STABILITY OF STRUCTURES

Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI 59 Draft Version !"#"#$#

4. Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Members in Bending
T%is &%a'ter is (e)ote( *atera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/ of 0e0,ers in ,en(in/. A first 'ara/ra'% is
(e)ote( to a '%eno0eno*o/i&a* (es&ri'tion of t%e '%eno0enon. T%e se&on( one &o**e&ts a series of
&o0'*ete*1 t%eoreti&a* 0o(e*s (eri)e( for e*asti& ,ea0s of (i)erse &ross se&tion. Fina**12 a
&o0're%ensi)e (is&-ssion of t%e 0ain &o(e 'ro)isions is re'orte(3 ,ot% t%e Ita*ian an( t%e E-ro'ean
&o(es are ana*1ze( an( a''*ie(.
4.1 Definitions and phenomenological description
Sta,i*it1 4it%in t%e E-*er (efinition %as ,een a*rea(1 e5'ose( in &%a'ter # 4it% referen&e to t%e
&ase of 0e0,ers in &o0'ression. Un(er t%e t4o ,asi& %1'ot%eses of i6 s0a** (is'*a&e0ents an( ii6 no
i0'erfe&tion2 t%e ,e%a)io-r of 0e0,ers in &o0'ression a''eare( as ,if-r&ation 'ro,*e0 4%ose
so*-tion is t%e tri)ia* one -n(er *o4 *e)e* of a5ia* *oa(2 s4it&%in/ to an a(7a&ent one as t%e a5ia* for&e
a''roa&%es a 'arti&-*ar &riti&a* )a*-e.
T%e sa0e ,e%a)io-r &an ,e o,ser)e( for 0e0,ers in ,en(in/3 e)en in t%ese &ases2 a &riti&a* )a*-e
of t%e trans)erse *oa( res-*ts in a ,if-r&ation '%eno0enon8 startin/ fro0 t%e '*ane &onfi/-ration
&%ara&terizin/ t%e res'onse of 0e0,ers in ,en(in/2 an a(7a&ent e9-i*i,ri-0 &onfi/-ration is ass-0e(
-n(er t%at &riti&a* )a*-e. T%e 'ossi,*e a(7a&ent &onfi/-ration is -s-a**1 (es&ri,e( ,1 o-t+of+'*ane
(is'*a&e0ents t%ro-/%o-t t%e ,ea0 a5is an( a t4istin/ an/*e :Fi/-re ;.6.

Figure 4.1: Lateral-torsional buckling for a cantilever beam.
As 4e** as 0o0ents of inertia '*a1 a re*e)ant ro*e in affe&tin/ t%e ,-&.*in/ '%eno0enon -n(er
a5ia* for&es2 ot%er /eo0etri& 'ro'erties of t%e trans)erse se&tion res-*t in /ettin/ t%e 0e0,er 0ore or
*ess s-s&e'ti,*e of *atera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/. Latera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/ of 0e0,ers in ,en(in/ is a*so
affe&te( ,1 *oa( &on(ition2 ,ein/ t%e '%eno0enon sensiti)e of t%e 'oint of a''*i&ation of t%e
trans)erse for&e t%ro-/%o-t t%e se&tion.
A** t%ese as'e&ts of t%e *atera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/ '%eno0enon 4i** ,e ana*1ze( in t%e fo**o4in/.
First of a** a rat%er &o0're%ensi)e e5'*anation of t%e e*asti& t%eor1 4i** ,e /i)en 4it% so0e insi/%ts
a,o-t t%e so*-tion 0et%o(s 4%i&% &an ,e -ti*ize( for o,tainin/ a''ro5i0ate so*-tion of t%e 'ro,*e02
,ein/ &*ose(+for0 ones on*1 a)ai*a,*e in fe4 si0'*e &ases. Fina**12 ,ot% Ita*ian Co(e an( E-ro&o(e <
'ro)isions for *atera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/ 4i** ,e e5a0ine(2 &o00ente( an( a''*ie( in so0e 4or.e(
e5a0'*es.
4.2 Theoretical insights
T%e t%eoreti&a* st-(1 of t%e 0entione( '%eno0enon starts fro0 0e0,ers 4it% re&tan/-*ar
se&tion2 &onsi(erin/2 in 'arti&-*ar2 t%e &ase of (ee' ,ea0s in 4%i&% t%e t4o 'rin&i'a* 0o0ents of
inertia are si/nifi&ant*1 (ifferent3 t%e &ase of 0ore /enera* se&tions 4i** ,e a*so a((resse( 4it% 'arti&-*ar
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI =$ Draft Version !"#"#$#
fo&-s on t%e I+s%a'e( ,ea0s 4%i&% are rat%er &o00on in stee* str-&t-res. T%e 4a1 in 4%i&% t%e 'oint
of a''*i&ation of *oa(s affe&ts t%e ,e%a)io-r of f*e5-ra* 0e0,ers in ter0s of *atera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/
o&&-rren&e 4i** ,e a*so e5a0ine(3 in 'arti&-*ar2 t%e (ifferen&e in ,e%a)io-r (eri)in/ ,1 a''*1in/ t%e
trans)erse *oa( eit%er a,o)e2 ,eneat% or (ire&t*1 in t%e se&tion &entroi(2 4i** ,e a*so a((resse(.
Inf*-en&e of initia* i0'erfe&tion is a*so &onsi(ere( 4it% t%e ai0 of -n(erstan(in/ t%e ,e%a)io-r of t%e
so+&a**e( in(-stria* 0e0,er2 4it% res'e&t to t%e i(ea* &ase of 'erfe&t*1 strai/%t i(ea* 0e0,ers.
4.2.1 Lateral buckling of beams with rectangular section
Let -s &onsi(er a ,ea0 of re&tan/-*ar se&tion 4%ose 'rin&i'a* ra(ii of /1ration are si/nifi&ant*1
(ifferent3 in 'arti&-*ar2 t%e s%orter one is referre( to t%e o-t+of+'*ane ,en(in/ as s%o4n in Fi/-re ;.#8

Figure 4.2: Adjacent lateral-torsional buckled configuration described by the tisting angle
T%e t4istin/ rotation 7 4%i&% &an 'ossi,*1 arise (-rin/ t%e *oa(in/ 'ro&ess res-*ts in a non
'er'en(i&-*ar &on(ition ,et4een t%e ,en(in/ 0o0ent )e&tor M :ort%o/ona* to t%e ,en(in/ '*ane6 an(
t%e 1+a5is of t%e trans)erse se&tion3 &onse9-ent*12 t%e e5terna* ,en(in/ 0o0ent is &%ara&terize( ,1 a
non+zero &o0'onent :a''ro5i0ate*1 e9-a* to !6 a*on/ t%e 1+a5is an(2 %en&e2 an o-t+of+'*ane
,en(in/. If I
1
is t%e 0o0ent of inertia 4it% res'e&t to t%e 1+a5is2 t%e fo**o4in/ Na)ier re*ations%i' &an
,e state( ,et4een t%e ,en(in/ 0o0ent an( t%e res-*tin/ o-t+of+'*ane &-r)at-re8
=
#
#
y
d u
"# !
d$
:;.6
4%ere ->-:z6 is t%e (is'*a&e0ent &o0'onent in 5 (ire&tion of t%e &entroi( ? of t%e se&tion at a,s&issa
z.

Figure 4.%: &ending moment in the to directions ' (ertical )lane
Latera* (is'*a&e0ents 'ossi,*1 arisin/ in t%e ,ea0 %a)e a*so an inf*-en&e on its torsiona* ,e%a)io-r. Let
-s ,e ?@
t
t%e torsiona* stiffness of t%e ,ea0 an( &onsi(er a se/0enta* 'art of t%e ,ea0 4%ose *en/t% is
d$ s-,7e&te( to a ,en(in/ 0o0ent ! an( a torsiona* one !
t
.
A&&or(in/ to t%e s10,o*s intro(-&e( in Fi/-re ;.< t%e e9-i*i,ri-0 e9-ation to rotation in
*on/it-(ina* (ire&tion &an ,e easi*1 4ritten as fo**o4s8
( ) $
t t t
! ! d! ! d + + = :;.#6
5
1
?

