Intravenous UROGRAM
Intravenous UROGRAM
UROGRAM
Intravenous Urogram (IVU) also known as Intravenous
pyelogram (IVP), is a radiological procedure used to visualise the
urinary system (kidneys, ureters, and bladder).
The procedure has several names.
Intravenous pyelography (IVP).
Urography.
Pyelography.
Indications:
Suspected urinary tract pathology.
Repeated Urinary Tract infections? Focus, damage, (when linked
with other symptoms.)
Haematuria.
Investigation of hypertension not controlled by medication in
young age.
Renal colic.
Trauma.
Significance:
The test may reveal kidney diseases, congenital anomalies, tumors,
kidney stones, and inflammation caused by infections.
IVU | By:Vijendra Kr.*Guided By: Dr.S.S.Mishra (Reader,Radiology)
1 Deptt. of Shalya Tantra, IMS-BHU
Additional conditions under which the test may be performed:
Acute arterial occlusion of the kidney Complicated UTI (pyelonephritis)
Acute bilateral obstructive uropathy Cystinuria
Acute unilateral obstructive uropathy Injury of the kidney and ureter
Analgesic nephropathy Polycystic kidney disease
Acute kidney infection Prostate cancer
Atheroembolic renal disease Renal cell carcinoma
Bilateral hydronephrosis Renovascular hypertension
Carcinoma of the renal pelvis or ureter Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Chronic bilateral obstructive uropathy Unilateral hydronephrosis
Chronic glomerulonephritis Ureterocele
Chronic unilateral obstructive uropathy Wilms' tumor
Contra Indications:
General contra indications to water soluble contrast agents.
Hepato renal syndrome,
Thyrotoxicosis,
Pregnancy
Blood urea raised above 12 mmol./L. urography unlikely to be
successful.
Patients Preparation:
Basic abdominal preparation, aperients taken for 24 hours
previous, to clear faecal residue.
IVU | By:Vijendra Kr.*Guided By: Dr.S.S.Mishra (Reader,Radiology)
2 Deptt. of Shalya Tantra, IMS-BHU
Nil orally for 6-8 hours before the examination.
Patient to remain ambulant as long as possible to reduce air
swallowing.
Adaptations to patient preparation will be required for certain
groups of patients e.g. children, diabetics and patients with other
predisposing medical conditions, in line with current department
practice.
Basic psychological preparation with reassurance and
explanation of technique.
Patient wears cotton examination gown.
Bladder emptied immediately before examination.
Normal patient examination interview plus:
Previous I.V.U.
Previous experience of iodinated contrast media.
Abdominal surgery.
Asthma / Allergies. (Hypersensitivity's.)
Current drug therapy (? thyroid function tests)
Breast feeding in appropriate females.
Blood urea levels (normal approx. 2.5-6.5 mmol./L.)
Equipment:
Medium powered X-Ray generator set-up, typical 60-80 kW.
Basic tomography equipment.
Abdominal compression equipment.
IVU | By:Vijendra Kr.*Guided By: Dr.S.S.Mishra (Reader,Radiology)
3 Deptt. of Shalya Tantra, IMS-BHU
Medium / Regular film screen combination in a variety of sizes.
Pads and immobilization aids.
Intravenous administration equipment:
50 ml syringe,
Filling needle,
Skin prep, sticky tape,
Selection of needles, straight/'butterfly' 18,20 gauge.
Tourniquet or blood pressure cuff.
Emergency drugs and equipment, checked and to hand.
Contrast agents and drugs:
Typical examples for a 70 kg adult with normal blood urea values
(2.5 - 7.5mmol/L.)
Contrast media must be warmed to body temperature before
injection.
Product Main Constituent Iodine mg/ml Dose Route
Niopam Iopamidol 300 50 ml i.v.
Ompaque Iohexhol 350 50 ml i.v.
Urograffin Diatrozates 370 50 ml i.v.
Technique:
The median cubital vein is punctured with a 20 gauge needle and the
warmed contrast agent is injected rapidly. Films are then taken at
intervals to demonstrate the whole of the renal tract.
IVU | By:Vijendra Kr.*Guided By: Dr.S.S.Mishra (Reader,Radiology)
4 Deptt. of Shalya Tantra, IMS-BHU
Procedure:
This examination is usually done on an outpatient basis.
The patient is positioned on the table and plain X-Ray abdomen
images are taken. The contrast material is then injected, usually
in a vein in the patient's arm, followed by additional images.
The patient must hold very still and may be asked to keep from
breathing for a few seconds while the x-ray picture is taken to
reduce the possibility of a blurred image. The technologist will
walk behind a wall or into the next room to activate the x-ray
machine.
As the contrast material is processed by the kidneys a series of
images is taken to determine the actual size of the kidneys and to
capture the urinary tract in action as it begins to empty.
The technologist may apply a compression bandon abdomen at
L-5 level to better visualize the urinary structures leading from
the kidney.
When the examination is complete, the patient will be asked to
wait until the technologist determines that the images are of high
enough quality for the radiologist to read.
An IVP study is usually completed within an hour. However,
because some kidneys empty at a slower rate the exam may last
up to four or more hours.
Risks
The effective radiation dose from this procedure is the same as
the average person receives from background radiation in six
months.
Contrast materials used in IVP studies can cause adverse
reactions in some people.
*
IVU | By:Vijendra Kr.*Guided By: Dr.S.S.Mishra (Reader,Radiology)
14 Deptt. of Shalya Tantra, IMS-BHU