid regions, employ xeriscape principles when designing the
site landscape.
Select efficient irrigation technologies. Drip and bubbler systems and weather-based
controllers can save water.
Use nonpotable water. Match irrigation with the right water, including captured rainwater,
graywater, or municipal reclaimed water.
Install submeters. Meter the irrigation system to track consumption and identify leaks.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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41 Water Efciency
THINK ABOUT IT
Green lawns and green buildings. Many commercial building landscapes
include some turf, yet most of these spaces are not intended for picnics or play.
Since turf tends to be water intensive, why is it the go-to choice for landscapes?
Why has it become the baseline plant material? Why does it cover so many
median strips? Why should it not?
PROCESS WATER
Process water is used for industrial processes and building systems, such as
cooling towers, boilers, and chillers. These systems provide heat and cool air and water
for building operations. Process water also includes the water used for certain business operations
(e.g., washing machines, dishwashers).
Commercial building projects can reduce process water use
by selecting efficient cooling towers, chillers, boilers, and
other equipment, and by integrating harvested rainwater and
nonpotable water to work in conjunction with the specified
equipment.
Since process water volumes can be significant, understanding how that water is being used is im-
portant. Teams can install submeters on each of the major water-using systems to find out where
the water is going and where they should focus their conservation efforts. Metering cooling tower
makeup water (water lost to evaporation during cooling tower operation) is particularly important
because facilities may be able to receive credit from the utility company for sewer charges, since the
water is not entering the sewer system.
Strategies for reducing process water use:
Use nonpotable water. Use the right water for the right purpose. Investigate opportunities
to use captured rainwater, graywater, or municiapply reclaimed water in building processes,
such as cooling towers.
Install submeters. Meter the process water systems and use the data to track consumption
and identify leaks.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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42 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

Primary Resources
A Green Option for Cooling Tower Biological Control (Process Cooling, November
2007). www.process-cooling.com/articles/Feature_Article/BNP_GUID_9-5-
2006_A_10000000000000214768.
Native plants. www.plantnative.org.
Water Conservation Guidelines for Cooling Towers (Sydney Water Board,
Australia, no date). www.sydneywater.com.au/Publications/FactSheets/
SavingsWaterBestPracticeGuidelinesCoolingTowers.pdf.
Water Efficiency, The Journal for Water Conservation Professionals. http://www.
waterefficiency.net/index.aspx.
Water Efficiency: The Next Generation, by Scott Chaplin (Rocky Mountain Institute,
1998). http://www.rmi.org/images/PDFs/Water/W98-07_WatEffNxtGen.pdf.
Water-Efficient Gardening and Landscaping (University of Missouri Extension, no
date). http://muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/agguides/hort/g06912.htm.
Water measurement manual (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, no date). www.usbr.gov/
pmts/hydraulics_lab/pubs/wmm/.
WaterSense Program (U.S. EPA). www.epa.gov/watersense.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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43
Energy has emerged as a critical economic issue and
top priority for policymakers. Unsustainable patterns of
energy supply and demand have serious implications
and long-term impacts on everything from household
budgets to international relations. Buildings are on the
front line of this issue, and the integrated design of
buildings, neighborhoods, and entire communities can
dramatically boost energy efficiency and benefit from
cleaner, renewable energy supplies. Studies have re-
peatedly shown that buildings and land use offer some
of the most cost-effective opportunities to save money
while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Efforts to address energy through green building focus
on four interconnected elements:
energy demand;
energy efficiency;
renewable energy; and
ongoing energy performance.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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44 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

Integrative design processes can bring these elements together to identify synergistic strategies.
The analysis of whole-building life-cycle costs is central to green building practice because it pro-
vides a framework for understanding trade-offs between the first costs and the long-term operating
costs of HVAC and other energy-using systems. LEED encourages project teams to use simulation
models to quantitatively analyze the trade-offs and identify cost-effective energy-saving strategies.
This saves money over the life of the building, saves energy, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions
and other environmental impacts.
Assessments and Measurements
Energy or greenhouse gas emissions per capita. A communitys total greenhouse gas
emissions divided by the total number of residents.
Energy use intensity. Energy consumption divided by the number of square feet in a building,
often expressed as British thermal units (Btus) per square foot or as kilowatt-hours of
electricity per square foot per year (kWh/sf/yr).
Lighting power density. The installed lighting power per unit area.
Measures of energy use. Typical primary measures of energy consumption associated with
buildings include kilowatt-hours of electricity, therms of natural gas, and gallons of liquid
fuel.
Performance relative to benchmark. A comparison of the performance of a building system
with a standard, such as ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager.
Performance relative to code. A comparison of the performance of a building system with a
baseline equivalent to minimal compliance with an applicable energy code, such as ASHRAE
Standard 90 or Californias Title 24.
ENERGY DEMAND
Saving energy begins with reducing energy demand. Green buildings and neighbor-
hoods can reduce demand for energy by capturing natural, incident energy, such as sunlight, wind,
and geothermal potential, and by using integrated design processes to reduce loads. Examples:
Roads, infrastructure, and parcels can be configured so that buildings minimize solar gain in
summer and maximize it in winter.
Adjacent buildings can be designed to shade and insulate each other.
Building designs can incorporate passive strategies, like mass and daylight, to reduce the
demand for artificial lighting, heating, and cooling.
Project teams can incorporate technologies and processes that encourage occupants to
understand and reduce their individual and aggregate energy demand.
Taken together, demand reduction strategies provide the foundation for energy efficiency and the
effective use of renewable energy.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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45 Energy and Atmosphere