?
M
MsinM
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI = Draft Version !"#"#$#

Figure 4.4: *elationshi) beteen tor+ue and bending moment ' ,ori$ontal vie

On t%e &ontrar12 -n(er t%e .ine0ati&a* 'oint of )ie42 a si0'*e re*ations%i' &an ,e state( ,et4een
t%e e*e0ent *en/t% d$ :4%i&% &an ,e a''ro5i0ate( ,1 t%e ar& of *en/t% ds6 an( t%e ra(i-s of &-r)at-re

-
of t%e ,ea0 a5is in t%e %orizonta* '*ane8
=
#
#
u
d$ d u
d d$
d$

:;.<6
T%e fo**o4in/ e9-ation &an ,e o,taine( ,1 s-,stit-tin/ t%e :;.<6 in :;.#6 an( e5'ressin/ a**
9-antities in ter0s of (eri)ati)es8
#
#
$
t
d! d u
!
d$ d$
= 2 :;.;6
4%i&%2 intro(-&in/ e9-ation :;.6 an( e5 'ressin/ t%e tor9-e Mt in ter0s of t%e -nit an/*e of torsion
a&&or(in/ to t%e De Saint+Venant t%eor12 *ea(s to t%e fo**o4in/ re*ations%i' ,et4een t%e t4ist an/*e
-$. an( t%e &orres'on(in/ ,en(in/ 0o0ent !-$.8
( ) (
(

+ =
(

#
$
t
y
! $
d d
/0
d$ d$ "#

. :;.56
In t%e o)er4%e*0in/*1 &o00on &ase of -nifor0 trans)erse se&tion2 t%e a,o)e for0-*a &an ,e
transfor0e( in t%e fo**o4in/ one2 4%i&% is a se&on(+or(er (ifferentia* e9-ation8
( ) (

+ =

#
#
#
$
t y
! $
d
/0 "# d$

. :;.=6
T%e a,o)e e9-ation is t%e 4e**+.no4n ARANDTL+MICBELL e9-ation2 4%o (eri)e( it in t%e nineteent%
&ent-r1.
4.2.2 olution of some significant cases.
E9-ation :;.=6 &an ,e so*)e( fo**o4in/ (ifferent a''roa&%es2 (e'en(in/ a*so ,1 t%e trans)erse
*oa( a''*ie( t%ro-/%o-t t%e ,ea0 *en/t% an( t%e res-*tin/ ,en(in/ 0o0ent f-n&tion M:z6.
4.2.2.1 1
st
!ase" impl#-supported beam under uniform bending moment M$%&'M
(
.
In t%is &ase t%e e9-ation :;.=6 %as &onstant &oeffi&ients an(2 &onse9-ent*12 an eas1 &*ose(+for0
so*-tion &an ,e fo-n( fo**o4in/ t%e -s-a* ana*1ti&a* 0et%o(s for *inear (ifferentia* e9-ations8
("#
M
M
t
+(M
t
M
t
M+(M
M(
M
MC(M
("#
x
z
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI =# Draft Version !"#"#$#
+ =

# #
$
#
$
t y
! d
/0 "# d$

.
:;.D6
A&&or(in/ to t%e 0entione( en( restraint &on(itions t%e /enera* f-n&tion (es&ri,in/ t%e t4istin/
rotation -$. &an ,e ass-0e( in t%e fo**o4in/ sin-soi(a* for08
$
: 6 sin
$
$ a
L

| |
=
|
\
2 :;.!6
4%i&% &an ,e 'ro'er*1 re/ar(e( as t%e first ter0 of t%e Fo-rier series of t%e rea* :an( -n.no4n6
f-n&tion -$. :&osine ter0s are n-** as a res-*t of t%e o(( nat-re of t%e /i)en f-n&tion6. Sin&e t%e ori/in
of t%e a5es is '*a&e( at one of t%e t4o en(s an(2 &onse9-ent*12 [ ] $2 $ L 2 t%e e9-ation &o0'*1 4it% t%e
restraint &on(itions in t%e &ase of si0'*1+s-''orte( ,ea0s 4it% rotationa* fi5ities at ,ot% en(s.
S-,stit-tin/ e9-ation :;.D6 in :;.=62 t%e fo**o4in/ re*ations%i' &an ,e o,taine(8
(
| | | |
= (
| |

\ \
(

#
#
$
$
sin $
t y
! $
a
L /0 "# L

2 :;.96
an( its *eft 0e0,er )anis%es for t%e non+tri)ia* &onfi/-ration :na0e*12 if
$
$ a 6 if an( on*1 if t%e first
fa&tor (oes3 &onse9-ent*12 t%e fo**o4in/ &riti&a* )a*-e M
$2&r
for t%e ,en(in/ 0o0ent &an ,e e)a&-ate8
$2cr t y
! /0 "#
L

= . :;.$6
4.2.2.2 2
nd
!ase" impl# supported beam under uniforml# distributed load.
In t%is &ase2 ass-0in/ a referen&e s1ste0 &entre( in t%e 0i(+s'an 'oint2 t%e ,en(in/ 0o0ent &an
,e easi*1 e5'resse( as fo**o4s8
( ) ( )
#
#

!
+L
! = 2
:;.6
,ein/ [ ] 2 an( t%e e9-ation :;.=6 %as )aria,*e &oeffi&ients. Conse9-ent*12 no+&*ose( for0
so*-tions to ,e so-/%t ,1 ana*1ti&a* 'ro&e(-res are a)ai*a,*e an( an a*ternati)e a''ro5i0ate 0et%o( is
nee(e(. In 'arti&-*ar2 t%e Un(eter0ine( Coeffi&ient Met%o( &an ,e -ti*ize( ,1 intro(-&in/ a 'o4er+
series a''ro5i0ation of t%e -n.no4n f-n&tion &onsi(erin/ se'arate*1 e)en an( o(( e5'onents 4it%in
t%e t4o ter0s
$
e

ref*e&tin/ t%e nat-re of its &o0'onent f-n&tions. A &ertain :e)en6 n-0,er n of

ter0s &an ,e &%osen for t%e 'o4er series an( t%e e5'ression of :z6 &an ,e '*a&e( in t%e fo**o4in/
for08
( ) ( ) ( )
+
= = =
= + = = +

"# "#
# #
$
$ $ $
n n n
i j j
i j j
i j j
A A A 2
:;.#6
In t%e &-rrent &ase t%e f-n&tion 0-st ,e e)en in nat-re (-e to t%e str-&t-ra* s100etr1 an(2
%en&e2 on*1 t%e 'o4ers 4it% e)en e5'onent &an ,e &onsi(ere(8
( ) ( )
=
= =

"#
#
$
$
n
j
j
j
A .
:;.<6
T%e non+(i0ensiona* a,s&issa &an ,e easi*1 intro(-&e( in ter0s as a f-n&tion of t%e
(i0ensiona* one $ as fo**o4s8
" #
" #
$ L
L

= an(
#
L
d$ d = . :;.;6
an( t%e e9-ation :;.=6 &an ,e 4ritten as fo**o4s8
( )
( )

+ =

2
%
2
2
2
2
t y
+L 11
d
1 2
/0 "# d
2
:;.56
An( intro(-&in/ t%e fo**o4in/ (efinition2
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI =< Draft Version !"#"#$#
( )
2
%
2
t y
+L 11
k
/0 "#
=

2
:;.=6
res-*ts in t%e fina* for0 re'orte( ,e*o48
( )
2
2
2 2
2
d
k 1 2
d

+ =

2 :;.D6
Intro(-&in/ e9-ation :;.<6 in :;.D62 t%e 0a5i0-0 e5'onent of t%e )ario-s ter0s in is nC;.
Co**e&tin/ t%e ter0s &orres'on(in/ &%ara&terize( ,1 t%e sa0e 'o4er to t%e )aria,*e t%e fo**o4in/ set
of *inear e9-ation &an ,e 4ritten in ter0s of t%e &onstants -ti*ize( for (efinin/ t%e a,o)e 'o4er series.
In 'arti&-*ar2 a %o0o/eneo-s set of n"#C e9-ations 4it% t%e -n.no4n A
#7
:7>$En"#6 re'orte( ,e*o4
:in t%e &onsi(ere( &ase n>#$6 &an ,e o,taine(8

#
$ #
# #
$ # ;
# # #
$ # ; =
# # #
# ; = !
# # #
; = ! $
# # #
= ! $ #
# # #
! $ # ;
# # #
$ # ; =
# # #
# ; = !
# $
# # $
# <$ $
# 5= $
# 9$ $
# <# $
# !# $
# #;$ $
# <$= $
A k A
A k A k A
A k A k A k A
A k A k A k A
A k A k A k A
A k A k A k A
A k A k A k A
A k A k A k A
A k A k A k A
+ =
=
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
# # #
; = ! #$
# # #
= ! #$
# <!$ $
# $
A k A k A k A
A k A k A k

