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04 - Lecture Note 4 - Field and Function

This document discusses scalar and vector fields and functions. It provides examples of scalar fields like temperature and vector fields like velocity. Scalar and vector functions express the distribution of these fields over lines, planes, and spaces. Examples are given of scalar functions like f(x,y) and vector functions like position vectors r(t). Calculus concepts like derivatives and integrals are discussed for both scalar and vector functions. Examples are also provided of calculating tangents, curvatures, and lengths of curves defined by vector functions.

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mahapatih_51
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31 views

04 - Lecture Note 4 - Field and Function

This document discusses scalar and vector fields and functions. It provides examples of scalar fields like temperature and vector fields like velocity. Scalar and vector functions express the distribution of these fields over lines, planes, and spaces. Examples are given of scalar functions like f(x,y) and vector functions like position vectors r(t). Calculus concepts like derivatives and integrals are discussed for both scalar and vector functions. Examples are also provided of calculating tangents, curvatures, and lengths of curves defined by vector functions.

Uploaded by

mahapatih_51
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Note 4

Field and Function of Scalar and Vector


4.1. Field and function of scalar and vector
o

Example of scalar field: distribution of : energy assay permeability modulus


of elastisity calorivic value temperature concentration !ead air pressure !ydrostatic pressure topograp!y electrostatic etc.

Example of vector field: gradient of scalar field: electropotential stress


velocity ground"ater flux magnetic flux electric current flux diffusive flux momentum field etc.

o o o

Scalar and vector function: t!e "ay to express distribution of scalar and vector
field at a line #1$%& plane or surface #'$%& and space #($%&.

Scalar function:
f#x#t& y#t&&

1$%: y ) f#x&* '$%: + ) f#x y&* ($%: u ) f#x y +&* + )

Vector function:
v ( t ) = [ v1 # t & v ' # t & v ( # t & ] = v1 # t &i + v ' # t & - + v ( # t &,
v ( t ) =[x # t & y# t & +# t &

v # x y + & = [ v 1 # x y + & v ' # x y + & v ( # x y + &] = v1 # x y + &i + v ' # x y + & - + v ( # x y +& ,

] = x # t & i + y# t & - + +# t & ,

4.'. Vector and scalar calculus

v, (t )

f(x) f(x)

v (t )

v ( t + t )
f#x& x f(x + x) x x + x 4$1

Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

Fig. 4.1: %erivative of vector function #left& and scalar function #rig!t&

2onvergence of vector function:


lim a n n4 a = 3 n : 1 ' ( .... a = a limit of vector nlim 4 n

2ontinuity of vector function :


lim # t & = # t o & t t o

continue at to

%ifferential of vector function :


# t & = lim
t 3

# t + t & # t & t

2omponent of differential vector function :


v 5 # t & = [ v51 # t & v5 ' # t & v5 ( # t &] = v51 # t & i + v5 ' # t & - + 5 ( # t & ,

6ule of differential vector function :


$ #c & = c $ # u & = u $ # u . & = u . + u . $ # u x & = u .x + u . $ # u . . " & = u . . " + u . . " + u . . "

7artial derivative of vector function :


# t & = [ 1 # t & ' # t & ( # t &]

or i.e: :

# x y + & = [ 1 # x y + & ' # x y + & ( # x y + &]


#t& = ' # t & - + ( # t & , 1 #t &i + t1 t1 t1 t1

(t)= 1 ( t )i + 2 (t ) j + 3 ( t ) k t1t2 t1t2 t1t2 t1t2


# x y + & = 1 # x y + &i + ' # x y +& - + ( #x y +& , x x x x

# x y + & = 1 # x y +&i + ' # x y +& - + ( # x y +& x y x y x y x y

4.(. 2urve tangent of vector function and lengt! of curvature


4$' Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

Example : function of position vector : parameterisation of function


# t & = [ 1 # t & ' # t & ( # t &] or
r # t & = [ x # t & y # t & + # t &]

r (t )
x

y Fig. 4.': Function of position vector

2onto! : vector function of line : parametarisationof line


+

a
x y Fig. 4.( : Vector function of line
r # t & =a +b t

a = [ a1 a ' a( ]
b = [ b1 b' b( ]

: position vector
: unit of directional vector

8angent of curve

4$( Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

tangent = r 5 #t &

u 7

r ( t ) r ( t + t )

Fig. 4.4 : 8angent of curvature

79 =

1 t

[r # t + t & r # t &] : secant of curvature of 79


1 t

r # t & = lim

t o

[r # t + t & r # t &] : tangent of vector #position vector&

= [ x # t & y# t & + # t &]


u #t& = 1 r # t & : unit of tangent of vector #unit of directional r #t&

vector&

8angent of curve is expressed by means of expression of vector function #parameterisation& leading to follo"ing e:uation :
: #t & = r #t & + r #t & .t r #t &