Strategies for reducing energy demand:
Establish design and energy goals. Set targets and establish performance indicators at the
outset of a project and periodically verify their achievement.
Size the building appropriately. A facility that is larger than necessary to serve its function
creates costly and unproductive energy demand.
Use free energy. Orient the facility to take advantage of natural ventilation, solar energy, and
daylighting.
Insulate. Design the building envelope to insulate efficiently against heating and cooling
losses.
Monitor consumption. Use energy monitoring and feedback systems to encourage occupants
to reduce energy demand.
LEED in Practice
Reducing demand by reducing building size
Energy demand typically increases directly with building size: The more square
feet in a building, the more energy it consumes. Although this is not always true, the relationship
between square footage and consumption is very strong.
The LEED for Homes Rating System
includes an adjustment to compen-
sate for the effect of square footage
on resource consumption by adjust-
ing the point thresholds for Certified,
Silver, Gold, and Platinum ratings
based on home size (Figure 7). The
adjustment applies to all LEED for
Homes credits, not just to strategies
related to Energy and Atmosphere.
The adjustment explicitly accounts
for the material and energy impacts
of home construction and opera-
tion: Depending on the design, loca-
tion, and occupants of the home, a 100% increase in home size yields an increase in annual energy
use of 15% to 50% and an increase in materials usage of 40% to 90%.
LEED for Homes is currently the only LEED rating system with this type of adjustment.
Figure 7. Home Size Adjustment Chart for LEED for Homes
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46 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Efforts to reduce energy demand provide the foundation for efforts to use
energy efficiently. This means getting the most productive work from a unit of energyoften
described as a measure of energy intensity. Common metrics for buildings and neighborhoods in-
clude energy use per square foot and use per capita.
Buildings need to provide efficient space conditioning, water heating, lighting, refrigeration, con-
veyance (elevators and escalators), and safety (see the energy end-use profile developed by EPA
for a typical office building, repre-
sented in Figure 8). Green building
emphasizes an integrated approach
to addressing these issues through
whole-building design.
For example, green building project
teams can identify opportunities to
improve building envelopes (win-
dows, walls, and roof ) in ways that
enable them to reduce or even elim-
inate HVAC systems. This kind of
integrated design can reduce both
initial capital costs and long-term
operating costs.
Strategies for achieving energy efficiency:
Identify passive design opportunities. Use the natural resources of sun and wind to heat, cool,
and illuminate a building without additional energy. Proper building orientation, selection of
materials, and location of windows can allow a building to be warm in the winter, stay cool in
the summer, and capture daylight.
Address the envelope. Use the regionally appropriate amount of insulation in the walls and
roof and install high-performance glazing to minimize unwanted heat gain or loss. Make sure
that the building is properly weatherized.
Install high-performance mechanical systems. Apply life-cycle analysis to the trade-
offs between capital and operating costs, and evaluate investments in energy efficiency
technologies.
Specify high-efficiency appliances. Computers, monitors, printers, and microwaves that meet
or exceed ENERGY STAR requirements will reduce plug load demands (i.e., electrical loads
associated with plug-in appliances).
Use high-efficiency infrastructure. Efficient street lighting and LED-based traffic signals will
reduce energy demands from neighborhood infrastructure.
Capture efficiencies of scale. Design district heating and cooling systems, in which multiple
buildings are part of a single loop.
1% Cooking
2% Water Heating
5% Ventilation
6% Other
17% Lighting
20% Office Equipment
23% Cooling
25% Space Heating
1% Refrigeration
1% 1%
2%
6%
17%
20%
23%
25%
5%
Figure 8. Energy End Uses in Typical Ofce Building (Source: Data from U.S. EPA Green
Building Working Group)
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47 Energy and Atmosphere

Use thermal energy storage. Generating ice at night, to be used for cooling during the day,
takes advantage of off-peak energy, which is cheaper and often cleaner because some utility
companies run their older, dirtier generators only to meet peak demand.
Use energy simulation. Computer modeling can identify and prioritize energy efficiency
opportunities.
Monitor and verify performance. Ensure that the building systems are functioning as designed
and in support of the owners project requirements through control systems, a building
automation system, and commissioning and retrocommissioning.
LEED in Practice
LEED for New Construction requires new buildings to exceed baseline en-
ergy performance standards. One option for complying with LEED requirements involves
conducting whole-building energy simulation, in which the building in represented in a computer
program and compared with a baseline building that compiles with Appendix G of ASHRAE Stan-
dard 90.1.
When running an energy simulation model, project teams distinguish between regulated and pro-
cess energy.
Regulated energy powers lighting (interior, parking garage,
surface parking, faades, building grounds), HVAC (space
heating, cooling, fans, pumps, toilet exhaust, parking
garage ventilation), and service water heating (domestic or
space heating). This energy is subject to LEEDs minimum
performance requirements.
Process energy runs office equipment, computers, elevators and escalators, kitchen cooking and re-
frigeration, laundry washing and drying, lighting that is exempt from the lighting power allowance
(e.g., lighting integral to medical equipment), and miscellaneous items (e.g., waterfall pumps). Pro-
cess energy is not subject to the LEED minimum performance requirements.
For more information, see LEED for New Construction, Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1, Optimize
Energy Performance.
Primary Resources: Energy performance of LEED buildings
On average, green buildings provide superior energy efficiency, thereby reducing a
wide range of environmental impacts, saving operating costs, and contributing to
greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals. Green buildings have also provided new
information on the real-world performance of buildingsinformation that clearly
demonstrates the importance of building commissioning and monitoring.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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48 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

The New Buildings Institute investigated 121 commercial office buildings certified
in the United States under LEED for New Construction and found that they used
24% less energy than the national average. Almost half of the buildings achieved an
ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager score of 75 or above, with an overall average score
of 68 (a score of 50 represents average building performance). However, the study
also collected data suggesting that a significant percentage of buildings underper-
formed their benchmarks.
That last finding reinforces the need to commission systems and monitor perfor-
mance over time so that green buildings can achieve their full potential.
Assessing Green Building Performance: A Post Occupancy Evaluation of 12 GSA
Buildings (U.S. General Services Administration, 2008). http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/
gsa/ep/contentView.do?contentType=GSA_BASIC&contentId=25545&noc=T.
The Energy Challenge: A New Agenda for Corporate Real Estate (Rocky Mountain
Institute and CoreNew, 2007). http://www.usgbccolorado.com/news-events/
documents/Energy-Challenge.pdf.
Energy Performance of LEED for New Construction Buildings, by Cathy Turner
and Mark Frankel (New Buildings Institute, 2008). http://www.newbuildings.org/
downloads/Energy_Performance_of_LEED-NC_Buildings-Final_3-4-08b.pdf.
Lessons Learned from Case Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings (National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2006). http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/37542.pdf.
Refrigerants
Refrigerants, which cost-effectively transfer thermal energy in air-conditioning and
refrigeration systems, have remarkable functional properties. They also have damag-
ing side effects on the environment. The choice of refrigerants for building systems
poses a trade-off among performance, depletion of stratospheric ozone, and contribu-
tion to global warming.
The Montreal Protocol bans the production of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants
and phases out hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants to conserve stratospher-
ic ozonea gas that protects human health and the environment by absorbing harm-
ful UV radiation. Although substitutes have dramatically lower ozone-depleting power
(i.e., the degree to which a chemical destroys stratospheric ozone over its lifetime in
the atmosphere), they are often potent greenhouse gases. Additionally, replacement
refrigerants are somewhat less efficient as working fluids, making cooling systems
use more energy per unit of cooling output.
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49 Energy and Atmosphere