+ + =

+ =

. :;.!6

B1 t%e a,o)e set of n"# *inear in(e'en(ent e9-ations2 t%e -n.no4ns A
#7
&an ,e (eter0ine( as a
f-n&tion of A
$
2 an( &an ,e s-,stit-te( in e9-ation :;.96 :in 4%i&% %as ,een re'*a&e( ,1 z6 4it% t%e
ai0 of o,tainin/ 8

( )
# # # ; ; ; # = ; = = = ; ! #$ #$
$
D <
...
# = #; <$ !$ D#$ !;$ #;<#9$#$$!D==;$$$$
k k k k k k k k
A


| |
= + + + + +
|
\
.
:;.96

A s-ita,*e ,o-n(ar1 &on(ition %as to ,e i0'ose( to t%is e5'ression of -. &onsi(erin/ t%at t%e
t4istin/ rotation )anis%es at 3 12 (-e to t%e restrainin/ effe&t of t%e rotationa* fi5ities8
( ) $ = 3 :;.#$6
t%e a,o)e &on(ition is a*4a1s tr-e for t%e tri)ia* so*-tion t%ro-/%o-t a** t%e ,ea0 a5is an( &an ,e
i0'ose( to t%e so*-tion :;.96 (es&ri,in/ t%e *atera**1 ,-&.*e( &onfi/-ration. In t%is se&on( &ase2 a
&riti&a* )a*-e .
&r
of t%e &onstant . &an ,e (eter0ine( o,tainin/ t%e fo**o4in/ a''ro5i0ate so*-tion8

( )
#
<
=
2 D=9D
cr
cr
t y
+ L
k
/0 "#
= =

2
:;.#6

fro0 4%i&% t%e &orres'on(in/ &riti&a* )a*-e +
cr
of t%e -nifor0*1 (istri,-te( *oa( + &an ,e easi*1
(eter0ine(8

STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI =; Draft Version !"#"#$#
< <
= #!2 <5#
cr
cr t y t y
k
+ /0 "# /0 "#
L L

= = . :;.##6
T%is so*-tion %as ,een ass-0in/ an a''ro5i0ate( e5'ression of t%e f-n&tion -$. in)o*)in/ t%e
first 'o4er ter0s of e)en e5'onent re'orte( in e9-ation :;.<6. A 4i(er sensiti)it1 ana*1sis %as ,een
&arrie( o-t a,o-t t%e *e)e* of a''ro5i0ation 4%i&% &an ,e a&%ie)e( ,1 t%e n-0eri&a* so*-tion in)o*)in/
-' to #$ 'o4er ter0s. Fi/-re ;.5 s%o4s t%e &on)er/en&e of t%e n-0eri&a* so*-tion to4ar( a sta,*e
)a*-e .
&r
&onfir0in/ t%e /oo( a''ro5i0ation of t%e so*-tion re'orte( in e9-ation :;.##6.
26,0
26,5
27,0
27,5
28,0
28,5
29,0
29,5
30,0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
n - grado di troncamento della serie di potenze
k
c
r

Figure 4.4: (alue of k
cr
as a function of the order n of a))ro5imation of the numerical solution.
T%e sa0e fi/-re s%o4s t%at t%e sa0e &on)er/en&e 'ro&ess is /enera**1 non 0onotoni& as t%e
or(er of t%e a''ro5i0atin/ so*-tion )aries fro0 < to #$.
4.2.2.) )
rd
!ase" impl#-supported beam under a point load * at mid-span.
In t%is &ase t%e ana*1ti&a* e5'ression of t%e ,en(in/ 0o0ent2 ass-0in/ t%at t%e non (i0ensiona*
a,s&issa starts for0 t%e 0i(+s'an 'oint2 &an ,e '*a&e( in t%e fo**o4in/ for08
( ) ( ) =
;
6L
! 2 :;.#<6
4it% [ ] 1 , 1 an( e9-ation :;.=6 %as on&e 0ore )aria,*e &oeffi&ients. T%e so*-tion is so-/%t fo**o4in/
t%e sa0e n-0eri&a* a''roa&% -ti*ize( a,o)e ass-0in/ for 'er :6 a si0i*ar 'o*1no0ia* e5'ression
re'orte( in :;.<6. Fo**o4in/ a si0i*ar 'ro&e(-re2 t%e &riti&a* )a*-e F
&r
of t%e &on&entrate( *oa( F &an
,e (eri)e( as e5'resse( ,e*o48
# #
! 2 !$;
cr
cr t y t y
k
6 /0 "# /0 "#
L L

= = .
:;.#;6

4.2.2.4 4
th
!ase" !antile+er beam under uniform bending moment M$%&'M
(
.
In t%is &ase2 e9-ation :;.=6 %as &onstant &oeffi&ient
2 2
2
2
t y
! d
2
/0 "# d$

+ =

2 :;.#56

an(2 %en&e2 a sin-soi(a* e5'ression &an ,e ass-0e( for t%e /enera* so*-tion a&&or(in/ to t%e i0'ose(
,o-n(ar1 &on(itions :rotationa* fi5it1 at z>$68

1
$
- $ . sin
2L

| |
=
|
\
2 :;.#=6

4%i&% &an ,e2 as -s-a*2 inten(e( as t%e first ter0 of t%e Fo-rier series of t%e -n.no4n so*-tion :z6
:&osine &oeffi&ients are on&e 0ore zero (-e to t%e 'arti&-*ar ,o-n(ar1 &on(ition6. Sin&e t%e ori/in of
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI =5 Draft Version !"#"#$#
t%e referen&e s1ste0 is at t%e fi5e( en( of t%e ,ea0. Intro(-&in/ e9-ation :;.D6 in :;.=6 t%e fo**o4in/
re*ations%i' &an ,e easi*1 o,taine(8

#
#
$
$
sin $
# #
t y
! $
a
L /0 "# L

(
| | | |
= (
| |

\ \
(

2 :;.#D6

4%i&% is tr-e as a
$
>$2 or2 in t%e non+tri)ia* &ase2 as t%e first fa&tor in t%e s9-are 'arent%eses is zero an(2
&onse9-ent*12 t%e G&riti&a*H )a*-e M
$2&r
of t%e ,en(in/ 0o0ent M &an ,e (eri)e(8
$2
#
cr t y
! /0 "#
L

= 2 :;.#!6
4.2.2., ,
th
!ase" !antile+er under uniforml# distributed load.
Ass-0in/ t%e ori/in f t%e z a5is at t%e free en( of t%e &anti*e)er2 t%e f-n&tion (es&ri,in/ t%e
,en(in/ 0o0ent &an ,e e5'resse( as fo**o4s8
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
qL
M z
2
q
z M = = 2
:;.#96
in 4%i&% t%e non (i0ensiona* a,s&issa L z = %as ,een &on)enient*1 intro(-&e(. T%e e9-ation :;.=62
&an ,e2 %en&e2 4ritten in t%e fo**o4in/ for08
( )
( )
#
<
#
;
#
#
$
t y
+L
d
/0 "# d

+ =

2
:;.<$6
or2 e9-i)a*ent*12
( )
#
;
#
#
$
d
k
d

+ = 2 :;.<6
-n(er t%e %1'ot%esis t%at8
( )
#
<
#
#
t y
+L
k
/0 "#
=

.
:;.<#6
A*so in t%is &ase2 a 'o4er series &an ,e intro(-&e( for a''ro5i0atin/ t%e -n.no4n so*-tion3
,ase( on t%e nat-re of t%e 'ro,*e0 an( t%e &%oi&e of t%e re*e)ant )aria,*es2 t%e fo**o4in/
a''ro5i0ation is intro(-&e(8
( ) ( )
"#
#
$
$
n
j
j
j
A
=
= =

.
:;.<<6
Intro(-&in/ :;.#=6 in :;.#<62 &o**e&tin/ t%e &oeffi&ients of t%e si0i*ar ter0s an( i0'osin/ t%at a
n-** 'ro(-&t &an ,e o,taine( if one of its fa&tors is zero2 t%e fo**o4in/ %o0o/eneo-s set of *inear
e9-ation &an ,e 4ritten :in t%e &ase of n>#!68
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI == Draft Version !"#"#$#
#
;
#
$ =
#
# !
#
; $
#
= #
#
! ;
#
$ =
#
# !
#
; #$
# #
= ##
# #
! #;
# #
#$ #=
# #
# #!
#
#;
# $
# $
<$ $
5= $
9$ $
<# $
!# $
#;$ $
<$= $
<!$ $
;=# $
55# $
=5$ $
D5= $
$
A
A
A k A
A k A
A k A
A k A
A k A
A k A
A k A
A k A
A k A k
A k A k
A k A k
A k A k
A k
=

