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Introduction To Genetics

This document provides an overview of classical and modern genetics. It discusses the human genome project which aimed to map the entire human genetic blueprint. It describes DNA structure and how genes are passed from parent to offspring. Key events and discoveries are highlighted, such as Mendel's experiments with pea plants, Watson and Crick determining the double helix structure of DNA, and the central dogma of biology regarding DNA transcription and protein synthesis. The document also covers DNA replication, mutations, gene expression and control, and ethical considerations around genetics and genetic engineering.

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Zoul Hasley
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Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
126 views

Introduction To Genetics

This document provides an overview of classical and modern genetics. It discusses the human genome project which aimed to map the entire human genetic blueprint. It describes DNA structure and how genes are passed from parent to offspring. Key events and discoveries are highlighted, such as Mendel's experiments with pea plants, Watson and Crick determining the double helix structure of DNA, and the central dogma of biology regarding DNA transcription and protein synthesis. The document also covers DNA replication, mutations, gene expression and control, and ethical considerations around genetics and genetic engineering.

Uploaded by

Zoul Hasley
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Classical and Modern Genetics

Mammalian Genomes

* * *

Homo sapiens connected through its DNA inheritance, to every other living creature on the planet. Human DNA is 98 identical to chimpan!ees

"ur genome is a living record o# our evolutionary $ourney.

"ut o# A#rica A%out 8&,&&& years ago Homo sapiens ac'uired an (edge)

* * *

ma*ing and using tools. +ocial interaction ,anguage

"ur ancestors spread out o# A#rica a%out -&,&&& yrs ago.

* * *

Genome variations that a##ect the #unction o# genes can provide insight into the evolution o# early humans. Modern humans are genetically very similar. .e are less diverse than /e thin*, compared to other species.

Human Genome 0ro$ect.

Aimed to map the precise structure o# the entire human genome to produce a human genetic %lue print.

Classical Genetics 1ean23aptise ,amar* 45667258899 :heory;

* *

"rganisms ac'uire ne/ #eatures %ecause o# an inner need. :he ac'uired #eatures are inherited %y #uture generations.

Dar/inism <harles Dar/in 458&9258889 "rigin o# +pecies %y means o# Natural +election. 3ased on a%ility to reproduce, competition, some degree o# di##erential death occurs among gametes, relatively #e/ #emale ova are #ertili!ed, variation, survival o# the #ittest.

Mendel)s theory Mendal 45888258879

* *

Genes carried %y autosomes are inherited. Accurate predictions o# characteristics could %e made.

Genetic in#ormation could %e (hidden). Alleles = alternative #orms o# a gene.

<lassical Genetics

Mendel

* 3asic la/s o# inheritance * <lassic pea plant e>periments


* 0ure%red * Hy%rid

?esults

* @irst generation * +econd generation

Gene

* Dominant * ?ecessive

Rules of Classical Genetics

:raits 4genes9 are passed #rom parent to o##spring

* mechanism un*no/n

* *

:/o genes #or each trait

* "ne #rom each parent


:here are dominant and recessive genes

* Dominant e>pressed

Genetic Mile2stones

5866 @lemming o%served thread li*e structures in the nucleus o# the cell. <hromosomes.

59&5 Garrod /or*ed out that the human characteristic Al*aptonuria 4an in%orn error o# meta%olism9 is inherited.

* * *

59&A +utton B 3overi #ound that the %ehaviour o# chromosomes during cell division provided a physical %asis #or the %ehaviour o# alleles 4as descri%ed %y Mendal9. ,andersteiner A3" %lood groups 597& ,andersteiner B .einer 2 rhesus antigen

DNA and the Birth of Molecular Genetics

1953 Watson & Crick

olecular structure of DNA

Nucleotides! "he Buildin# Blocks of Nucleic Acids

Nucleotide

* :hree molecules
* +ugar
* *

DNA; deo>yri%ose ?NA; ri%ose

* 0hosphate ion * 3ase


* * * *

Adenine 4A9 Guanine 4G9 <ytosine 4<9 :hymine 4:9

DNA +tructure

* *

1oin nucleotides

* Alternating phosphate and sugar


DNA

* 8 strands o# nucleotides * 1oined %y %ase pairs

3onding pattern

* Adenine;:hymine * <ytosine;Guanine

?i%onucleic Acid :hree di##erent *inds; Messenger ?NA 4m?NA9 :rans#er ?NA 4t?NA9 ?i%osomal ?NA 4t?NA9

?NA +tructure

Di##erences

* "ne string o# nucleotides * +ugar is ri%ose * :hymine replaced %y uracil


* Cracil 4C9 %onds /ith adenine

:he ?eplication o# DNA

* *

DNA replication

* "ccurs %e#ore mitosis B meiosis


0rocess

* DNA dou%le heli> splits * Ne/ %ases %ond to e>posed %ases * ?esult
* :/o identical DNA strands

:ranscription o# DNA

:ranscription

* Dn#ormation transport * Cses ?NA

0rocess

* Cn!ip DNA * ?NA %inds to e>posed %ases * ?NA moves out o# nucleus 4m?NA9

:he +ynthesis o# 0roteins

t?NA

* ?eads message * +tructure


* Amino acid * A %ases

0rocess

* m?NA moves to ri%osome * r?NA aligns m?NA and t?NA * t?NA matches codon on m?NA * Amino acid chain #orms
* 3asis #or protein

* *

"ne gene codes #or one protein 0rotein drives chemical process in cell

DNA

* Dntrons * E>ons

All living things on Earth use the same genetic code

Mutations and DNA ?epair

Mutations

* <hange in DNA o# parent * <auses


* Nuclear radiation * F2rays * CG light

DNA ?epair

* 5&,&&& (hits) per day * <ells repair damage

.hy Are Genes E>pressedH

Gene control

* :urning genes on and o## * Each cell contains same genes * Not all cells have same #unction * <ertain genes activated
* +cientists currently studying ho/

:he human Genome 0ro$ect. 599& 8&&A se'uences nearly A.8 %illion nucleotides o# the human genome. More than 99.9 o# the nucleotide %ases are identical in everyone.

At least hal# o# the human genome consists o# repeated se'uences that do not code #or proteins 4so called ($un*)DNA9

Genes

* * * *

A%out A&,&&& in the human genome. An average gene consists o# A&&& nucleotides. Alleles are alternative #orms o# a gene E>pression can %e dominant, recessive, co2dominant or incomplete.

Mid/i#ery 0ractice.

* * * * *

Genetic counsellingIadvice +creening #or ris* Diagnostic tests Genetic Engineering Dn#ormed <hoice

0andora)s %o> o# ethical and moral dilemmas.

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