To achieve LEED certification, new buildings may not use CFC-based refrigerants,
and existing buildings must complete a total CFC phase-out prior to project comple-
tion. LEED awards points for projects that entirely avoid the use of refrigerants or
select refrigerants that balance concerns about ozone depletion and global warming.
LEED recognizes that there are no perfect refrigerants but it is possible to carefully
consider performance characteristics and overall environmental impacts and select a
refrigerant with an acceptable trade-off.
The Treatment by LEED of the Environmental Impact of HVAC Refrigerants (USGBC
Technical and Scientific Advisory Committee, 2004). http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/
LEED_tsac/TSAC_Refrig_Report_Final-Approved.pdf.
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Reduced demand and increased efficiency often make it cost-effective to
meet most or all of a buildings energy needs from renewable sources. Renew-
able energy is typically understood to include solar, wind, wave, biomass, and geothermal power,
plus certain forms of hydropower. Use of these energy sources avoids the myriad environmental
impacts associated with the production and consumption of traditional fuels, such as coal, nuclear
power, oil, and natural gas.
LEED distinguishes between onsite renewable energy production and purchase of offsite green
power. Onsite energy production typically involves a system that generates clean electricity, such
as solar photovoltaic panels that convert light energy into electricity. Offsite renewable energy is
purchased from a utility or a provider of renewable energy certificates (RECs). Sometimes projects
can enter into agreements that provide for specific energy sources, such as wind or biomass, from a
particular generation facility. A project usually pays a premium for green power.
Strategies for meeting energy demand with renewable energy:
Generate onsite renewable energy. Install photovoltaic cells, solar hot water heaters, or
building-mounted wind turbines.
Purchase offsite renewable energy. Buy green power or renewable energy certificates to
reduce the impact of purchased electricity and promote renewable energy generation.
ONGOING ENERGY PERFORMANCE
Attention to energy use does not end with the design and construction of an
energy-efficient building or neighborhood. It is critical to ensure that a project functions
as designed and that it sustains and improves this performance over time. LEED recognizes and en-
courages operational energy performance through its requirements for building commissioning
and credits for monitoring and verification.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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50 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

Analogous to the commissioning of a new ship, building commissioning ensures that a new build-
ing functions as designed. This detailed process begins early in design, with the specification of re-
quirements. Consideration for these requirements is carried through the entire building design and
construction process, and they are used as the basis for evaluating performance. Continual commis-
sioning, an ongoing part of building operations, ensures that a building always meets its fundamental
operational requirements. Retrocommissioning is the same process applied to existing buildings; it
is intended to return the building to its original operational goalsand sometimes to exceed them.
Monitoring and verification provide the basis for tracking
energy performance with the goal of identifying and resolving
any problems that may arise over time. Monitoring often
involves comparing building performance measurements
with predictions from a calibrated energy simulation or
industry benchmarking tool. EPAs ENERGY STAR Portfolio
Manager is one of the most widely used benchmarking
systems. Portfolio Manager users enter data on electricity
and natural gas consumption, along with other supporting
information, into a Web-based tool. The system then
evaluates the performance of the building against that of
others with similar characteristics. This is an exceptionally
useful, free tool for gauging the relative performance of
buildings.
Strategies for maintaining energy efficiency:

Adhere to owners project requirements. Prepare detailed owners project requirements at the
beginning of the design process and conduct commissioning throughout the life cycle of the
project to ensure that the building functions as designed.
Provide staff training. Knowledge and training empower facility managers to improve the
performance of buildings over time.
Conduct preventive maintenance. Develop a robust preventive maintenance program to keep
the building in optimal condition.
Create incentives for occupants and tenants. Involve building occupants in energy efficiency
strategies. Promote the use of energy-efficient computers and equipment, bill tenants from
submeter readings to encourage energy conservation, educate occupants about shutting down
computers and turning out lights before they leave, and give them regular feedback on energy
performance.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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51 Energy and Atmosphere

Primary Resources: Cost-effectiveness of commissioning
Buildings are complex systems. Performance promised during planning and design
can often by undermined by design flaws, construction defects, equipment malfunc-
tions, and deferred maintenance. Building commissioning has emerged as an impor-
tant quality control strategy to detect and correct these deficiencies.
Commissioning is a systematic investigation of building performance with respect to
performance goals, design specifications, and mostly importantly, owners require-
ments. Skilled engineers conduct a detailed study of building construction and per-
formance. The cost of commissioning is often repaid with recovered energy perfor-
mance. A recent Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory study found that commis-
sioning for existing buildings has a median cost of $0.27 per square foot and yields
whole-building energy savings of 15%, with an average simple payback period of 0.7
years. For new construction, median cost was determined to be $1 per square foot
with a median payback time of 4.8 years based on energy savings alone.
Overall, the Lawrence Berkeley study concluded that commissioning is one of the
most cost-effective means of improving energy efficiency in commercial buildings.
Best Practices in Commissioning Existing Buildings (Building Commissioning
Association, 2008). http://www.bcxa.org/downloads/bca-ebcx-best-practices.pdf.
Commissioning for Great Buildings (Building Commissioning Association, 2005).
http://www.bcxa.org/downloads/bca-white-paper-cx.pdf.
Cost-Effectiveness of Commercial-Building Commissioning: Meta-Analysis of Energy
and Non-Energy Impacts in Existing Buildings and New Construction, by Evan Mills
(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2004). http://eetd.lbl.gov/Emills/PUBS/Cx-
Costs-Benefits.html.
The Value of the Commissioning Process: Costs and Benefits, by Chad Dorgan,
Robert Cox, and Charles Dorgan (USGBC, 2002). http://www.usgbc.org/expo2002/
schedule/documents/DS506_Dorgan_P152.pdf.
THINK ABOUT IT
Bridging the gap between design and operations. Engineers and
architects often compare building performance with code requirements for
new construction and speak of some percentage better than code. Facility
managers and building owners see invoices with dollars, kilowatts, therms,
and gallons. This creates a gap between the metrics used to gauge building
performance during design and operations. What are the consequences of this
gap? What are the opportunities for closing it?
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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53
Buildings generate a large amount of waste through-
out their life cycles, from construction and building
operations to demolition. The amount of waste leaving
the property can be reduced, however, through respon-
sible procurement choices, as well as by implementing
comprehensive recycling programs throughout the con-
struction, operation, and demolition phases. Consider-
ation for materials and resources focuses on the health
and productivity consequences of material selections
for building occupants, plus the long-term social, eco-
nomic, and environmental impacts of materials used in
the design and construction of the building.
Green building addresses two kinds of problems relat-
ed to materials and resources:
waste management; and
life-cycle impacts.
LEED recognizes and encourages strategies that con-
sider materials and resources from a long-term, life-
cycle perspective.
MATERIALS
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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54 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