+ =

+ =

+ =

+ =

+ =

+ =

+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
=

.
:;.<;6
T%e )aria,*es A
#7
&an ,e (eri)e( as a f-n&tion of A
$
an( intro(-&in/ t%e0 in e9-ation :;.#=6 t%e
fo**o4in/ e5'ression of t%e t4istin/ rotation -. &an ,e o,taine(8
( )
# = ; # = ! ! #;
$

<$ <9=$ #D=$ ==!!95#$

k k k k
A


| |
= + +
|
\
. :;.<56
As a ,o-n(ar1 &on(ition2 t%e first (eri)ati)e of -. at t%e free en( of t%e ,ea0 :>6 %a)e to ,e
for&e( to zero. Conse9-ent*12 a &riti&a* )a*-e .
&r
of . &an ,e (e(-&e( in t%e non tri)ia* &onfi/-ration2
o,tainin/ t%e fo**o4in/ re*ations%i'8
( )
#
<
#
=2 ;#D!
cr
cr
t y
+ L
k
/0 "#
= =

2
:;.<=6
an(

< <
# #2 !55D
cr
cr t y t y
k
+ /0 "# /0 "#
L L

= = 2 :;.<D6

or2 in ter0s of /*o,a* *oa(8

#
#2 !55D
cr cr t y
6 + L /0 "#
L
= = 2 :;.<!6

or ,en(in/ 0o0ent
#
=2 ;#DD
#
cr
cr t y
+ L
! /0 "#
L

= = 2
:;.<96

4.2.) -nfluence of the trans+erse section shape" s#mmetric --shaped profiles
Let -s &onsi(er t%e s100etri& I+s%a'e( se&tion 4%ose (e't% is % an( *et :z6 ,e t%e t4istin/
an/*e aro-n( t%e z+a5is. T%e *atera* (is'*a&e0ent - :in 5+(ire&tion6 of t%e a,o)e f*an/e &an ,e re*ate( to
t%e *o&a* )a*-e of t%e t4istin/ an/*e as fo**o4s8
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI =D Draft Version !"#"#$#
: 6 : 6
#
h
u $ $ = . :;.;$6

Figure 4.1: 7ymmetric #-sha)ed section.
Conse9-ent*12 a &-r)at-re (
#
-"(z
#
arises t%ro-/%o-t t%e a5is of t%e f*an/e an( t%e &orres'on(in/
,en(in/ 0o0ent in 1+(ire&tion &an ,e re*ate( to t%at &-r)at-re a&&or(in/ to t%e -s-a* *inear
re*ations%i' in)o*)in/ t%e re*e)ant f*e5-ra* stiffness8
#
2
#
2
y
y f
!
d u
"#
d$
= 3
:;.;6
B1 e9-i*i,ri-02 t%e s%ear for&e V
21
ort%o/ona* to t%e 1+(ire&tion &orres'on(s to t%e a,o)e ,en(in/
0o0ent M
21
8
2
2
y
y
d!
(
d$
= :;.;#6
an(2 %en&e2 a re*ations%i' ,et4een t%is s%ear for&e an( t%e f-n&tion (es&ri,in/ t%e t4istin/ an/*e &an
,e easi*1 state( &onsi(erin/ e9-ations :;.!6 an( :;.968
=
<
2 2
<
#
y y f
h d
( "#
d$

. :;.;<6
Sin&e t%e for&e V
21
a&ts on t%e a,o)e f*an/e in t%e (ire&tion 'ara**e* to its a5is an(2 for t%e sa0e
reasons2 an o''osite one is a''*ie( on t%e ,otto0 f*an/e2 a se&on(ar1 tor9-e arises on t%e trans)erse
se&tion2 4%ose si/n is o''osite to t%e one &o)ere( ,1 t%e De Saint+Venant t%eor1 an( 0entione(
a,o)e for t%e re&tan/-*ar se&tion8
<
#
2 2 2
<

#
t y y f
d
! ( h "# h
d$

= = . :;.;;6
Conse9-ent*12 t%e re*ations%i' ,et4een t%e tor9-e an( t%e t4istin/ rotation &an ,e o,taine( ,1
s-00in/ t%e De Saint+Venant &ontri,-tion intro(-&e( in e9-ation :;.56 an( t%e f-rt%er one (es&ri,e(
,1 e9-ation :;.;;68
<
#
2
<

#
t y f t
d d
! "# h /0
d$
d$

= + . :;.;56
Sin&e t%e tor9-e M
t
ste0s o-t ,1 t%e *atera**1 ,-&.*e &onfi/-ration an( is &onse9-ent*1 re*ate( to
t%e ,en(in/ 0o0ent2 t%e fo**o4in/ re*ations%i' re'orte( in e9-ation :;.;62 &an ,e state( ,et4een t%e
t4o &o-'*es8
#
#
$
t
d! d u
!
d$
d$
= 2 :;.;=6
x
G
y
G
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI =! Draft Version !"#"#$#
an(2 intro(-&in/ e9-ation :;.6 an( :;.#62 t%e fo**o4in/ fo-rt%+or(er (ifferentia* e9-ation in ter0s of
&an ,e (eri)e(8
[ ]
#
; #
#
2
; #
: 6

$
#
y f t
y
! $
d d
"# h /0
"#
d$ d$

+ + = 2 :;.;D6
an(2 fina**12
[ ]
#
; #
2
#
; #
: 6

$
#
y f
t t y
"# ! $
d d
h
/0 /0 "#
d$ d$

+ + =

. :;.;!6
In a 0ore /enera* sense2 t%e ar)ing moment of inertia :or sectorial moment of inertia6 I

&an ,e
intro(-&e(2 ,ein/ in t%e &ase of s100etri& I+s%a'e( se&tion8
#
#
2
2
#
# #
y f
y f
"# h
h
"# "#

| |
= =
|
\
2
:;.;96
an( t%e /enera* for0 of e9-ation :;.;568
[ ]
#
; #
; #
: 6
$
t
y
! $
d d
"# /0
"#
d$ d$

+ + = . :;.5$6
4.2.4 olution of some significant cases.
4.2.4.1 1
st
!ase" impl#-supported beam in uniform bending moment M$%&'M
(
.
E9-ation :;.;56 %as /enera**1 )aria,*e &oeffi&ients (-e to t%e fa&t t%e ,en(in/ 0o0ent ( ) z M is
re*ate( to t%e a,s&issa z. Far fro0 ,ein/ a 'ra&ti&a* re'resentati)e &ase2 -nifor0 ,en(in/ 0o0ent is a
cas d89cole in 4%i&% t%e &oeffi&ient of t%e a,o)e e9-ation are &onstant. Conse9-ent*12 if ( )
0
M z M =
e9-ation :;.;56 ta.es t%e fo**o4in/ e5'ression
# ; #
$
; #
$
t t y
"# ! d d
/0 /0 "#
d$ d$

+ + =

2
:;.56
an(2 as a sin-soi(a* e5'ression is ass-0e( for :t%e first ter0s of t%e Fo-rier series6 t%e -n.no4n
f-n&tion :z6
( )

sin
$
$
L

= 2 :;.5#6
e9-ation :;.;=6 &an ,e transfor0e( as fo**o4s8
; # #
$

sin $
t t y
"# ! $
/0 L L /0 "# L

(
| | | |
+ = (
| |

\ \ (

. :;.5<6
A &riti&a* )a*-e M
$2&r
of t%e -nifor0 ,en(in/ 0o0ent M
$
res-*tin/ n *atera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/ of
t%e &onsi(ere( ,ea0 &an ,e (efine( as fo**o4s8
#
$2

cr t y
t
"#
! /0 "#
L /0 L

| |
= +
|
\
. :;.5;6
It is strai/%tfor4ar( to o,ser)e t%at e9-ation :;.5;6 re(-&es to :;.$6 for re&tan/-*ar se&tions in
4%i&%
#
$
t
"# /0 L

3 in(ee(2 t%e *atter e9-ation 'ro)i(es a *o4er ,o-n( for t%e &riti&a* ,en(in/
0o0ent res-*tin/2 an( e9-ation :;.5;6 'oints o-t t%e sta,i*izin/ &ontri,-tion of t%e f*an/es :an( 0ore
/enera**1 of t%e ter0s
#
t
"# /0 L

6 to *atera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/ o&&-rren&e.

