Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

MOnur

Sept 2013

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

Upon p completion p of this section, the student should be able to: 1. Analyze a constant-rate drawdown test using semilog analysis. a. Identify the data that correspond to the middle time region on the diagnostic plot. b. Calculate permeability and skin factor from a semilog graph. 2. Analyze a buildup test following a constant-rate flow period using the Horner method. a. Calculate the Horner pseudo-producing time for variable rate production. b. List the conditions that must be satisfied for the Horner pseudo-producing time to be applicable without referring to the text. c. Identify the data that correspond to the middle time region on the diagnostic plot. d. Calculate permeability, skin factor, and initial pressure from a Horner graph for a buildup test in a well in an infinite infinite-acting acting reservoir.

MOnur

Sept 2013

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

MOnur

Sept 2013

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

Note that the skin factor affects the p pressure response p only y within the altered zone. The pressure profile at points beyond the radius of the altered zone is not affected by the skin factor. We have already seen that the additional pressure drop due to skin at the wellbore can be calculated from the flow rate and fluid and rock properties. We can modify the Ei-function solution to apply for 2 cases: 1) at the wellbore, and (2) beyond the altered zone.

MOnur

Sept 2013

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

Neither of these expressions p is valid within the altered zone. Neither of these expressions is valid until after the logarithmic approximation to the Ei-function becomes applicable throughout the altered zone.

MOnur

Sept 2013

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

2 When 948 c t rw < 0 0.01, 01 we may use the logarithmic

kt

approximation to the Ei-function in the equations given in the previous slide.

This expression may be written in the same form as the equation of a straight line.

p wf ~ y

log 10 (t ) ~ x
162 . 6 qB ~m kh

p i 162 . 6

qB k log 10 c r 2 kh t w

3 . 23 + 0 . 869 s ~ b

MOnur

Sept 2013

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

Ag graph p of pwf vs. log g10( (t) ) should fall on a straight g line. Slope m allows us to estimate permeability. Intercept b (which is usually referred to as p1hr), allows us to estimate skin factor s.

MOnur

Sept 2013

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

Slope p m
m= log 10 (t 2 ) log 10 (t1 ) p wf 2 p wf 1

(t1, pwf1), (t2, pwf2) are any two points on the straight line portion of the graph. Normally, t1 and t2 are chosen to be powers of 10. For best accuracy, pick points several log cycles apart. The point p1hr is the pressure on the best straight line through the data at a time of 1 hr. It may be necessary to extrapolate the straight line to a time of 1 hr to read p1hr. In a real test, all, some, or none of the data points may fall on a straight line of the correct slope. This correct semilog straight line corresponds to the data identified as the middle-time region on the diagnostic plot based on pressure-derivative as shown in the next slide.

MOnur

Sept 2013

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

m=

log 10 (t 2 ) log 10 (t1 )

p wf 2 p wf 1

MOnur

Sept 2013

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

10

The data summarized below were recorded during a pressure drawdown test from an oil well. Estimate the effective permeability to oil and the skin factor using the graphical analysis technique for a constant-rate flow test. q h rw ct = 250 STB/D = 46 ft = 0.365 ft = 17 x 10-6 psi-1 pi B = 4,412 4 412 psia = 12% = 1.136 RB/STB = 0.8 cp

Pressure Drawdown Test Data for Exercise 10 t 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 15 pwf 3510.3 3492.7 3480 1 3480.1 3462.4 3449.9 3440.2 3432.2 3422.5 t 18 24 30 36 48 60 72 pwf 3414.5 3402.0 3392 3 3392.3 3384.3 3371.8 3362.1 3354.1

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Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

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Consider the rate history y for an idealized buildup p test. A well is produced at rate q for a time tp, then is shut in for a buildup test. The rate history can be represented as the algebraic sum of two different constant rate flow periods one at rate q, beginning at t = 0, and another at rate -q, beginning at t = 0.

MOnur

Sept 2013

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

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The p pressure response p for the rate history y shown on the p previous slide can also be obtained by adding the pressure responses from each of the two rate flow histories.