Assessments and Measurements
Rapidly renewable materials. The amount of a buildings agricultural products (fiber or
animal) that are quickly grown or raised and can be harvested in a sustainable fashion,
expressed as a percentage of the total materials cost. For LEED, rapidly renewable materials
take 10 years or less to grow or raise.
Recycled content. The percentage of material in a product that is recycled from the
manufacturing waste stream (preconsumer waste) or the consumer waste stream
(postconsumer waste) and used to make new materials. For LEED, recycled content is
typically expressed as a percentage of the total material volume or weight.
Regional materials. The amount of a buildings materials that are extracted, processed, and
manufactured close to a project site, expressed as a percentage of the total materials cost.
For LEED, regional materials originate within 500 miles of the project site.
Reuse. The amount of building materials returned to active use (in the same or a related
capacity as their original use), expressed as a percentage of the total materials cost of a
building. The salvaged materials are incorporated into the new building, thereby extending
the lifetime of materials that would otherwise be discarded.
Sustainable forestry. The practice of managing forest resources to meet the long-term forest
product needs of humans while maintaining the biodiversity of forested landscapes.
Waste diversion. The amount of waste disposed other than through incineration or in landfills,
expressed in tons. Examples of waste diversion include reuse and recycling.
THINK ABOUT IT
Materials matter. Which is more sustainable, a wood building or a steel
building? Why?
WASTE MANAGEMENT
The intent of LEED credits in this category is to reduce the waste and toxins
that are hauled to and disposed of in landfills or incineration facilities. Dur-
ing construction or renovation, materials should be recycled or reused whenever possible. During
the daily operation of the building, recycling, reuse, and reduction programs can curb the amount of
material destined for local landfills.
Strategies for reducing waste:
Size the building appropriately. Carefully match the size of the building to its intended
function and owners requirements. It may be possible to achieve the desired functions with a
smaller building, thereby saving energy and reducing operating costs.
Develop a construction waste management policy. Outline procedures and goals for
construction waste diversion. This policy should specify a target diversion rate for the general
contractor.
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55 Materials and Resources

Encourage recycling. Establish a waste reduction policy for operations and maintenance.
Provide occupants with easily accessible collectors for recyclables, and monitor the
effectiveness of the policy.
Compost. Institute an onsite composting program to turn landscaping debris into mulch.
Primary Resources: Waste reduction
Solid waste is continually generated in most buildings as new products arrive and
used materials leave as waste. This waste is transported to landfills or sometimes
incinerated to generate energy. In either case, the disposal of solid waste produces
greenhouse gas emissions. In landfills, a portion of the waste decays and produces
methanea potent greenhouse gas. Incineration of waste produces carbon dioxide
as a byproduct. The result is that solid waste ultimately contributes directly to sub-
stantial greenhouse gas emissions.
EPA has estimated greenhouse gas emissions from building waste streams and finds
that the United States currently recycles approximately 32% of its solid wastethe
carbon dioxide equivalent of removing almost 40 million cars from the road. EPA
estimates that improving recycling rates to just 35% could save more than 5 million
metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. The construction and operation of green
buildings can be an important part of achieving these reductions.
Construction Materials Recycling Association. www.cdrecycling.org.
Recycled content product directory (California Integrated Waste Management Board).
www.ciwmb.ca.gov/rcp.
Solid waste and greenhouse gas emissions (U.S. EPA). http://www.epa.gov/
climatechange/wycd/waste/generalinfo.html.
Waste Reduction Model (WARM) (U.S. EPA). www.epa.gov/warm.
THINK ABOUT IT
Embodied energy and emissions of solid waste. Many landfills burn the
gas that seeps from buried piles of trash and garbage, and in some cases, this
practice qualifies as a widely recognized method for creating carbon offsets
real, durable, verified reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Why is burning
landfill gas considered a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions? In other cases,
landfill gas may be captured and used as fuel to generate electricity.
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56 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

LIFE-CYCLE IMPACTS
LEED increasingly incorporates strategies intended to reduce the environ-
mental impacts of materials acquired for construction, operation, mainte-
nance, and upgrades of a building. To embed these strategies in the buildings construc-
tion and operations processes, teams develop environmentally responsible procurement policies.
Strategies to promote sustainable purchasing during construction:
Develop a construction purchasing policy. Outline the goals, thresholds, and procedures for
procurement of construction materials. Monitor compliance and track the effectiveness of the
policy to ensure that it is working.
Specify green materials. Rapidly renewable materials, regional materials, salvaged materials,
and materials with recycled content reduce environmental impacts and promote sustainable
material sources.
Specify green interiors. Use finishes, carpets, fabric, and other materials with low levels of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde, and other potentially toxic chemicals to
protect indoor environmental quality and reduce the life-cycle impacts of materials.
Strategies to promote sustainable purchasing during operations:
Develop a sustainable purchasing policy. Outline the goals, thresholds, and procedures for
procurement of ongoing consumables and durable goods. Monitor compliance to ensure that
the policy is effective.
Specify green materials. Give preference to rapidly renewable materials, regional materials,
salvaged materials, and materials with recycled content.
Specify green electronic equipment. Choose computers and appliances that meet ENERGY
STAR, EPEAT, or other standards for efficient energy consumption.
THINK ABOUT IT
Sustainable product certification. Evaluating the sustainability of green
products is complex, and competing claims make it difficult to determine
the relative merits of many products. Third-party programs such as the
Forest Stewardship Council and Green Seal offer independent measures of
performance, but certifiers varying and even conflicting standards can create
confusion. What are the pros and cons of different approaches to evaluating the
sustainability of materials?
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57 Materials and Resources