In t%e &ase of a &anti*e)er ,ea02 e9-ation :;.5#6 %as to ,e re'*a&e( ,1 t%e fo**o4in/ e5'ression
4%i&% ta.e a&&o-nts of t%e (i)erse restraint &on(ition2 for&in/ t4istin/ rotation to )anis% at t%e fi5e(
en( for z>$8
( )

sin
#
$
$
L

= . :;.556
T%e a,o)e e9-ation2 intro(-&e( in :;.5$62 an( transfor0e( as re'orte( a,o)e 4it% referen&e to a
si0'*1+s-''orte( ,ea02 res-*ts in t%e fo**o4in/ e5'ression of t%e &riti&a* ,en(in/ 0o0ent8
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI =9 Draft Version !"#"#$#
#
$2

# ;
cr t y
t
"#
! /0 "#
L /0 L

| |
= +
|
\
2 :;.5=6
e)en re(-&in/ to t%e &orres'on(in/ e9-ation :;.#=6 in t%e &ase of re&tan/-*ar se&tion2 na0e*1 4it%
#
$
t
"# /0 L

.
Fina**12 &o0'arin/ e9-ations :;.5;6 an( :;.5=6 t%e ro*e of t%e (ifferent restraint &on(ition on t%e
t4o 0entione( ,ea0s 4it% res'e&t to t%e referen&e &ase re'ro(-&e( ,1 e9-ations :;.$6 an( :;.#=6
(eter0ine( for t%e &ases of re&tan/-*ar se&tion for si0'*1+s-''orte( an( &anti*e)er ,ea0s2 res'e&ti)e*1.
4.2.4.2 2
nd
!ase" Tra+e semplicemente appoggiata con carico uniformemente distribuito ..
T%e e9-ation :;.5$6 &an ,e transfor0e( in t%e &orres'on(in/ non+(i0ensiona* s%a'e in ter0s of
t%e non (i0ensiona* a,s&issa (efine( a,o)e8
( )
; #
#
# #
; #
$
d d
: k
d d



+ + = 2 :;.5D6
4%ere
( )
#
<
#
=
t y
+L
k
/0 "#
=

#
;
t
"#
:
/0 L

.
:;.5!6
E..
4.2., -nfluence of the position of the point load on the trans+erse section
Iit%in t%e 're)io-s 'ara/ra'%2 t%e *oa(s are inten(e( to ,e a''*ie( on t%e &entroi( ? of t%e
trans)erse se&tion. Ne)ert%e*ess2 *oa( &an ,e a*so a''*ie( in ot%er 'oints of t%e se&tion2 a,o)e or
,eneat% t%e &entroi( ?. Fi/-re ;.D s%o4s t%e &ase of a *oa( a''*ie( in a 'oint C2 on t%e 1+a5is2 at t%e
(istan&e (J fro0 t%e &entroi( ? :ass-0in/ 'ositi)e (istan&es a&&or(in/ to t%e (ire&tion of t%e 1+a5is6.

Figure 4.;: 7ymmetric #-sha)ed section ith load a))lied in a general )oint :

T%e e&&entri&it1 (J res-*ts in a )ariation (M
t
J of t%e of t%e /*o,a* tor9-e a&tin/ on t%e trans)erse
se&tion 4%i&% %as to ,e a((e( to t%e t4istin/ 0o0ent e5'resse( in e9-ation :;.#68
J J
t
d! +d$ d = . :;.596
?
1
?
5
C
9(z
-
(J
C
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI D$ Draft Version !"#"#$#
Co0in/ ,a&. on t%e transfor0ations *ea(in/ for0 t%e e9-i*i,ri-0 e9-ation :;.#6 to t%e fina*
(ifferentia* ones re'orte( in e9-ation :;.=6 or :;.56 t%e effe&t in(-&e( ,1 t%is 0o0ent )ariation &an ,e
easi*1 -n(erstoo(.
In 'arti&-*ar2 &onsi(erin/ e9-ation :;.5$62 t%e fo**o4in/ se&on(+or(er (ifferentia* e9-ation &an ,e
(eri)e( ta.in/ a&&o-nt of t%e e&&entri&it1 (J ,et4een ? an( C8

[ ]
#
; #
; #
: 6 J
$
t t y t
! $ "# +d d d
/0 /0 "# /0
d$ d$

(
(
+ + =
(

. :;.=$6
4.2.,.1 impl# supported beam under an uniforml# distributed load ..
As (es&ri,e( in se&tion ;.#.#.#2 t%e e5'ression of t%e ,en(in/ 0o0ent in ter0s of a non+
(i0ensiona* a,s&issa 2 4%ose ori/in is at 0i(+s'an of t%e ,ea02 &an ,e e5'resse( as fo**o4s8
( )
( )
#
#

!
+L
! = 2 :;.=6
,ein/ [ ] 1 , 1 an( t%e e9-ation :;.=6 %as )aria,*e &oeffi&ients. T%e si0'*e &ase of re&tan/-*ar se&tion
is &onsi(ere( :
#
$
t
"# /0 L

6 4it% t%e ai0 of 'ointin/ o-t t%e ro*e of t%e (istan&e (J3 in t%at &ase
e9-ation :;.=6 ta.es t%e fo**o4in/ for08
[ ]
#
#
#
: 6 J
$
t y t
! $ +d d
/0 "# /0
d$

(
(
+ =
(

. :;.=#6
an( t%e fo**o4in/ non+(i0ensiona* e5'ression &an ,e easi*1 (eri)e( &orres'on(in/ to e9-ation :;.56 on
t%e ,asis of t%e re*ations%i' :;.;68
( )
( )
#
<
#
#
#
#
=
J
$
t y t
+L
+d d
/0 "# /0
d

(
(
+ =
(

(

. :;.=<6
or2 e9-i)a*ent*18
( )
( )
#
<
#
#
#
# <
=
;
J
$
y
t y
+L
"#
d d h
/0 "# h L
d +L

(
+ = (

(

.
:;.=;6
an( t%e fo**o4in/ 'ara0eter %as ,een a*rea(1 intro(-&e(
( )
#
<
#
=
t y
+L
k
/0 "#
=

.
:;.=56
A f-rt%er non+(i0ensiona* 'ara0eter .

&an ,e intro(-&e( &onsi(ere( (e'en(in/ on t%e 9-antities

4%i&% &ontro*s t%e insta,i*it1 '%eno0enon2 s-&% as t%e EI
1
"9L
<
ratio2 re*ate( to t%e f*e5-ra* strain
in(-&e( ,1 t%e e5terna* *oa(2 t%e (J"% an( %"L ratios8

<
;
J y
"#
d h
k
h L
+L

= .
:;.==6
an(2 fina**12 t%e fo**o4in/ e5'ression &an ,e o,taine(
( )
#
#
# #

#
$
d
k k
d

(
+ =
(

. :;.=D6
E9-ation :;.=D6 is for0a**1 si0i*ar to :;.D6 an( &an ,e2 %en&e2 so*)e( ,1 &onsi(erin/ a 'o4er
series a''ro5i0ation of t%e -n.no4n so*-tion2 &onsi(erin/ n ter0s an( o,tainin/ n+ in(e'en(ent
e9-ations 4%i&% &an ,e -se( to e5'ress t%e )a*-e of t%e n+ &onstant as a f-n&tion of A
$
. In t%e 'resent
&ase t%e &riti&a* )a*-e .
&r
(e'en(s a*so on t%e 'ara0eter .

3 a*t%o-/% no &*ose(+for0 so*-tions &an ,e

fo-n( for .
&r
or 9
&r
in t%e /enera* &ase2 t%e fo**o4in/ one (ea*s 4it% t%e &ase of .>$2 na0e*12 (J>$8
< <
=
cr cr
cr t y t y
k
+ /0 "# /0 "#
L L

= = .
:;.=!6
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI D Draft Version !"#"#$#
Ne)ert%e*ess2 Fi/-re ;.! s%o4s t%e )a*-es of t%e &oeffi&ient
&r
(eter0ine( t%ro-/% a n-0eri&a*
'ro&e(-re as a f-n&tion of .

3 it is eas1 to )erif1 t%at for .

>$ t%e sa0e )a*-e re'orte( in :;.=!6 &an ,e

fo-n(. On t%e &ontrar12 t%e
&r
)a*-e :na0e*1 t%e &riti&a* *oa( 9
&r
6 %-/e*1 in&reases for .

