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Temperature Sensor

This circuit uses a thermistor as a temperature sensor to detect changes in heat and trigger an alarm. When the thermistor senses a temperature increase from a fire, its resistance decreases. This allows current to flow through a transistor, resetting a timer IC and causing it to oscillate. The oscillating output from the timer IC is amplified and drives a speaker to sound an alarm. The circuit provides a simple and inexpensive way to detect fires using a thermistor's change in resistance due to rising temperatures.

Uploaded by

Abhinav Madheshiya
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
451 views

Temperature Sensor

This circuit uses a thermistor as a temperature sensor to detect changes in heat and trigger an alarm. When the thermistor senses a temperature increase from a fire, its resistance decreases. This allows current to flow through a transistor, resetting a timer IC and causing it to oscillate. The oscillating output from the timer IC is amplified and drives a speaker to sound an alarm. The circuit provides a simple and inexpensive way to detect fires using a thermistor's change in resistance due to rising temperatures.

Uploaded by

Abhinav Madheshiya
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Temperature Sensor

This project uses IC LM35 as a sensor for detecting accurate centigrade temperature. Linearity defines how well over a range of temperature a sensors output consistently changes. Unlike thermistor, Linearity of a precision IC Sensors are very good of 0.5C accuracy and has wide temperature range. its output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55 to +150C temperature range.It draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low selfheating, less than 0.1C in still air. LM35 Operates from 4 to 30 volts. Output of IC is 10mv/degree centigrade for eg if the output of sensor is 280 mV then temperature is 28 degree C. so by using a Digital multimeter we can easily calculate the degree temperature. For trigger point you should set the voltage of pin 2 of IC 741 by using preset or potentiometer.

Our aim of this project is not to construct a thermometer but to activate or deactivate a device at a particular margin temperature. For simplicity we have used 2 LED for indication of both low (Green) and high (Red) temperature.

Circuit Diagram of temperature sensor Working: The output of IC2 increases in proportion to the temperature by 10 mV per degree. This varying voltage is feed to a comparator IC 741 (OP Amplifier). OP Amplifier are among the most widely used electronic devices today.The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. It has two input inverting (-) and non-inverting (+) and one output pin. We have used IC741 as noninverting amplifier which means pin 3 is the input and the output is not reversed. This circuit amplifies the difference between its input terminals. As a comparator, Bistable output of an op amplifier is as follows :-

Heat Sensor

Here is a simple circuit which can be used as a heat sensor. In the following circuit diagram thermistor and 100 Ohms resistance is connected in series and makes a potential divider circuit . If thermistor is of N.T.C (Negative temperature Coefficient ) type then after heating the thermistor its resistance decreases so more current flows through the thermistor and 100 Ohms resistance and we get more voltage at junction of thermistor and resistance. Suppose after heating 110 ohms thermistor its resistance value become 90 Ohms.then according to potential divider circuit the voltage across one resistor equals the ratio of that resistor s value and the sum of resistances times the voltage across the series combination. This concept is so pervasive it has a name: voltage divider. The input-output relationship for this system, found in this particular case by voltage divider, takes the form of a ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage.

This output voltage is applied to a NPN transistor through a resistance. Emitter voltage is maintain at 4.7 volt with a help of Zener diode.This voltage we will use as compare voltage. Transistor conducts when base voltage is greater than emitter voltage. Transistor conducts as it gets more than 4.7 base Voltage and circuit is completed through buzzer and it gives Sound.

Automatic night lamp


SUMMARY: Ever imagined how the street lights would turn on automatically in the evening and go off
in the morning? Is there anyone who comes early morning to turn off these lights? The following circuit based project can perform this job properly. This circuit uses the output from a simple light/dark activated circuit and drives a relay in its output which can be further coupled to switch on/off an electrical appliance in a household.

An appliance can be made dark or light activated by slightly changing the circuits configuration. This idea finds numerous applications such as, automatic watering of gardens at evening, automatic night lamp, dark activated siren and so on.

DESCRIPTION: A light dependent resistor (LDR) is used in this circuit to provide input to a comparator
of LM339 (refer project on Automatic lightdark indicator). The output pin of the comparator goes high depending on the configuration of LDR so that it can be made light or dark activated. This output is connected to a transistor T1 (BC 547) which acts as a switch for the relay.

The high output of the comparator provides the necessary forward bias to the base-emitter junction of the transistor T1. Thus T1 jumps from cut off to saturation state and collector current flows. This collector current energizes the relay coil. The magnetic field produced by the relay coil shifts its connection from NO state to NC. An appliance connected to NC contact gets switched on. When the output of the comparator is low, it is insufficient to drive the transistor T1 to saturation. Hence T1 moves to cut off and the collector current ceases to flow. Thus the relay coil gets de-energized and it switches the state from NC to NO mode. It is important to note that resistor R2 (20k ) is provided at the base of T1 to check the base current.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fire Alarm Using Thermistor


Many fire alarm circuit is published in different website. But, here in this website is a simple and inexpensive project of fire alarm using thermistor. where thermistor is used as temperature sensor of fire alarm.Working principle of thermistor is same as LDR (change their resistance with change in heat where LDR change their resistance with change in light fall on it).

Circuit Description of fire alarm using thermistor


The whole circuit of fire alarm using thermistor is build and fabricated around thermistor (TH 1) and timer IC (IC1) with its driver transistor. The timer IC (IC1) used in this circuit is as astable multivibrator oscillator used to oscillate in audio frequency band. The two transistor T 1 and T2 used to drive the timer IC (IC1). The output from pin 3 of IC1 is fed to loudspeaker through transistor T3 to generate sound. The value of resistor (R5 and R6) and capacitor (C2) determines the frequency of IC2. The low resistance path of extend positive voltage to the base of transistor is provided when the thermistor TH1 become hot. Further collector of transistor T1 is connected to base of transistor T2 provides positive voltage to reset pin 4 of IC1 for reset. Fire alarm using thermistor circuit works on wide range of input power supply voltage i.e. 6v to 12V.

PARTS LIST
Resistors (all -watt, 5% Carbon) VR1 = 10 Kohms Variable Resistor for changing the sensitivity of the circuit. R3, R7, R8 = 470 R2 = 33 K

R4 = 560 R5 = 47 K R6 = 2.2 K

Capacitors
C1 = 10 F/16V C2 = 0.04 F C3 = 0.01 F

Semiconductors
IC1 = NE555 (timer IC) T1 = BC548 T2 = BC558 T3 = SL100B or any Medium power general purpose NPN transistor like: 2N4922 , 2N4921,2N4238, FCX1053A D1 = 1N4001

Miscellaneous
TH1 = Thermistor 10 K LS1 = 8 , 1W speaker

..Read more http://electronicsproject.org/fire-alarm-using-thermistor/

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