Primary Resources: Estimating life-cycle impacts
Quantitative life-cycle assessment (LCA) involves an objective comparison of alter-
native design and construction practices. It relies on models and database-driven
tools to analyze the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a
product, process, or service. Several tools can help project teams conduct life-cycle
assessments:
BEES 3.0 (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability). This software
tool helps balance the environmental and economic performance of building products.
It is based on consensus standards and designed to be practical, flexible, consistent,
and transparent. Visit http://www.wbdg.org/tools/bees.php.
Construction carbon calculator. This Web-based tool helps developers, builders,
architects, and land planners estimate the net embodied carbon of a projects
structures and site. Visit http://buildcarbonneutral.org/.
EcoCalculator for assemblies. This tool is used by architects, engineers, and other
building professionals to characterize hundreds of design options based on databases,
such as the U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database from the Department of Energys
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Visit http://www.athenasmi.org/tools/docs/
EcoCalculatorFactSheet.pdf.
EPEAT. The Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool assists with the
evaluation, comparison, and selection of computers and monitors based on their
environmental attributes. See http://www.epeat.net/.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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59
According to EPA, Americans spend 90% of their time
indoors, where concentrations of pollutants may be
significantly higher than outdoor levels.
7
Consequent-
ly, indoor environmental quality is a major concern in
buildings.
Strategies to improve indoor environmental quality
have the potential to enhance the lives of building
occupants, increase the resale value of the building,
and reduce liability for building owners. Personnel
costsprimarily salaries and benefitsare much
larger than the typical buildings operating costs, like
electricity and maintenance. Thus, strategies that im-
prove employee health and productivity over the long
run can have a large return on investment. Moreover,
preventing problems is generally much less expensive
than dealing with any illnesses and loss of productiv-
ity stemming from poor indoor environmental quality.
Building owners, designers, and operators should aim
7 EPA Green Building Workgroup, http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding//.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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60 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

to provide stimulating and comfortable environments for the occupants and minimize the
risk of building-related health problems. Meeting this goal requires attention to two kinds
of issues:
indoor air quality; and
thermal comfort, lighting, and acoustics.
Assessments and Measurements
Carbon dioxide concentrations. An indicator of ventilation effectiveness inside buildings. CO
2

concentrations greater than 530 parts per million (ppm) above outdoor conditions generally
indicate inadequate ventilation. Absolute concentrations of greater than 800 to 1,000 ppm
generally indicate poor air quality for breathing. CO
2
builds up in a space when there is not
enough ventilation.
Controllability of systems. The percentage of occupants who have direct control over
temperature, airflow, and lighting in their spaces.
Minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV). A rating that indicates the efficiency of air filters
in the mechanical system. MERV ratings range from 1 (very low efficiency) to 16 (very high).
Thermal comfort. The temperature, humidity, and airflow ranges within which the majority of
people are most comfortable, as determined by ASHRAE Standard 552004. Because people
dress differently depending on the season, thermal comfort levels vary with the season.
Control setpoints for HVAC systems should vary accordingly to ensure that occupants are
comfortable and energy is conserved.
Ventilation rate. The amount of air circulated through a space, measured in air changes per
hour (the quantity of infiltration air in cubic feet per minute divided by the volume of the
room). Proper ventilation rates, as prescribed by ASHRAE Standard 62, ensure that enough
air is supplied for the number of occupants to prevent accumulation of carbon dioxide and
other pollutants in the space.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The amount of carbon compounds that participate
in atmospheric photochemical reactions and vaporize (become a gas) at normal room
temperatures, measured in grams per liter. VOCs off-gas from many materials, including
adhesives, sealants, paints, carpets, and particle board. Limiting VOC concentrations protects
the health of both construction personnel and building occupants.
THINK ABOUT IT
Biophilia. Humans evolved with a strong connection to nature. How can
buildings reflect this connection? What are the benefits?
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61 Indoor Environmental Quality

INDOOR AIR QUALITY
Protecting indoor environments from contaminantssuch as volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide, particulates, and tobacco smokeis es-
sential to maintaining good indoor air quality. Off-gassing from furniture, carpets,
paints, and cleaning products, plus human respiration, can create an indoor atmosphere that is
hundreds of times more polluted than the outdoor environment. Ventilation is one effective way to
control the concentration of pollutants indoors. New low-emitting alternatives for interior finish
materials are another; these products do not add pollutants to indoor environments and should be
used in new building construction and renovations.
Strategies for maintaining indoor air quality:
Prohibit smoking. Institute a no-smoking policy in the building and around building
entrances, operable windows, and air intakes.
Ensure adequate ventilation. Appropriately size and operate ventilation systems to supply
ample outside air to the occupants. Follow the most recent industry standards (such as
ASHRAE Standard 62, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality).
Monitor carbon dioxide. Install monitors and integrate them with a ventilation system that
regulates the supply of air based on occupant demand. With demand-controlled ventilation,
air flow is automatically increased if concentrations exceed a setpoint.
Install high-efficiency air filters. Use filters with high MERV ratings in the ventilation
equipment.
Specify low-emitting materials. Use green materials for both new construction and
renovations.
Protect air quality during construction. Prevent mold by protecting all materials from moisture
exposure. Prevent dust and particulate buildup.
Conduct a flush-out. Before occupancy, flush out indoor airborne contaminants by thoroughly
exhausting old air and replacing it with outdoor air.
Employ a green cleaning program. Select cleaning products and technologies to minimize the
introduction of contaminants and the exposure of custodial staff.
Use integrated pest management. A coordinated program of nonchemical strategies, such
as monitoring and baiting, can reduce the use of pesticides and other potentially toxic
contaminants.
THERMAL COMFORT, LIGHTING,
AND ACOUSTICS
Thermal comfort, lighting, and acoustics are other major aspects of indoor
environmental quality that have a significant impact on occupants. Access
to daylight and views, a comfortable temperature, and good lighting and acoustic conditions can
enhance occupants sense of satisfaction in their space. These factors have been shown to improve
human health and productivity. It has also been shown that occupants are more satisfied with their
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62 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