K$ an(2 %en&e2
for *oa( a''*ie( ,eneat% t%e &entroi( ?2 4%i*e (e&reases :a*t%o-/% in a *ess sensiti)e 4a16 for (JL$.
T%is a''arent as100etr1 of t%e 'ro,*e0s is a&t-a**1 )er1 *i0ite(2 sin&e t%e )a*-es of .

of 'ra&ti&a*
interest are in t%e nei/%,o-rs of zero2 ran/in/ fro0 +$2$ to $2$2 as one &an easi*1 &%e&. ,1
&onsi(erin/ :;.==6 an( t%e t1'i&a* )a*-es of t%e 'ara0eters in)o*)e( 4it%in t%e (efinition of .

.
28,315
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-2,50 -2,00 -1,50 -1,00 -0,50 0,00 0,50 1,00


Figure 4.<: (alues of k
cr
as a function of k
1
defined by -4.11.
4.) !ode /ro+isions
T%e a,o)e t%eoreti&a* 0o(e*s (ea*in/ 4it% *atera*+,-&.*in/ for e*asti& 0e0,ers2 &an ,e -sef-**1
-ti*ize( for ,etter -n(erstan(in/ t%e 'ro)ision of t4o &o(es of stan(ar(s (e)ote( to stee* str-&t-res. As
'ro'ose( in t%e 're)io-s se&tion for f*e5-ra* ,-&.*in/ -n(er a5ia* *oa(2 ,ot% Ita*ian an( E-ro'ean
'ro)isions 4i** ,e (is&-sse(. So0e 4or.e( e5a0'*es 4i** ,e a*so 'ro'ose( for 'ointin/ o-t so0e
'ra&ti&a* as'e&ts of t%ose 'ro)isions.
4.).1 -talian !ode $!01 1((112 DM34&
T%e 0entione( Ita*ian &o(e 'ro'oses t4o a*ternati)e 0et%o(s for &%e&.in/ f*e5-ra* 0e0,ers
a/ainst *atera*+torsiona* sta,i*it18
+ t%e

+0et%o(3
+ t%e iso*ate( f*an/e 0et%o(.
T%e first one is ,ase( on t%e (efinition of an a0'*ifi&ation &oeffi&ient

for t%e nor0a* stress in

t%e &o0'resse( f*an/e 4%ose )a*-e is (efine( in ter0s of t%e ,ea0 (e't%+to+4i(t% an( s'an+*en/t%+to+
f*an/e+t%i&.ness ratios. No (etai*s is /i)en %erein a,o-t t%at 0et%o( for t%e sa.e of ,re)it1 an( t%e
intereste( rea(er &an fin( f-rt%er infor0ation on t%e &o(e te5t.
On t%e &ontrar12 t%e so+&a**e( iso*ate( f*an/e 0et%o( is (es&ri,e( in t%e fo**o4in/ ,e&a-se of its
si/nifi&ant 0eanin/f-*ness -n(er t%e 0e&%ani&a* stan('oint. In(ee(2 t%e f*an/e in &o0'ression is
&onsi(ere( a( its s*en(erness is (efine( as t%e ratio ,et4een t%e effe&ti)e s'an *en/t% L
2
:(efine(
a&&or(in/ to t%e sa0e r-*es (es&ri,e( in t%e 're)io-s &%a'ters (e'en(in/ on t%e en( restraint
&on(itions6 an( t%e trans)erse ra(i-s of inertia
t
4%i&% &an ,e easi*1 e)a*-ate( as fo**o4s8
2
t
t
L
=

.
:;.=96
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI D# Draft Version !"#"#$#
T%e &orres'on(in/ )a*-e of t%e &oeffi&ient &an ,e (eter0ine( as a f-n&tion of t%e trans)erse
s*en(erness ,1 -ti*izin/ eit%er t%e sta,i*it1 &-r)e c or d (efine( in se&tion #.!.. for 'rofi*es res'e&ti)e*1
t%inner or t%i&.er t%an ;$ 00.
T%e a5ia* stress a&tin/ on t%e f*an/e in &o0'ression %as to ,e a0'*ifie( ,1 t%e a,o)e 0entione(
&oeffi&ient as fo**o4s8
e+
5
e+
5
/ ad
f 5
!
7
!
#
y f
A #

= .
:;.D$6
4it% t%e fo**o4in/ 0eanin/ of t%e in)o*)e( s10,o*s8
+ A
f
is t%e trans)erse area of t%e f*an/e in &o0'ression3
+ I
5
is t%e 0o0ent of inertia of t%e 'rofi*e aro-n( t%e 5+a5is3
+ S
5
is t%e stati& 0o0ent of t%e f*an/e in &o0'ression 4it% res'e&t to t%e sa0e a5is3
+ y
?
is t%e (istan&e ,et4een t%e &entroi( ? an( t%e se&tion e(/e in &o0'ression.
F-rt%er0ore2 !
e+
is t%e e9-i)a*ent ,en(in/ 0o0ent 4%i&% (e'en(s on t%e s%a'e of t%e ,en(in/
0o0ent (ia/ra0 t%ro-/%o-t t%e ,ea0 a5is an( &an ,e ass-0e( a&&or(in/ to t%e sa0e r-*es re'orte( in
se&tion #.!...
Fina**12 it is 4ort% noti&in/ t%at2 a&&or(in/ to e9-ation :;.D$62 t%e *atera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/
o&&-rren&e &an ,e inten(e( as t%e o-t+of+'*ane f*e5-ra* ,-&.*in/ of t%e se&tion f*an/e in &o0'ression.
4.).2 5uropean !ode $5! )&
T%e EC< for0-*ation of t%e *atera*+torsiona* sta,i*it1 &%e&. of 0e0,ers in ,en(in/ is 0ore
/enera* as 4e** as 0-&% 0ore for0a**1 &o0'*e5. T%e e5terna* re*ations%i' to ,e &%e&.e( for )erif1in/
t%e 0e0,er in ,en(in/ a/ainst t%e onset of *atera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/ '%eno0enon is re'orte( ,e*o48
ay
b=*d L> )l = y
!1
f
! ? =

. :;.D6
4%ere f-rt%er s10,o*s %a)e ,een intro(-&e(. In 'arti&-*ar2 I
'*21
is t%e '*asti& 0o(-*-s aro-n( t%e
trans)erse a5is :a&&or(in/ to t%e EC< ass-0'tion y-y an( $-$ are t%e t4o 0ain &entroi(a* a5is as
re'resente( in Fi/-re #.96. F-rt%er0ore2 t%e

fa&tor &an ,e (efine( as fo**o4s (e'en(in/ on t%e

&*ass of t%e trans)erse se&tion8
+ C*ass an( #8

1 = 3
+ C*ass <8
el = y )l = y
? ? = 3
+ C*ass ;8
eff = y )l = y
? ? = 3
4it% t%e sa0e 0eanin/ of t%e s10,o*s a*rea(1 intro(-&e( in &%a'ter #. T%e re(-&tion fa&tor
L>
ta.es
into a&&o-nt t%e effe&t of *atera* s*en(erness on t%e o&&-rren&e of t%e *atera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/. A
si0i*ar (efinition to t%at 'ro)i(e( ,1 e9-ation :#.D56 for t%e re(-&tion fa&tor 2 &an ,e -ti*ize( for
L>
8
L>
2 2
L> L> L>
1
=
+
2
:;.D#6
4%ere
L>
is t%e re*ati)e s*en(erness 4%i&% e)en &ontro* t%e )a*-e of
L>
a&&or(in/ to t%e fo**o4in/
f-n&tion
( )
2
L> L> L> L>
2.4 1 2.2
(
= + +

. :;.D<6
T%e 'ara0eter
L>
re'resents an i0'erfe&tion &oeffi&ient an( its )a*-e &an ,e ass-0e( as
fo**o4s8
+ %ot+ro**e( se&tion
L>
2.21 = 3
+ %ot+ro**e( se&tion
L>
2.4@ = .
T%e re*ati)e :or non+(i0ensiona*6 s*en(erness
L>
is (efine( as t%e s9-are root of t%e ratio
,et4een t%e -*ti0ate f*e5-ra* stren/t% of t%e trans)erse se&tion :na0e*12 t%e '*asti& 0o0ent for 'rofi*es
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI D< Draft Version !"#"#$#
in &*asses an( #2 t%e 1ie*(in/ 0o0ent for 'rofi*es in &*ass < an( t%e effe&ti)e one for 'rofi*es in &*ass
;6 an( t%e e*asti& *atera*+,-&.*in/ 0o0ent !
cr
8
)l = y ay
L>
cr
? f
!