MOnur

Sept 2013

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

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The second term on the RHS of this equation q g gives the p pressure change due to production at constant rate q beginning at t = 0. The third term on the RHS of this equation gives the pressure change due to injection at constant rate q beginning at t = tp, or t = 0. This equation can be simplified by canceling terms within the square brackets, as shown on the next slide.

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Sept 2013

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

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As with the drawdown equation, q , this equation q may y also be written in the same form as the equation of a straight line.

p ws ~ y

tp + t log 10 t ~x
162 .6
pi ~ b

qB ~m kh

MOnur

Sept 2013

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The q quantity y

tp + t t

is called the Horner time ratio.

A graph of pws vs. log 10

Slope m of the resulting straight line allows us to estimate permeability Intercept b at pressure pi.
tp + t log 10 0 or t =

tp + t t = 1 gives us the initial

MOnur

Sept 2013

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

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p ws 2 p ws 1 . tp + t tp + t log 10 log 10 t t 2 1 tp + t tp + t ( , p ) are any two points on the , pws1) and ( ws2
The slope m is obtained from m =
t 1

straight line portion of the graph.

tp + t 10. t are chosen to be powers of 10 2

For best accuracy, pick points several log cycles apart (Why?) In a real test, all, some, or none of the data may fall on a straight line of the correct slope. This correct semilog straight line corresponds to the data identified as the middle-time region on the diagnostic plot. Note that the HTR on the x-axis decreases from left to right, so that shut-in time increases from left to right. You may also see Horner plots drawn with HTR increasing from left to right. When this is the case, be aware that shut-in time increases from right to left, as shown h i in th the next t slide. lid

MOnur

Sept 2013

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m=
tp + t t 1
tp + t t 1

tp + t t 2

p ws 2 p ws 1 . tp + t tp + t log 10 log 10 t t 2 1

tp + t t 2

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Sept 2013

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To estimate the skin factor from a buildup p test, , we have to know the flowing bottomhole pressure at the instant of shutin, pwf. The point p1hr is the pressure on the best straight line through the data at a shut-in time of 1 hour. It may be necessary to extrapolate p the straight g line to a Horner time ratio corresponding p g to a shut-in time of 1 hour in order to read p1hr.

MOnur

Sept 2013

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*Wells are almost never p produced at exactly y constant rate p prior to shut-in. *Variations in rate prior to shut-in can be accounted for in many cases by the use of the Horner pseudoproducing time approximation. When this approximation is used, the buildup analysis y is performed by y treating g the well as if it had produced at rate qlast for a time tp. *This approximation applies when the well produced at rate qlast for a period at least 10x as long as the duration of the shut-in period. If the last rate qlast is lower than the average production rate, rate the *If Horner pseudoproducing time will be longer than the actual elapsed production time. *The Horner pseudoproducing time preserves material balance. That is, a well producing at a constant rate qlast for a time tp will produce exactly the same amount of fluid as the actual variable rate history. *qlas must be stabilized.!!!
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Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - WTA

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A pressure buildup test was conducted on a well early in the life of an oil reservoir having the properties summarized below. The well was produced at a constant rate of 80 STB/D for 999 hours prior to being shut in. Determine the effective permeability to oil, the original reservoir pressure, pressure and skin factor. factor
= 2.95 cp

rw q

= 0.25 ft = 15% = 80 STB/D

ct = 15 x 10-6 psi-1 h = 32 ft B = 1.25 RB/STB tp = 999 hrs

pwf = 1847.8 psia

t 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 15

HTR

Pressure Buildup Test Data p ws t HTR 2615.1 6 5 18 8 2623.9 24 2630.1 30 2638.9 36 2645.1 48 2649.9 60 2653.8 72 2658.6

p ws 2662.5 66 5 2668.6 2673.3 2677.1 2683.1 2687.7 2691.4

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Sept 2013

Semilog Analysis for Oil Wells - PTT Interpretation and Analysis

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MOnur

Sept 2013