environment if they have control over these aspects. For example, the ability to open or close a win-
dow in their office allows workers to adapt to and tolerate temperatures outside the comfort zone in
a sealed building environment.
Strategies for improving thermal comfort, lighting, and acoustics in indoor
environments:
Use daylighting. Design the building to provide ample access to natural daylight and views for
the occupants. Service areas, equipment rooms, closets, and locker rooms should be located
in the building core, and regularly occupied spaces placed around the perimeter of the
building.
Install operable windows. If possible, provide windows that can be opened to the outside.
Give occupants temperature control. In mechanically ventilated buildings, provide
thermostats that allow occupants to control the temperature in their immediate environment.
Give occupants ventilation control. In mechanically ventilated buildings, provide adjustable
air diffusers that allow occupants to adjust the air flow to their immediate environment.
Give occupants lighting control. Provide occupants with adjustable lighting controls so that
they can match lighting levels to their tasks.
Conduct occupant surveys. Use valid survey protocols to assess occupants satisfaction with
the indoor environment. Make operational changes based on the feedback.
THINK ABOUT IT
Thermal comfort. Experiments to determine thermal comfort norms for
humans were performed in carefully controlled laboratory environments where
people were subjected to various environmental conditions. The standards that
were developed through this research advised designers and operators to keep
building environments within strictly defined ranges. However, recent research
in real-world situations has shown that people are tolerant of more varied
conditions when they have control over their environment. What are the energy
efficiency implications of design that accommodates personal control over ones
environment?
Primary Resources: Daylighting
A study of more than 2,000 California classrooms found that students in classrooms
with the most daylight progressed 20% faster in math and 26% faster in reading
than students in the classrooms with the least amount of natural light.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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63 Indoor Environmental Quality

Daylight and Retail Sales (California Energy Commission, 2003). http://www.h-m-g.
com/downloads/Daylighting/A-5_Daylgt_Retail_2.3.7.pdf.
Daylighting in Schools: An Investigation into the Relationship between Daylighting
and Human Performance (Heschong Mahone Group, 1999).
Healthier, Wealthier, Wiser: A Report on National Green Schools (Global Green USA,
no date). http://www.globalgreen.org/publications/.
Windows and Classrooms: A Study of Student Performance and the Indoor
Environment (California Energy Commission, 2003). http://www.h-m-g.com/
downloads/Daylighting/A-7_Windows_Classrooms_2.4.10.pdf.
Windows and Offices: A Study of Office Worker Performance and the Indoor
Environment (California Energy Commission, 2003). http://www.h-m-g.com/
downloads/Daylighting/A-9_Windows_Offices_2.6.10.pdf.
Indoor environmental quality
Studies by the Center for the Built Environment at the University of CaliforniaBerke-
ley find that occupants of green buildings report significantly greater satisfaction
with indoor air quality than occupants of conventional buildings. However, the ben-
efits of green building do not extend to all aspects of indoor environmental quality.
The green buildings often had superior air quality but provided less satisfaction on
measures of acoustic quality.
Indoor Environment Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. http://eetd.
lbl.gov/ied/ied.html.
Indoor health and productivity. http://www.ihpcentral.org.
Occupant Satisfaction with Indoor Environmental Quality in Green Buildings (Center
for the Built Environment, 2006).
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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65
The LEED rating systems offer Innovation and Design
credits to encourage projects to go above and beyond
the credit requirements and explore innovative green
building strategies. LEED recognizes two strategies for
earning ID credits: exceptional performance and in-
novation.
Exceptional performance strategies surpass the re-
quirements of existing LEED credits and substantially
exceed the performance-based standards for energy,
water, or waste management. LEED has recognized the
following kinds of exceptional performance:
doubling density requirements for Sustainable
Sites credits;
significantly reducing indoor water use beyond
the LEED requirement of 40%;
significantly diverting construction waste
beyond the requirement of 75%; and
providing more daylighting than the 75%
requirement.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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66 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

Innovative strategies expand the breadth of green building practice and introduce new ideas, such
as these recent innovative strategies:
developing an educational outreach program;
using a greenhouse gas budget to demonstrate carbon-neutral design and operations; and
incorporating high levels of fly ash in concrete to divert waste material from landfills.
Strategies and practices rewarded as innovative today may become credits in the future. In fact, as
LEED continues to evolve and todays innovation becomes tomorrows standard, strategies that may
have earned ID credit in the past may not necessarily earn recognition in current or future projects.
Primary Resource: Guidance on innovation and design credits
Requirements for documenting the achievement of Innovation and Design credits
is available from USGBC, at http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/LEEDdocs/IDcredit_guid-
ance_final.pdf.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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67 Innovation and Design

The Aldo Leopold Legacy Center
The Aldo Leopold Legacy Center was the first building recognized by
USGBC as carbon neutralan exceptional achievement that earned the center
an Innovation and Design credit. The project team prepared a greenhouse gas emissions
budget based on the requirements of the World Resources Institute Greenhouse Gas
Protocol. Conservatively accounting for carbon generation and sequestration in metric
tons of CO
2
equivalent (a measure of greenhouse gas emissions that combines multiple
heat-trapping gases, such carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide), the activities of
the center will result in the net reduction of CO
2
emissions each year.
Projected annual greenhouse gas emissions from Aldo Leopold Legacy Center
CO
2
equivalent per year (metric tons)
Total emissions 13.42
Offset from renewable energy 6.24
Onsite forest sequestration 8.75
Total emissions reduction 14.99
Net balance of emissions 1.57
More information about the Aldo Leopold Legacy Center is available at http://www.
aldoleopold.org/legacycenter/carbonneutral.html.
Project Case Study
The Kubala Washatko Architects, Inc./Mark F. Heffron
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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69
GLOSSARY
acid rain the precipitation of dilute solutions of strong mineral acids, formed by the mixing in
the atmosphere of various industrial pollutants (primarily sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) with
naturally occurring oxygen and water vapor.
adapted plants nonnative, introduced plants that reliably grow well in a given habitat with
minimal winter protection, pest control, fertilization, or irrigation once their root systems are
established. Adapted plants are considered low maintenance and not invasive.
air quality standards the level of pollutants prescribed by regulations that are not to be
exceeded during a given time in a defined area. (EPA)
alternative fuel vehicles vehicles that use low-polluting, nongasoline fuels, such as
electricity, hydrogen, propane or compressed natural gas, liquid natural gas, methanol, and
ethanol. In LEED, efficient gas-electric hybrid vehicles are included in this group.
ambient temperature the temperature of the surrounding air or other medium. (EPA)
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
bake-out a process used to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a building by
elevating the temperature in the fully furnished and ventilated building prior to human occupancy.
biodegradable capable of decomposing under natural conditions. (EPA)
biodiversity the variety of life in all forms, levels, and combinations, including ecosystem
diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity.
biomass plant material from trees, grasses, or crops that can be converted to heat energy to
produce electricity.
bioswale a stormwater control feature that uses a combination of an engineered basin, soils,
and vegetation to slow and detain stormwater, increase groundwater recharge, and reduce peak
stormwater runoff.
blackwater wastewater from toilets and urinals; definitions vary, and wastewater from kitchen
sinks (perhaps differentiated by the use of a garbage disposal), showers, or bathtubs is considered
blackwater under some state or local codes.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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70 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