= . :;.D;6
T%e 'ara0eters affe&tin/ t%e &riti&a* 0o0ent res-*tin/ in *atera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/ for e*asti&
0e0,ers %a)e ,een 'ointe( o-t in t%e first se&tion on t%e 'resent 'ara/ra'%. T%e fo**o4in/ /enera*
re*ations%i' &an ,e ass-0e( t%e trans)erse se&tion of 4%i&%e)er s%a'e8
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
$
t ?
cr 1 2 g 2 g
2 2
? $ $
"#
kL /0 # k
! : : $ : $
k # "#
kL
| |

| |
|
= + +
|
|

\
\
2 :;.D56
4%ere t%e s10,o*s %a)e t%e 0eanin/ (es&ri,e( ,e*o48
+ $
g
is t%e (istan&e ,et4een t%e se&tion &entroi( ? an( t%e a&t-a* 'oint of a''*i&ation of t%e
*oa(s. It is ass-0e( ,ein/ 'ositi)e if t%e *oa( is a''*ie( a,o)e t%e &entroi( an(2 %en&e2 t%e
fo**o4in/ re*ations%i' &an ,e re&o/nize( 4it% one of t%e 'ara0eters intro(-&e( in se&tion
;.#.58
g
$ d A = 3
+ t%e fa&tor k
?
is t%e &oeffi&ient re*ate( to t%e effe&ti)e *en/t% of t%e ,ea0 4it% res'e&t to t%e
restraints to 4ar'in/ :na0e*12 t%e 'ossi,*e (efor0ation of t%e trans)erse se&tion 4it% res'e&t
to its '*ane6. T%e )a*-e $.5 is ass-0e( for t%e (o-,*e fi5 en(s2 4%i*e t%e )a*-e .$ is /i)en in
t%e &ase of free 4ar'in/ at t%e en(. Fina**12 $.D &an ,e ass-0e( if 4ar'in/ is restraine( on
one en( an( free on t%e ot%er one3
+ t%e fa&tor k ta.es a&&o-nt of t%e en( restraints in ter0s of t4istin/ rotation. T%e )a*-e $.5
&orres'on(s to f-** restraints2 .$ to &o0'*ete*1 free s&%e0e an( fina**1 $.D &an ,e ta.en in
t%e inter0e(iate sit-ation3
+ t%e 'ara0eter 0
t
is torsiona* stiffness3
+ t%e 'ara0eter #
$
is 0o0ent of inertia aro-n( t%e 4ea. a5is :I
1
t%ro-/%o-t t%e 're)io-s
se&tion (e)ote( to t%e t%eoreti&a* ,ases63
+ t%e 'ara0eter #
?
is t%e so+&a**e( 4ar'in/ &onstant 4%i&% is a sort of se&on( 0o0ent of t%e
0o0ents of inertia. For t%e (o-,*1 s100etri& I+s%a'e( se&tions2 t%e fo**o4in/ re*ations%i'
e5ists ,et4een I
I
an( I
z
8
( )
2
$ f
?
# h t
#
4

= .
:;.D=6
+ L is t%e ,ea0 s'an *en/t%3
+ t%e &onstants C

an( C
#
&an ,e ta.en ,1 Ta,*e ;. an( Ta,*e ;.# (e'en(in/ on t%e s%a'e of
t%e ,en(in/ 0o0ent (ia/ra0 t%ro-/%o-t t%e ,ea0 a5is.
Iit% t%e ai0 of ,etter &*arif1in/ t%e 0eanin/ of t%e fa&tors k an( k
?
2 Fi/-re ;.9 s%o4s (ifferent
restrainin/ &on(itions re/ar(in/ t4istin/ rotation an( 4ar'in/.

Figure 4.@: Bifferent restraint condition on tisting rotation and ar)ing
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI D; Draft Version !"#"#$#
T%e /enera* e9-ation :;.D56 &an ,e si0'*ifie( in so0e &ases of 'ra&ti&a* interest s-&% as8
+ trans)ersa* *oa( a''*ie( on t%e &entroi(a* 'oint ? :4%i&% for (o-,*1 s100etri& 'rofi*es
&oin&i(es 4it% t%e s%ear &entre68
( )
( )
2
2 2
$
t ?
cr 1
2 2
? $ $
"#
kL /0 # k
! :
k # "#
kL
| |

| |
|
= +
|
|

\
\
2 :;.DD6
+ f-**1 fi5e( ,ea0 4it% trans)ersa* *oa( a''*ie( in ?8
( )
( )
2 2
$
t ?
cr 1
2 2
$ $
"#
kL /0 #
! :
# "#
kL
| |

|
= +
|
\
2 :;.D!6
>able 4.1: :oefficients of e+uivalent uniform moment for linear diagrams -end forces..

STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI D5 Draft Version !"#"#$#
>able 4.2: :oefficients of e+uivalent uniform moment for general cases -distributed loads..


4.4 6orked e7amples
T%e fo**o4in/ e5a0'*es are 'ro'ose( for 'ointin/ o-t so0e 'ra&ti&a* as'e&ts re*ate( to *atera*+
torsiona* sta,i*it1 &%e&.s in stee* ,ea0s in ,en(in/.
4.4.1.1 Lateral torsional stabilit# check simpl# supported beam
Let -s &onsi(er t%e si0'*1 s-''orte( ,ea0 in Fi/-re ;.$ -n(er t%e fo**o4in/ -nifor0*1
(istri,-te( *oa(s8
+ Dea( Loa( /
.
>9.$ .N"03
+ Li)e Loa( 9
.
>=.$ .N"03



Figure 4.12: 7im)ly su))orted beam ith torsional end restraints.

T%e trans)erse se&tion of t%e ,ea0 is rea*ize( ,1 a stan(ar( IAE#D$ 'rofi*e 4%ose .e1 /eo0etri&
'ro'erties are *iste( ,e*o4 :stee* /ra(e S#<568
+ (e't% % #D$ 003
+ 4i(t% , <5 003
+ f*an/e t%i&.ness t
f
$.# 003
+ 4e, t%i&.ness t
4
=.= 003
+ &%or( ra(i-s r 5 003
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI D= Draft Version !"#"#$#
+ se&tion area A ;5.9; &0
#
3
+ se*f+4ei/%t 'er -nit *en/t% /
.
$.<5 .N"03
+ 0o0ent of inertia aro-n( t%e stron/ a5is I
1
5D9$ &0
;
3
+ 0o0ent of inertia aro-n( t%e 4ea. a5is I
z
;#$.$ &0
;
3
+ torsiona* &onstant @
t
5.9; &0
;
3
+ 4ar'in/ &onstant I
I
$.$D &0
=
3
+ '*asti& 0o(-*-s aro-n( t%e stron/ a5is I
'*21
;!;.$ &0
;
3
+ '*asti& 0o(-*-s aro-n( t%e 4ea. a5is I
'*2z
9=.95 &0
;
3
+ s'an *en/t% L =.$$ 0.
4.4.1.1.1 Lateral-torsional stabilit# check according to the -talian !ode pro+isions.
T%e iso*ate(+f*an/e 0et%o( &an ,e -ti*ize( for &arr1in/ o-t t%e safet1 &%e&. a/ainst *atera*+
torsiona* ,-&.*in/ a&&or(in/ to t%e Ita*ian Co(e 'ro)isions. T%e 'ro&e(-re fo**o4s t%e ste's re'orte(
,e*o48
Ste' M8 e)a*-ation *atera* s*en(erness of t%e f*an/e in &o0'ression8
Sin&e rotationa* restraints are &onsi(ere( at ,ot% en(s t%e effe&ti)e *en/t% :e)a*-ate( ta.in/ on*1
a&&o-nt of t%e rotationa* restraints6 is L
2
3LC2. Moreo)er2 t%e o-t+of+'*ane ra(i-s of /1ration of t%e
'rofi*e f*an/e &an ,e easi*1 e)a*-ate(
<5
<!.9D
# #
t
b
mm = = = 2 :;.D96
an( t%e &orres'on(in/ s*en(erness is8
$
<$$$
D=.9!
<!.9D
t
t
L
= = =

