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Refleks Arcs

The route followed by nerve impulses to produce a reflex act, from the periphery through the afferent nerve to the nervous system, and thence through the efferent nerve to the effector organ.

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kiedd_04
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2K views

Refleks Arcs

The route followed by nerve impulses to produce a reflex act, from the periphery through the afferent nerve to the nervous system, and thence through the efferent nerve to the effector organ.

Uploaded by

kiedd_04
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reflex Arcs

– Reflex: An involuntary response to a stimulus:


1. Begins with sensory input
2. Ends with motor response
– Reflex Arc is the pathway over which a reflex occurs
Types of Reflex Arcs
1.Visceral (autonomic) reflexes e.g. automatic production
of saliva upon, seeing or smelling food
2.Somatic (skeletal) reflexes e.g. movement of a body part
in the presence of pain
Muscle spindle
Sensory Ia & II

Capsule

Intrafusal fibers
Stretch receptor

Extrafusal fibers

Sensory Ib

Tendon Organ tendon golgi


Muscle spindle
1. 2~5 thin & short fibers known as intrafusal fibers.
2. Muscle mass known as extrafusal with intrafusal
bind at tendon attach to bone.
3. Intrafusal fibers:
 Nuclear bag fiber  bulging & many nuclei at
center (nuclear bag).
 Nuclear chain fiber  thin, short & no nuclear
bag
Sensory nerve:
1. Sensory Ia :
 Primary ending / annulospiral into center intrafusal fibers &
conduct impulses at high speed
2. Sensory II :
 Secondary ending / flower spray at peripheral nuclear bag
fiber & conduct impulses at slower rate than Ia.
3. Sensory Ib :
 Innervated at organ tendon golgi synapse with -
motorneuron (autogenic inhibition) conduct impulse at high
speed
Muscle Spindle
sensory Ia
Efferent gamma dynamic Efferent gamma static

Sensory II

Primary ending /annulospiral ending

Secondary Ending / Flower spray ending


Muscle /extrafusal fibers stretch

intrafusal fibers stretch

Nuclear Bag & nuclear chain distorted

AP  conduct via sensory Ia to spinal cord

AP via alpha motor neuron to extrafusal


fiber

Muscle or extrafusal : fibers contract


MECHANISM OF ACTION
Muscle / extrafusal fibers stretch
Intrafusal fibers stretch

1. Nuclear bag fiber distort if extrafusal stretch strongly (dynamic/ phasic 


involve in movement)  generate AP  fast at primary / annulospiral
ending AP conducted by sensory Ia nerve to spinal cord.
2. Nuclear chain fiber distort if extrafusal stretch (reflex static/ tonic 
maintain posture)  generate AP  flower spray/ secondary ending AP
conducted by sensory II nerve to spinal cord.

Synapse at spinal cord & AP transfer to


alpha motor neuron into extrafusal fibers

1. Extrafusal fibers / muscle contract fast


2. Extrafusal fibers / muscle contract slowly
Components of somatic reflex arc
1. Sensory receptor
2. Afferent (sensory) neuron
3. May include one or more interneurons
4. Efferent (motor) neuron
5. Efector (skeletal Muscle)
Reflex Arch
3.

2.

4.

1. 5.
Stretch reflex
2 3
1

4
5
The Patellar Tendon Reflex Arc
Type of reflexs
1. Monosynaptic reflex :
 kneel jerk & ankle jerk
2. Polysynaptic reflex :
 withdrawal reflex when touch hot object or step on sharp object
Skeletal Muscle Reflex Sensory Receptors:
Proprioceptors
1. Muscle spindle
 (In muscles for sense stretch)
2. Golgi tendon organ
 (Near tendon & Sense force)
3. Joint receptors
 (Sense pressure & Position)
Patellar reflex tests L2, L3, and L4 tracts

mono-synaptic Reflex

2 Synapse
Achilles reflex tests S1 and S2 in spinal
cord
3
1
4

Babinski reflex tests mostly S1 and S2 but also L4 and L5


Flexor
(withdrawal)
reflex is
withdrawal of foot

Crossed
extensor reflex
is maintaining
balance by
extending
other leg
Poly-synaptic reflex iv Synapse to brain
Inhibitory Synapse via i 4 INTERNEURON
motor neuron to extensor 3

iii
4 Sinaps teruja motor neuron
EFFECTORS' (EXTENSOR keotot ektensor kaki
INHIBIT) sebelahan

ii
Excitatory synapse via motor
2 neuron to flexsor muscle
4
1 EFFECTORS' (FLEXOR
RECEPTOR (SKIN) EXCITE)
3
i
ii

Poly-synaptic reflex iii

4
1
Flexion Reflex: Pull away from Painful
Stimuli
Reflex Tests
• Biceps reflex tests C5 and C6
• Triceps reflex tests C7 and C8
• Brachioradialis reflex tests C5 & C6

Excite Triceps extensor


Excite Bicep muscle flexor
Golgi Tendon Reflex: Response to Excessive Force
1. Myotactic unit: all pathways controlling a joint.
2. Example: elbow joint – all nerves, receptors, muscles.
3. Force pulls collagen fibers which squeeze sensors.
4. Overload causes inhibition of contraction
Protective reflex /Lengthening reflex
1. Muscle stretch 
4
2. Organ tendon golgi active & AP  3 i
ii
3. afferent nerve Ib

4. Polysynaptic spinal cord


5
i. Inhibitory synapse to motor neuron
extensor.
ii. Excitation Synapse via motor neuron flexor

5. Contraction muscle stop to prevent


2
detach tendon from bone
Golgi Tendon Reflex
1. Proprioceptors in a tendon near
its junction with a muscle --
1mm long, encapsulated nerve
bundle.
2. Excessive tension on tendon
inhibits motor neuronmuscle
contraction decreased.
3. Also functions when muscle
contracts unevenly
Voluntary Movement: “Conscious”
Rhythmic Movements

1. Cortex initiation
2. Central pattern
generators
i. In spine
ii. Maintain motion
3. Combines
movements
i. Reflexive
ii. Voluntary
Input serat aferen Gamma

1 2


1

3 3

1. Input implus ke serat eferen  dari Pusat tertinggi otak


2.Gelendung otot terangsang & AP dijenakan di hantar ke korda
spina melalui saraf sensori Ia (dinamik) / II (pasif)

3. EPSP & IPSP ke motor ke otot mengecut & relaks.


 Neuron as Servo-mechanism

AP motor cortex synapse with gamma motor motor neuron at


spinal cord
gamma efferent AP conduct to muscle spindle

Intrafusal fiber contract   muscle spindle activity

1.  dynamic  distore anulospiral / primary ending)  flasic Ia 


  sensitive to velocity  without effect on tonic
2.  static  Distore nuclear chain (secondary ending)  tonic II 
   tonic level (sensitivity to muscle length) without effect on
flasic
α motor neuron to extrafusal fiber

1. Muscle Isotonic contraction for movement

2. Muscle Isometric contraction static (maintain posture)

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