British thermal unit (Btu) the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound
of liquid water from 60 to 61 Fahrenheit. This standard measure of energy is used to describe the
energy content of fuels and compare energy use.
brownfield real property whose use may be complicated by the presence or possible presence of
a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.
building density the floor area of the building divided by the total area of the site (square feet
per acre).
building envelope the exterior surface of a buildingthe walls, windows, roof, and floor; also
referred to as the building shell.
building footprint the area on a project site that is used by the building structure, defined by
the perimeter of the building plan. Parking lots, landscapes, and other nonbuilding facilities are not
included in the building footprint.
byproduct material, other than the principal product, generated as a consequence of an
industrial process or as a breakdown product in a living system. (EPA)
carbon footprint a measure of greenhouse gas emissions associated with an activity. A
comprehensive carbon footprint includes building construction, operation, energy use, building-
related transportation, and the embodied energy of water, solid waste, and construction materials.
chiller a device that removes heat from a liquid, typically as part of a refrigeration system used to
cool and dehumidify buildings.
commissioning (Cx) the process of verifying and documenting that a building and all of its
systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained to meet
the owners project requirements.
commissioning plan a document that outlines the organization, schedule, allocation of
resources, and documentation requirements of the commissioning process.
commissioning report a document that details the commissioning process, including a
commissioning program overview, identification of the commissioning team, and description of
the commissioning process activities.
compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) a small fluorescent lamp, used as a more efficient
alternative to incandescent lighting; also called a PL, twin-tube, or biax lamp. (EPA)
construction and demolition debris waste and recyclables generated from construction
and from the renovation, demolition, or deconstruction of preexisting structures. It does not
include land-clearing debris, such as soil, vegetation, and rocks.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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71 Glossary
construction waste management plan a plan that diverts construction debris from
landfills through recycling, salvaging, and reusing.
contaminant an unwanted airborne element that may reduce indoor air quality (ASHRAE
Standard 62.12007).
cooling tower a structure that uses water to absorb heat from air-conditioning systems and
regulate air temperature in a facility.
daylighting the controlled admission of natural light into a space, used to reduce or eliminate
electric lighting.
dry ponds excavated areas that detain stormwater and slow runoff but are dry between rain
events. Wet ponds serve a similar function but are designed to hold water all the time.
ecosystem a basic unit of nature that includes a community of organisms and their nonliving
environment linked by biological, chemical and physical process.
energy-efficient products and systems building components and appliances that use less
energy to perform as well as or better than standard products.
energy management system a control system capable of monitoring environmental and
system loads and adjusting HVAC operations accordingly in order to conserve energy while
maintaining comfort. (EPA)
ENERGY STAR

rating a measure of a buildings energy performance compared with that of

similar buildings, as determined by the ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager. A score of 50 represents
average building performance.
environmental sustainability long-term maintenance of ecosystem components and
functions for future generations. (EPA)
flush-out the operation of mechanical systems for a minimum of two weeks using 100 percent
outside air at the end of construction and prior to building occupancy to ensure safe indoor air
quality.
fossil fuel energy derived from ancient organic remains, such as peat, coal, crude oil, and
natural gas. (EPA)
graywater domestic wastewater composed of wash water from kitchen, bathroom, and laundry
sinks, tubs, and washers. (EPA) The Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) defines graywater in its
Appendix G, Gray Water Systems for Single-Family Dwellings, as untreated household waste
water which has not come into contact with toilet waste. Greywater includes used water from
bathtubs, showers, bathroom wash basins, and water from clothes-washer and laundry tubs. It
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72 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

must not include waste water from kitchen sinks or dishwashers. The International Plumbing
Code (IPC) defines graywater in its Appendix C, Gray Water Recycling Systems, as waste water
discharged from lavatories, bathtubs, showers, clothes washers and laundry sinks. Some states
and local authorities allow kitchen sink wastewater to be included in graywater. Other differences
with the UPC and IPC definitions can likely be found in state and local codes. Project teams should
comply with graywater definitions as established by the authority having jurisdiction in the project
area.
harvested rainwater precipitation captured and used for indoor needs, irrigation, or both.
heat island effect the absorption of heat by hardscapes, such as dark, nonreflective pavement
and buildings, and its radiation to surrounding areas. Particularly in urban areas, other sources
may include vehicle exhaust, air-conditioners, and street equipment; reduced airflow from tall
buildings and narrow streets exacerbates the effect.
high-performance green building a structure designed to conserve water and energy; use
space, materials, and resources efficiently; minimize construction waste; and create a healthful
indoor environment.
HVAC systems equipment, distribution systems, and terminals that provide the processes of
heating, ventilating, or air-conditioning. (ASHRAE Standard 90.12007)
indoor air quality the nature of air inside the space that affects the health and well-being
of building occupants. It is considered acceptable when there are no known contaminants at
harmful concentrations and a substantial majority (80% or more) of the occupants do not express
dissatisfaction. (ASHRAE Standard 62.12007)
integrated design team all the individuals involved in a building project from early in the
design process, including the design professionals, the owners representatives, and the general
contractor and subcontractors.
LEED credit an optional LEED Green Building Rating System component whose achievement
results in the earning of points toward certification.
LEED credit interpretation request a formal USGBC process in which a project team
experiencing difficulties in the application of a LEED prerequisite or credit can seek and receive
clarification, issued as a credit interpretation ruling. Typically, difficulties arise when
specific issues are not directly addressed by LEED reference guides or a conflict between credit
requirements arises.
LEED intent the primary goal of each prerequisite or credit.
LEED