.
:;.!$6
Fina**12 t%e '*asti& s*en(erness &an ,e e)a*-ate( as fo**o4s8
#$$$$
9<.9
#<5
a
)
ay
"
f
= = = .
:;.!6
Ste' M#8 e)a*-ation of t%e fa&tor8
Sin&e t%e f*an/e stiffness is s0a**er t%an ;$ 00 t%e &-r)e c 0entione( in se&tion #.!. %as to ,e
&onsi(ere(. T%e non+(i0ensiona* s*en(erness $.!
t )
= *ea(s to t%e fo**o4in/ )a*-e for t%e fa&tor8
.5;$ = 2 :;.!#6
Ste' M<8 e)a*-ation of t%e &o0'ressi)e stress in t%e f*an/e8
T%e 0a5i0-0 ,en(in/ 0o0ent t%ro-/%o-t t%e ,ea0 a5is &an ,e easi*1 e)a*-ate( as fo**o4s8
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2
2
g k k + k
ma5
g g D + L
1.4 2.%4 @.2 1.4 1.2 1
! @@.4 kEm
< <
+ +
+ +
= = = 2
:;.!<6
an( t%e fo**o4in/ 0ean )a*-e &an ,e ass-0e( ,e&a-se of t%e sin-soi(a* s%a'e of t%e ,en(in/ 0o0ent
(ia/ra08

m ma5
2 2
! ! @@.4 11.21 kEm
% %
= = = 2 :;.!;6
an( t%e e9-i)a*ent 0o0ent is

e+ m
! 1.% ! 1.% 11.21 <1.14 kEm = = = 2
:;.!56
4%i&% is in&*-(e( 4it%in t%e ran/e N$.D5 M
0a5
2 M
0a5
O.
Sin&e t%e f*an/e t%i&.ness is ne/*i/i,*e 4it% res'e&t to t%e ,ea0 (e't%2 t%e a''ro5i0ation in
e9-ation :;.D$6 is a&&e'ta,*e :,ein/ on t%e &onser)ati)e si(e6 an( t%e fo**o4in/ )a*-e of t%e
&o0'ressi)e stress &an ,e e)a*-ate(.
1
e+
5
;
5
f
!
<1.14 12
7
1%4 12.2
#
4.< 12
1= 442
A

= =
( ) 1%4 4.1
1%4 12.2

ad
2@;.12!Fa f 2%4. = = 2
:;.!=6
an( t%e sta,i*it1 &%e&. a/ainst *atera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/ is not satisfie(.
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI DD Draft Version !"#"#$#
4.4.1.1.2 Lateral-torsional stabilit# check according to the 5!) pro+isions.
T%e sa0e e5er&ise &an ,e a*so fa&e( 4it%in t%e fra0e4or. of t%e EC< 'ro)isions 4%i&% &an ,e
a''*ie( fo**o4in/ ste'+,1+ste' t%e for0-*ae re'orte( in se&tion ;.<.#.
Ste' M8 &*assif1in/ t%e trans)erse se&tion8
Sin&e t%e a(o'te( stee* /ra(e is f
1
>#<5 MAa2 t%e )a*-e > &an ,e ass-0e( for t%e 'ara0eter
0entione( in Ta,*e #.< an( Ta,*e #.;. T%e fo**o4in/ )a*-es of t%e *en/t%+to+t%i&.ness ratios &an ,e
e)a*-ate( for f*an/e an( 4e,8
+ f*an/e cCt
f
>:<5"#6"$.#>=.=P$ C*ass 3
+ 4e, dCt

>:#D$+#Q$.#+#Q56"=.=><<.<PD# C*ass
Fina**12 t%e 'rofi*e IAE#D$ 0a(e o-t of stee* S#<5 is in &*ass if *oa(e( in ,en(in/.
Ste' M#8 e)a*-atin/ t%e &riti&a* 0o0ent for t%e e*asti& ,ea08
A&&or(in/ to t%e ass-0e( %1'ot%eses on t%e trans)erse se&tion an( t%e en( restraint &on(itions2
t%e fo**o4in/ )a*-es &an ,e ass-0e( for t%e 'ara0eters in)o*)e( in e9-ation :;.DD6 4%i&% &an ,e
'ro'er*1 &onsi(ere( ,e&a-se t%e trans)erse *oa( is a''*ie( of t%e s%ear &entre :na0e*12 t%e &entroi( ?6
of t%e trans)erse se&tion8
+ C

>$.9D#3
+ .>$.53
+ .
I
>.$3
an( t%e &riti&a* 0o0ent &an ,e (eri)e( ,1 t%e 0entione( re*ations%i'8

( )
( )
| |

| |
|
= + =
|
| \
\
= =
2 2
2 12
cr
2 2
1
2.4 1222 <2;;2 14@422 212222 4222222 2.4 ;.21 12
! 2.@;2
1.2 4222222 212222 4222222
2.4 1222
124.41 12 Emm 124.41 kEm
2 :;.!D6

Ste' M<8 e)a*-atin/ t%e non (i0ensiona* *atera* s*en(erness8
A&&or(in/ to t%e (efinition 'ro)i(e( in e9-ation :;.D;62 t%e )a*-e of t%e non+(i0ensiona*
s*en(erness &an ,e easi*1 9-antifie(8


= = =

)l = y ay
L>
1
cr
? f
1.2 4<4222 2%4
2.@41
! 124.41 12
. :;.!!6
Ste' M;8 e)a*-atin/ t%e re(-&tion fa&tor
L>
8
T%e ter0
L>
%as to ,e first*1 (eter0ine( as a f-n&tion of t%e non+(i0ensiona* s*en(erness an(
t%e i0'erfe&tion &oeffi&ient
L>
2.21 = 8
( )
( )
(
= + + =

(
= + + =

2
L> L> L> L>
2
2.4 1 2.2
2.4 1 2.21 2.@41 2.2 2.@41 1.2%1
. :;.!96
Conse9-ent*12 t%e fo**o4in/ )a*-e of t%e re(-&tion fa&tor &an ,e (eri)e( a&&or(in/ to e9-ation
:;.D#68
= =
+
L>
2 2
1
2.1@1
1.12; 1.12; 1.221
2
:;.9$6

Ste' M58 e)a*-atin/ (esi/n )a*-e of t%e resistin/ 0o0ent !
b=*d
8
T%e ,en(in/ 0o0ent res-*tin/ in t%e o&&-rren&e of t%e *atera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/ '%eno0enon
&an ,e easi*1 e)a*-ate( as a (esi/n )a*-e a&&or(in/ to e9-ation :;.D68
= = =

= =
ay
b=*d L> )l = y
!1
1
f
2%4
! ? 2.1@1 1.2 4<4222
1.24
;4.%4 12 Emm ;4.%4 kEm
. :;.96
STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
Dr. Enzo MARTINELLI D! Draft Version !"#"#$#
4%i&% is /reater t%an t%e &orres'on(in/ e5terna* 0o0ent
7d ma5
! ! @@.4 kEm = = . Conse9-ent*12 t%e
*atera*+torsiona* sta,i*it1 &%e&. is not satisfie( neit%er a&&or(in/ to t%e EC< 'ro)isions.

4., 8nworked e7amples
T%e fo**o4in/ e5er&ises are *eft to t%e rea(ers8
6 for t%e sa0e ,ea0 re'orte( in 'ara/ra'% ;.;...2 4%at is t%e 0a5i0-0 )a*-e of t%e *i)e *oa(s
+
k
for t%e ,ea0 to &o0'*1 4it% t%e *atera*+torsiona* sta,i*it1 &%e&. a&&or(in/ to t%e Ita*ian Co(e
'ro)isionsR3
#6 for t%e sa0e ,ea0 re'orte( in 'ara/ra'% ;.;...2 4%at is t%e 0a5i0-0 s'an *en/t% for t%e
,ea0 to &o0'*1 4it% t%e *atera*+torsiona* sta,i*it1 &%e&. a&&or(in/ to t%e Ita*ian Co(e
'ro)isionsR3
<6 for t%e sa0e ,ea0 re'orte( in 'ara/ra'% ;.;...2 (esi/n t%e trans)erse se&tion to &o0'*1 4it%
t%e *atera*+torsiona* sta,i*it1 &%e&. a&&or(in/ to t%e Ita*ian Co(e 'ro)isions3
;6 for t%e sa0e ,ea0 re'orte( in 'ara/ra'% ;.;...#2 e)a*-ate t%e resistin/ 0o0ent !
b=*d
a/ainst
t%e *atera*+torsiona* ,-&.*in/ '%eno0enon &onsi(erin/ t%at t%e sa0e *oa(s a&ts eit%er at t%e
,otto0 :&ase 6 or t%e to' :&ase #6 of t%e se&tion3
56 for t%e sa0e ,ea0 re'orte( in 'ara/ra'% ;.;...#2 'erfor0 t%e sa0e *atera* sta,i*it1 &%e&. 4it%
referen&e to a stee* /ra(e S<553
=6 for t%e sa0e ,ea0 re'orte( in 'ara/ra'% ;.;...#2 'erfor0 t%e sa0e *atera* sta,i*it1 &%e&.
&onsi(erin/ a &anti*e)er s&%e0e 4it% *en/t% L><.$$ 0.