Lengt! of curve
4$4

Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

r 5 #a & u #a & ds# t & dr # t & r #a + dt & r #a & r #b&

t=b

t=a

< : reference point

Fig. 4.; : Lengt! of curve


= ds# t & dr # t & = dr # t &
t =a t =a a t =b t =b b

dr # t & = . dt dt a

= r # t & dt = r # t &. r # t & dt


a a

Lengt! of curvature
s# t & = r # t &. r # t & dt
a t

ds dr

ds' dr . dr ' ' ' ' ds = dx + dy + d+ dr = [ dx dy d+]


u #t& = 1 . r5 #t& r 5 #t & 1 dr #s& . dr #s& ds ds = 1 dr # t & . dr # t & dt dt 1 dr . r 5 #s& ds ds ds

u #s& =

4.4. Example of field and function


4$; Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

Example 1:
=iven is scalar field of concentration "it! follo"ing expression: + ) f#x y & ) >x' ? 4y' and line y)x?1

concentration at point #' 4& f#' 4& )# >&.#4& ? #4&.#1@& ) 133 S,etc! of iso$concentration is figured by fig. 4.@. + ) f #x y& ) >x' ? 4y' ) (@
x ' y' + =1 4 > x y + =1 ' (
' '

+ ) f#x y& ) #>x' ? 4y'& #4& ) (@ #4&


x ' y' + =1 1@ (@ x y + =1 4 @
' '

8!e region bet"een concentration (@ and 144 is located bet"een ellips >x ' ? 4y' ) (@ and ellips (@x' ? 1@y' ) 144. 8!e value of z on line y ) x ? 1 is expressed by follo"ing e:uation + ) f#x& ) 1( x' ? A x ? ; y

>x' ? 4y' ) (6 x @ 4 ( ' x (@x' ? 1@y' ) 144

Fig. 4.@ : 2urve of iso$concentration lines

Example '

4$@ Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

=iven is iso$t!ermal line "it! follo"ing function 8 #x y& ) xy 8 #x y& ) xy ) 1 y )


1 x

x)3 y)4 y)3 x)4

8 #x y& ) xy ) $1 y )

1 x

x)3 y)$4 y)3 x)$4

Fig. 4.B : 2urve of iso$t!ermal lines x

Example (
=iven is t!e vector field "it! follo"ing function =i + 7lease dra" t!e vector field y x

C #i + -& #1& #i + -& # 1& = # i + - & # ' & # i + -& # ' & #i + -& #(& #i + -& # (&

i j

Fig. 4.A : Vector field #iso lines&

Example 4

4$B Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

v # x y& =x i +y- =2

=iven is a vector field expressed as )

# x i & ' +# y-& ' =2 ' x ' +y ' =2 '

Fig. 4.> : 2urve of iso$gradient lines

4.;. Example of vector calculus


Example 1
=iven a position vector: r # t & = [(t ' @ t 1' t ( ] mass of a moving ob-ect ) m. %ifferential vector:
r 5 # t & = @ t @ (@ t '

rD # t & = @ 3 B' t
Force vector :

# t & = [@m 3 B'mt ] F #t & = m . r

energy :
# t & . r # t & = 1Amt ' 3 A@4 mt 4 E # t & =F # t & . r # t & =m . r

E #;& =E

Example '

4$A Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

=iven F: #4 ' 3& dan

b = i +-

. E:uation of parametric line

r # t & =a + b t

a = [ 4 ' 3 ] [ 3 3 3 ] = [ 4 ' 3] b = [ 1 1 3]
%istance along line

r # t & = [ 4 ' 3] + [ 1 1 3 ] t
from t ) 3 upto t ) 13 is:

r # t & =a + b t

d = r #13& = [ 14 1' 3] = 1A.4(>

4.@. Example of curve tangent of vector and lengt! of curvature


=iven position vector : r # t & = [(t ' @ t 1' t ( ] %istance on r # '& or S # '& is expressed as follo"s:
S # '& =
t ='

r #t & = @t @ (@ t ' r # '& = [1' @ 144]

t =3

r # '&. r # '& dt

r # '&. r 5 # '& = 1' ' + # @& ' + #144& ' = '3>1@ r # '&. r # '& = '3>1@ = 144.@'( S # '& = 144.@'( dt = 144.@'( t
3 ' ' ]3

= 'A>.'4B unit length

8angent of vector at t ) ' is r # '& = [1' @ 144] . Gnit of tangent of vector at t ) '
u # '& = 1 1 [1' @ 144] . r # '& = r # '& 144.@'(

u #s& r #s&

u #13& r #13&

H to "!ic! direction t!e ob-ect moves E

4$> Lecture Note . %r./r. Lili, E,o 0idodo 1S

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