Rating System

a voluntary, consensus-based, market-driven building rating system

based on existing, proven technology. The LEED Green Building Rating System represents
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73 Glossary
USGBCs effort to provide a national benchmark for green buildings. Through its use as a design
guideline and third-party certification tool, the LEED Green Building Rating System aims
to improve occupant well-being, environmental performance, and economic returns using
established and innovative practices, standards, and technologies.
LEED prerequisite a required LEED Green Building Rating System component whose
achievement is mandatory and does not earn any points.
LEED technical advisory group (TAG) a committee consisting of industry experts who
assist in interpreting credits and developing technical improvements to the LEED Green Building
Rating System.
life-cycle assessment an analysis of the environmental aspects and potential impacts
associated with a product, process, or service.
market transformation systematic improvements in the performance of a market or market
segment. For example, EPAs ENERGY STAR program has shifted the performance of homes,
buildings, and appliances toward higher levels of energy efficiency by providing recognition and
comparative performance information through its ENERGY STAR labels.
native (or indigenous) plants plants adapted to a given area during a defined time period. In
North America, the term often refers to plants growing in a region prior to the time of settlement
by people of European descent. Native plants are considered low maintenance and not invasive.
nonpotable water. See potable water.
nonrenewable not capable of being replaced; permanently depleted once used. Examples of
nonrenewable energy sources are oil or natural gas, and nonrenewable natural resources include
metallic ores.
off-gassing the emission of volatile organic compounds from synthetic and natural products.
particulates solid particles or liquid droplets in the atmosphere. The chemical composition
of particulates varies, depending on location and time of year. Sources include dust, emissions
from industrial processes, combustion products from the burning of wood and coal, combustion
products associated with motor vehicle or nonroad engine exhausts, and reactions to gases in the
atmosphere. (EPA)
perviousness the percentage of the surface area of a paving material that is open and allows
moisture to pass through the material and soak into the ground below.
photovoltaic (PV) energy electricity from photovoltaic cells that convert the energy in
sunlight into electricity.
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74 Green Building and LEED Core Concepts Guide

pollutant any substance introduced into the environment that adversely affects the usefulness
of a resource or the health of humans, animals, or ecosystems. (EPA) Air pollutants include
emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), mercury (Hg),
small particulates (PM2.5), and large particulates (PM10).
postconsumer recycled content the percentage of material in a product that was consumer
waste. The recycled material was generated by household, commercial, industrial, or institutional
end users and can no longer be used for its intended purpose. It includes returns of materials
from the distribution chain. Examples include construction and demolition debris, materials
collected through recycling programs, discarded products (e.g., furniture, cabinetry, decking), and
landscaping waste (e.g., leaves, grass clippings, tree trimmings). (ISO 14021)
potable water water that meets or exceeds EPAs drinking water quality standards and is
approved for human consumption by the state or local authorities having jurisdiction; it may be
supplied from wells or municipal water systems.
preconsumer recycled content the percentage of material in a product that was recycled
from manufacturing waste. Preconsumer content was formerly known as postindustrial content.
Examples include planer shavings, sawdust, bagasse, walnut shells, culls, trimmed materials,
overissue publications, and obsolete inventories. Excluded are rework, regrind, or scrap materials
capable of being reclaimed within the same process that generated them. (ISO 14021)
rain garden a stormwater management feature consisting of an excavated depression and
vegetation that collect and infiltrate runoff and reduce peak discharge rates.
rainwater harvesting the collection and storage of precipitation from a catchment area, such
as a roof.
rapidly renewable materials agricultural products, both fiber and animal, that take 10 years
or less to grow or raise and can be harvested in a sustainable fashion.
regenerative design sustainable plans for built environments that improve existing
conditions. Regenerative design goes beyond reducing impacts to create positive change in the
local and global environment.
renewable energy resources that are not depleted by use. Examples include energy from
the sun, wind, and small (low-impact) hydropower, plus geothermal energy and wave and tidal
systems. Ways to capture energy from the sun include photovoltaic, solar thermal, and bioenergy
systems based on wood waste, agricultural crops or residue, animal and other organic waste, or
landfill gas.
renewable energy certificate (REC) a tradable commodity representing proof that a unit
of electricity was generated from a renewable energy resource. RECs are sold separately from the
electricity itself and thus allow the purchase of green power by a user of conventionally generated
electricity.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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75 Glossary
salvaged material construction items recovered from existing buildings or construction
sites and reused. Common salvaged materials include structural beams and posts, flooring, doors,
cabinetry, brick, and decorative items.
sick building syndrome (SBS) a combination of symptoms, experienced by occupants of
a building, that appear to be linked to time spent in the building but cannot be traced to a specific
cause. Complaints may be localized in a particular room or zone or be spread throughout the
building. (EPA)
stormwater runoff water from precipitation that flows over surfaces into sewer systems
or receiving water bodies. All precipitation that leaves project site boundaries on the surface is
considered stormwater runoff.
sustainability meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. (Brundtland Commission)
sustainable forestry management of forest resources to meet the long-term forest product
needs of humans while maintaining the biodiversity of forested landscapes. The primary goal
is to restore, enhance, and sustain a full range of forest values, including economic, social, and
ecological considerations.
sustained-yield forestry management of a forest to produce in perpetuity a high-level annual
or regular periodic output, through a balance between increment and cutting. (Society of American
Foresters)
thermal comfort the condition that exists when occupants express satisfaction with the
thermal environment.
volatile organic compound (VOC) a carbon compound that participates in atmospheric
photochemical reactions (excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic
carbides and carbonates, and ammonium carbonate). Such compounds vaporize (become a gas) at
normal room temperatures.
wastewater the spent or used water from a home, community, farm, or industry that contains
dissolved or suspended matter. (EPA)
wetland vegetation plants that require saturated soils to survive or can tolerate prolonged wet
soil conditions.
xeriscaping a landscaping method that makes routine irrigation unnecessary by using drought-
adaptable and low-water plants, as well as soil amendments such as compost and mulches to
reduce evaporation.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 12024). May NOT be copied or distributed.

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